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The role of the image of the door god posted on the door in folk customs

Door gods are a kind of paintings posted on doors during the Lunar New Year. Their main functions are exorcising evil spirits, defending homeland, protecting peace, helping public utilities and bringing good luck. Door gods can be divided into hunting ghosts, praying for blessings, Taoist circles, military commanders and civil servants.

Door-keeper is a door-keeper worshipped by Taoism in accordance with folk customs. Folk belief in door gods has a long history. The Book of Rites Sacrifice Law stipulates that wang xing is the seven sacrifices, the princes are the five national sacrifices, the doctors are the three sacrifices, and the suitable scholars are the two sacrifices, all of which have "doors", "ordinary scholars are the one sacrifice, or they set up households or stoves." Visible, since the pre-Qin, from the emperor to Shu Ren, door gods have been worshipped.

1, the door god belief has a long history. According to Shan Hai Jing, there is a mountain in the vast sea. There is a big peach tree on the mountain, with branches winding for three thousand miles. There is a ghost gate in the northeast of Taozhi. There are two gods on the door, one is Shen Tu and the other is Lei Yu. They guard the ghost gate and watch the ghosts that harm people. So the Yellow Emperor paid tribute to them. /kloc-When he was 0/8 years old, he offered sacrifices, painted portraits of Shen Tu, Lei Yu and the tiger on the door, and hung a reed rope. If there is an evil spirit in Er Shen, it will be caught and fed to tigers. Later, the belief that Shen Tu, Lei Yu, Huweisuo and Taomu were ghosts and gods in Shan Hai Jing was handed down by people. For example, the lost article of Jin Gan Bao Sou Shen Ji said: "Today's custom is that on New Year's Eve, people decorate peaches, hang Wei locks, draw tigers on the doors, and put two lights on the left and right, like tigers sleeping, to drive away ominous." Among them, peach is also a plant that people worship for a long time. People think that peach is a symbol of longevity, so it can eliminate disasters, avoid evil spirits and drive away ghosts. "Dian Yi" said: "Peach is also the essence of five trees, so it also inhibits evil spirits. The essence of peach is born in the gate of hell, making hundreds of ghosts. Therefore, today's Taoren stalks the door to suppress evil, and this fairy wood is also. " The tiger, the king of beasts, can "knock down the ghost eater" and "draw a tiger at the door, but ghosts dare not enter" This belief has been circulating. On New Year's Eve, people often put pictures of Er Shen and the tiger on their doors, and hang peach branches or peach people and reed ropes to ward off evil spirits. Slightly different from the past, there are Zhong Kui in the Tang Dynasty, Weichi Gong after the Yuan Dynasty, and Marshal Wen worshipped by Suzhou people in the old days (or Wenqiao in the Jin Dynasty, or General Wen under Emperor Dongyue). Taoism believes in Dragon and White Tiger, and some regions believe in Zhao Yun, Zhao Gongming, Sun Bin and Pang Juan. In other places, door gods are divided into three categories, namely, learning door gods, martial arts door gods and praying door gods. The door gods painted some civil servants in royal robes, such as Tianguan, Xiantong, Liu Haichan and Songzi Empress. The goalkeeper is the image of an officer, such as Qin Qiong and Weichi Gong. Praying for the goalkeeper is the three stars of blessing, wealth and longevity. Although these door gods appeared in different times and geographical backgrounds, they were widely circulated, among which, Zhong Kui, Weichi Gong had the greatest influence.

It originated from the worship of ordinary things in ancient times. The emperor of Yin Dynasty offered five products, and the door was one of them. In the Zhou Dynasty, five sacrifices were held at the "gate" of the palace, which was the only place to pass every day, which naturally attracted attention, and the sacrifices made the door gods visual and personalized. According to legend, he is a god, under the orders of the Yellow Emperor, in charge of people and ghosts. Therefore, on the night of December 30th of the lunar calendar, two gods carved peaches on both sides of the gate to ward off evil spirits and eliminate disasters. Draw two statues on the door. Be door gods one by one.

There are five sacrifices (also called seven sacrifices) in the ritual of ancient door gods, all of which are small gods. Its origin is primitive nature worship. Primitive worship holds that everything related to people's daily life has a god. The offerings of the five sacrifices are all useful things for people to live, go in and out, and eat, so the sacrifices are paid for chaos. This is the earliest source of the concept of door gods. Some people say that the gatekeeper is the God of Yin Qi, or that he is too young to be an inspector in the world, so as to condemn him. This is after the gatekeeper's function is socialized. This concept was popular in the Han and Jin Dynasties. Records in ancient books, such as Jade Candle Collection and Jingchu Hair Chronology, are still the legacy of this belief. In the future, the Five Sacrifices are only a part of the national ceremony, and the door gods and kitchen gods of folk beliefs are out of touch with their original forms.

Another function of ancient door gods is to exorcise ghosts and evil spirits and maintain national peace. This door god is said to have originated from the titles of Shen Tu and Lei Yu. There are various sayings, and people still call it Shentu and Leiyu. They were originally mythical figures, which were quite popular among the people in the Han Dynasty, and they were thought to have the magical power to grasp bravery. Because it is usually under peach trees, on New Year's Eve, people will hang people, reed ropes (Er Shen tied them with ghosts), and draw the images of Er Shen and tiger (Er Shen eats tigers with ghosts) on the door to ward off evil spirits.

With the development of society and the change of ideology, people's requirements for door gods are not only to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters, but also to get fame and fortune from them. At the latest in the Ming Dynasty, the statue of Samurai Gate was often painted with "Jue, deer, bat, hi, treasure, horse, bottle and saddle, all of which have good names to welcome auspicious addresses". Later, the obligation of exorcism was abolished, and the door god was dedicated to blessing. Thus, the folk customs of heavenly officials, champions, lucky stars and the god of wealth were formed.

3 historical records

Door God and Emperor Taizong

After the change of Xuanwu Gate, Li and Li Yuanji's family and even babies were slaughtered. When I sleep at night, I often hear bricks and tiles thrown outside the bedroom and ghosts screaming, which makes the harem restless every night. He often has nightmares for a period of time, dreaming that his brother and brother are coming to kill him with monsters. He was too scared to sleep at night, so he asked his two generals, Qin and Weichi Gong, to stand guard in front of the door with weapons and let them sleep peacefully. But after a long time, the two generals couldn't sleep for a long time at night and finally fell ill. Li Shimin had to order people to paint their portraits on paper and stick them on the doors to deter monsters. This is the origin of hades.

Journey to the west: Jinghe Laolong near Chang 'an made a bet with a fortune teller and broke the dogma. The Jade Emperor sent Wei Zhi to supervise the execution of Lao Long at three noon. The day before, Lao Long asked Tang Taizong to intercede for him, and Tang Taizong readily agreed. The next day, Emperor Taizong announced that Wei Zhi had entered the DPRK and left Wei Zhi to accompany him to play Go. Unexpectedly, at three o'clock at noon, Wei Zhi dozed off and dreamed of beheading the old dragon. Lao Long resented the bad words of Emperor Taizong. So it was haunted, and every day it came to the palace to make trouble, which made the six gods of Emperor Taizong uneasy. Knowing that the emperor was afraid, Wei Zhi sent two generals and Weichi Gong to guard the palace gate. Sure enough, the old dragon dared not make trouble. Emperor Taizong remembered their hard work of guarding the door at night, so he asked the painter to paint their portraits and stick them at the palace gate. The result still worked. As a result, this move began to spread among the people, and Weichi Gong became a keeper.

Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties:

For a time, Li Shimin was in a bad mood. When he sleeps at night, he often hears bricks and tiles thrown outside the bedroom and ghosts screaming, which makes the harem restless every night. He was afraid and told the monarch and his subjects about it. General Qin said: "I have been an officer all my life, killing enemies like melons and collecting corpses like ants." Why are you afraid of ghosts? " I am willing to guard the palace gate with Jingde. "Li Shimin agreed. Nothing happened that night. Since then, I have put two generals on guard every night. Later, Li Shimin suspected that the two men had worked hard, so he ordered the painter to draw the full-length portraits of the two guards hanging at the door, and the evil spirits disappeared from then on. If you are good in the world, you will follow suit, so the gatekeeper has spread to the people, and the image of Qin Qiong and respecting morality is also valued by people.

4 kinds of door gods

Ghostbusters:

The door gods are mostly Shen Tu and Lei Yu, Golden Rooster and Tiger. Legend has it that there is a big peach tree in Taoyudu Mountain, which bends three thousand miles. There is a golden rooster at the top, and Er Shen at the bottom, with jade on one side and thunder on the other, holding a reed rope to guard the ominous ghost bird. This is Jiang Dan, the golden rooster in Rizhao. The rooster crows loudly. So all the chickens in the world heard it, and the golden rooster flew down and ate all the evil spirits. Ghosts were afraid of the golden rooster, and they all left, and the world was safe. What's more, after catching the ghost, Lei Yu tied a reed rope and held a tiger. In the old days, after the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, Beijingers put up door gods, decorated peaches, hung reeds and painted tigers on the doors, and put two lights on the left and right of the doors to symbolize the tiger's eyes, so as to drive away ominous, evil and ghosts.

Blessing category:

In ancient times, besides exorcising ghosts and guarding the house, there were auspicious door gods who could achieve fame, wealth and longevity. People put wenhe on the left door and right door respectively, which means "lucky left" and "cherish right". Pray for the pictures of door gods to be mostly mascots. Such as: the birthday girl in the painting, with a peach in his hand and a kind smile on his face.

Ceramic class:

Many houses in Beijing are not posted, but they are found in the Taoist temple in Beijing. There are two gods in the gate. On the left is Alina Zhang, the god of Qinglong, and on the right is the king of white tiger.

Military commander:

The door gods of military commanders are usually posted on the gates facing the street. In order to prevent demons or disasters from entering the door, the door gods provided are mostly armed. Such as: sword, spear, halberd, axe, fork, whip, hammer, hammer, claw, kidnapper, meteor, etc. Ma Wu, commander of Yuntai in the Han Dynasty, had strong martial arts. Known as "Wu Shen" and "Han Tai Sui", it influences Wu Shen. The door gods of military commanders at the entrance of Beijing residents' homes are mostly famous generals in Sui and Tang Dynasties and Weichi Gong. Also known as Qin, a native of Licheng, Shandong Province, has strong martial arts. He is known as: Sai Zhuan Xu, like Meng Changjun, Shenquan Taibao, General with Double Hammer, hammering the Sixth Hospital of Shandong and galloping across the Yellow River. Weichi Gong, a general of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, was skilled in martial arts. He occupied three cities during the day and eight villages at night, which made him a duke of Hubei.

Civilian class:

In the past, there were not many civil servants as gatekeepers in China, the most famous of which were Bao Gong and Wen Tianxiang.

Bao Gong, namely Bao Zheng, was born in Luzhou, Northern Song Dynasty. Song Renzong was an imperial adviser at that time, and later he was a bachelor in Longtuge and a magistrate in Kaifeng. He is honest, strict in law enforcement, not afraid of powerful people, and deeply admired by the people. Bao Gong has a far-reaching influence among the people. He upheld justice, cracked down on bullies, rehabilitated evildoers and fostered the weak, which is the ideal embodiment of the common people's protection of God. Although Bao Gong is a civil servant, he is not a gigolo. On the stage, and in many literary works about him, he is presented to everyone with a big black face of integrity, which makes him look particularly dignified. Therefore, using Bao Gong as a door god can exorcise evil spirits. Those evil spirits must be obedient.

Wen Tianxiang, a native of Ji 'an, Jiangxi Province, was originally named Song Duan, whose name was Wenshan. Song Lizong has been a scholar for four years. After being sentenced in Hunan, he served as the right prime minister, Zhizhou. He fought bravely against the invaders, but unfortunately he was captured and sacrificed heroically. Wen Tianxiang left many generous and tragic poems to later generations. His heroic spirit of seeing the enemy as the enemy, fighting to the end, perseverance and fearlessness is very suitable for being a goalkeeper for the country and the people.

Gatekeepers can be divided into gatekeepers and gatekeepers. The gatekeeper is usually posted on the gate, with Qin Qiong in the east and Weichi Gong in the west. Literati deities are pasted on the doors of the main hall and the wing, which are generally colorful paintings such as making money into treasure and recruiting five sons into reason. When sticking to the door, who is on the left and who is on the right is fixed and cannot be changed at will. If you post it incorrectly, it is called "anti-posting god". There is a saying in Surabaya: "It is difficult to resist sticking to the door." According to the folk saying, if you put the goalkeeper in the wrong position and everything goes wrong after one year, you will always feel in a dilemma.

The other five door gods

In the old days of Suzhou, General Wen and Marshal Yue were the door gods. "Wuxian Zhi" said: "The door gods paint in five colors, and write more articles and the image of the moon god." This "Wen" god is either Wen Qiao of the Jin Dynasty or Wen General under Emperor Dongyue, and the "Yue" god refers to Yue Fei. There are also so-called door gods, martial door gods and praying door gods. The literate god is a portrait of an ordinary civil servant painted with an imperial robe; In addition to Qin's harmony, there are also those who do not specifically refer to military attache; Pray for the door god, that is, the person who sticks the three gods of happiness, wealth and longevity on the door. In addition, there are some areas where Zhao Yun, Zhao Gongming, Sun Bin and Pang Juan are guardians. According to Yao Fujun's "Casting Ding Yu Wen" in Qing Dynasty, Taoism has a door god to worship, saying: "Song Fanzhi can say in Yueyang Customs,' There is Er Shen in Laozi Temple, the so-called Qinglong White Tiger'." ..... Yao Ming Zong Yi's "Changshu Private Record" describes this temple scene: facing the two great gods at the entrance of the Taoist temple, Alina Zhang, the god of Qinglong, is on the left, and the god of white tiger is on the right. "It should be pointed out that the successive appearance of the above three door gods is not entirely in the form of metabolism, that is, not all door gods immediately replace the status of the old door gods after their appearance (only in some cases), but more often the old ones remain unchanged after their appearance, or the old and new door gods are enshrined at the same time. As mentioned above, Song Chen Liang-yuan's Guang Ji at the Age of Years and Song Gao-cheng's Wu Ji Yuan all said that the door gods served by the Han people at that time were Shen Tu and Lei Yu, and Zhong Kui had already appeared. Even in the Qing Dynasty, on New Year's Day, Shen Tu and Lei Yu still hung in aristocratic houses.

Eunuch Keeper: Keepers are eunuchs of all ages. The way to distinguish the old eunuch from the young eunuch is mainly from the face: the face of the old eunuch is engraved with years, and the face of the young eunuch is round. In terms of clothing, from top to bottom, they are round "collar shirt", "jade belt" and "embroidered robe", while the feet are wearing "water shoes". The waiters they hold are also different: the elderly eunuch holds the incense burner in his right hand and the dust in his left hand; The young eunuch held a jade belt in his right hand and a bottle of flowers in his left. Han people commonly call their own servers "fragrant flowers".

Gong E: Both Gong E's hair is tied in a double bun, with a hairpin with peony flowers and grass patterns under the bun and "earrings" with beads hanging under their ears. In terms of clothing, wearing "ribbon" gives people a light feeling; Wearing a "straight collar coat" with a diamond pattern on it; Dressed in a big robe, there are "waist" and "bundle" on the abdomen, and "Gong Tiao" and Yu Pei tassel are hung under the "bundle". As far as the waiter is concerned, the maid-in-waiting on the left holds peach fruit in her left hand and jade in her right hand; The maid-in-waiting on the right holds a high lamp in her right hand and jade in her left. Together, the servers held by two palace moths and eunuchs, old and young, are exactly the four auspicious devices that Han people like to use: incense, flowers, lights and fruits.

Two generals, huh and huh:

The keeper of the left door stretched out a finger and opened his mouth slightly, as if shouting: Ha! The door keeper on the right raised two fingers, as if humming! Sound. They are the famous patron saint "Hum, Hum and Handsome".

Add an official to the team:

One keeps the crown, the other holds the deer, the crown is homophonic with the official, and the deer is homophonic with Lu. Together, it has the meaning of "increasing officials and promoting wealth".

Wealth and honor:

The watchman holds peony and title. Peony is a metaphor of wealth, and title is a metaphor of official title. Together, it means "wealth and promotion".

Word plaque door:

It has evolved into a plaque, and usually the poor people regard it as a door god.

This phenomenon shows that it is difficult to change a custom after it is formed. Another situation is that the old and new door gods are enshrined at the same time, which is most typical in the record of Volume 12 of Lu cited above. Li's "The New Search for God" also reflects this situation. He said:

"Today, the secular world is close to each other. On the first day of the first month of the first lunar month, he painted a civil servant, wrote a book of peace, or painted a military commander, thinking that Emperor Taizong was ill, and let Weichi Gong watch the door and get well. " All these reflect the diversity of Han folk beliefs, and Taoism only obeys folk customs and worships them.

Anti-Japanese goalkeeper:

During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the artists of New Year pictures kept pace with the times, replacing the traditional door gods with anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians, and created New Year pictures, which showed the determination of the people of the whole country to resist the Japanese war.