Mozi's main works

The book Mozi is a record of Mozi's words and deeds by his disciples and his re-disciples.

Mozi is divided into two parts: one part records Mozi's words and deeds, expounds Mozi's thoughts, and mainly reflects the early Mohist thoughts; On the other hand, Shang Jing, Xia Jing, Jing Shuo Shang, Jing Shuo Xia, Daqu and Xiaoqu, generally called Mo Bian or Mo Jing, embody Mohist epistemology and logical thought, and also contain many natural science contents, reflecting Mohist thought in the later period. In the history of logic, it is called late Mohist logic or Mohist logic (one of the three major logic systems in the ancient world, the other two are the logic system of ancient Greece and the theory of Buddhism); It also contains many natural sciences, especially astronomy, geometric optics and statics.

Mozi has a wide range of contents, including politics, military affairs, philosophy, ethics, logic, science and technology, etc. It is an important historical material for studying Mozi and his later studies. In the Western Jin Dynasty, both Lu Sheng and Le Yi commented on Mozi, but it has been lost. There are two popular versions now, Mozi Idleness by Sun Yirang and The Scholars.

According to legend, Mozi has a large collection of books, as many as three cars. "Mozi" records that "today's scholars, the book of gentlemen, can not win." According to Mozi's Return to Righteousness, "Mozi is on patrol in the south, and there are many books in Guanzhong". Mozi once claimed to have "read the annals of the Spring and Autumn Annals". He said, "read the book of the late king." . Mozi's Ming Ghost records that he is very familiar with the ancient books of the previous generation and has written many books himself. Liang Qichao, a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, said when studying the origin of private books: "Su Qin issued dozens of books, and Chen Zuo; Mozi's southern tour brought many books. It can be seen that books have become popular and private storage is quite convenient. " Mohism was gradually lost after the Six Dynasties. After ten years of orthodoxy (1445), Zhang Yuchu ordered that Mozi be carved into the Taoist Collection. There are only fifty-three Mohist poems handed down in modern times, and these pages have been preserved because they were compiled into Taoist works "Taoist Collection". Wang's book Mozi is divided into two parts, inside and outside, and he has a volume of Illustration of Mozi. There are 53 existing Mozi, which record Mozi's words and deeds and his later study.

Since the Qin Dynasty, Mozi's and his disciples' remarks have been scattered in various ancient books, such as New Preface, Autopsy, Yanzi Chunqiu, Han Feizi, Lu's Chunqiu, Huainanzi, Liezi, Warring States Policy, Old Events in Palace, Biography of Immortals and so on. In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang included 7 1 scattered articles in Han Shu Literature and Art Annals in Mozi. There were only 60 articles in the Song Dynasty, and now there are only 53 articles, which are lost 18. Among them, the second part of Sacrifice, the first and second parts of Sacrifice and Burial, the first and second parts of Ming Ghost, the second and third parts of Fei Yue and the first part of Fei Ru are all lost. Except for these eight parts, all the other ten articles are lost. Of these ten articles, only one is poetic justice.

The book Mozi was neither written by one person nor accomplished overnight. It is generally believed that Mozi was written by Mozi himself and his disciples to describe Mozi's remarks.

■ According to Liang Qichao's classification, Mozi's content can be divided into five categories.

first kind

This kind of miscellaneous has the words of famous scholars and mixed with the words of miscellaneous scholars. For example, in the article "Pro-Scholar", "The shovel must be defeated first, the offender must be defeated first", "Dry well must be exhausted first, wood must be cut first" and "Too prosperous to keep" are all from the language of Taoism. The word "cultivate one's morality" is a Confucian saying. In Dyeing, the suspicion that "dyeing is weak, dyeing is yellow" is due to the nature of famous artists. The word "easy to send" is suspected to be the words of legalists, which is purely false. The last four articles are Mohist theses, which may be Mohist theses. Pro-scholar, self-cultivation, infection, susceptibility, seven pains, thorn fruit and three arguments ◎ the second category.

This category represents the main political thought of Mohism. Except for the first book "Non-attack" and the second book "Non-Confucianism", all the articles have the word "Mozi Zi Yue", which is considered to be written by Mozi's disciples. Shang Xian, the first part, the second part, broken, the first part, the second part, love together, the first part, the second part, the first part, the second part, the second part, the third part ◎ the third category.

This kind of person treated by Mohism is called Mohist Debate, also called Mohist Scripture. These six articles are difficult to translate, with many old sayings and profound arguments. They are also mixed with simple materialism and idealism theories, natural science theories such as photomechanics and mathematics, social science, ethics, logic and so on. It is really difficult to understand. This category is the essence of Mozi. Liang Qichao believed that these six articles were written by Mo Zhai. And Sun Yirang thought it was written by post-Mohist scholars. One of the reasons that Sun Yirang relied on was that GongSunLong and Mozi lived in different times. GongSunLong was behind Mozi, and there could be no strong white stone theory. Up and down, up and down, Daqu and Xiaoqu in Jing Shuo are the fourth category.

These five articles were written by Mozi's disciples. It is also a record of Mozi's life, and its genre is close to The Analects. Geng Zhu, Gui Yi, Lu Wen, Gong Song ◎ Category 5

This can be said to be the art of war of Mohism. Mozi advocates not attacking, but focusing on defending, and all eleven are methods that focus on defending. Mohist art of war was developed by Mohist disciples. There are many ancient words in these eleven articles, and there are also many words in the ancient art of war, which are rarely translated.

The style of this book is unpretentious, but some of its contents have been discounted, so that few people care about it for two thousand years. Until modern times, some scholars read this ancient book carefully, only to find that Mohist school had discussed optics (light propagates along a straight line, and some imaging situations of plane mirror, concave mirror mirror and spherical mirror, especially the theory that light can form an inverted image through pinhole), mathematics (the definition of circle has been discussed scientifically), mechanics (the relationship between force and weight has been put forward) and other natural sciences as early as 2,000 years ago. It's a pity that this science, however, shocked the current academic circles and made modern people sit up and take notice of Mohism and even a hundred schools of thought.

In an era when hundred schools of thought contended in the pre-Qin period, Mozi stood out from the crowd, which was the best proof of his strength. Guarding the city: prepare the city gate, moths, ladders, flags, miscellaneous guards, highlands, enemy shrines, water, holes and orders.