Introduction of Corvee Collection System in Pre-Qin Period

The corvee in ancient China served the imperial court for free, which was a national obligation in feudal society, including compulsory service and military service. In the pre-Qin period, forced labor and war were universal social realities. Forced labor played an important role in the construction of imperial infrastructure and the maintenance of domestic order. In the fierce war of the law of the jungle, there is no hegemony if the country is not rich, and there is no hegemony if the soldiers are not strong. The word "hard labor" first appeared in Mencius' Hard Labor. Forced labor in a narrow sense refers to normal forced labor and frontier defense, while forced labor in a broad sense also includes forced labor served by prisoners and criminals. Force service is the floorboard of taking people's power in the pre-Qin period, and it is a free labor service to recruit and serve the general public. In the pre-Qin period, the scope of forced labor included large-scale infrastructure construction such as building cities and roads, building dams, transporting materials, and other chores such as hunting, chasing thieves, funeral and sacrifice. Maintain social order. According to the documents recorded in the pre-Qin period, the law of forced labor has the following provisions: in terms of the number of people, a family of seven people is forced to serve three people; If it is a family of six, two families of six together serve five people; Five people and two people were forced to work. During large-scale conscription, only one person is recruited for each family, and the others are imperial husbands, that is, ready. When chasing or catching thieves one by one, all those who belong to voluntary labor should be dispatched. In terms of age, China people living in the capital need compulsory service from the age of 20 to 60, while barbarians living far away from the capital need compulsory service from the age of 15 to 65. In terms of time, the number of days of hard labor depends on age. Generally speaking, three days for young people, two days for middle-aged people and one day for the elderly. In the years of famine and plague, they were exempted from forced labor. According to the principle of providing for the old, the young and the lonely, there were also provisions for reducing or exempting compulsory labor in the pre-Qin period. "Guanzi" records that if a family has an elderly person over 70 years old, men can be exempted from compulsory labor; If there is an 80-year-old man, two people can be exempted from voluntary labor. Soldiers are killed on the battlefield, leaving orphans. If someone is willing to raise orphans, they can be exempted from compulsory labor and military service. Those who raise two orphans can be exempted from compulsory labor and military service; If you raise three orphans, the whole family can be exempted from compulsory labor and military service. In the pre-Qin period, due to frequent wars, various vassal States began to set up a standing soldier system, the main task of which was to guard the border for the imperial court. Especially with the establishment of counties, the military service system in counties has been established, effectively ensuring the number of soldiers. County system is a county-based conscription system. During the Spring and Autumn Period, nobles at all levels had armies composed of clan members and relatives. Not only the monarch of the vassal state, but also Dr. Qing. At that time, in foreign wars, all countries took this noble army as the backbone, and at the same time recruited China people as the main force of car fighting. At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the change of agricultural land system, both China people and ordinary people turned into yeomen, and this ubiquitous yeoman became the main force of the armies of various countries. In order to win the annexation war, countries generally implement conscription system. In the Warring States period, with the establishment of the county system, farmers became the main part of the army, and countries implemented the county-based conscription system. The old military organizations are disintegrating and splitting, while the new military organizations, that is, county and county military organizations, are constantly developing and growing. During the Warring States period, countries recruited soldiers in wars, mostly in counties. As recorded in Biography of Disciples of Zhong Ni in Historical Records, in 483 BC, Fu Cha, the prince of Wu, levied soldiers from nine counties to cut Qi; In 240 BC, Zhao Jiangqing Society commanded Dongyang and Waihe to guard the river bridge; In 235 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, recruited soldiers from four counties to help Wei attack Chu. The conscription work in the Warring States period was based on the county system. The imperial court took turns to recruit able-bodied men for military service in various counties. For the number of military service, countries often stipulate that men must get married and start a business alone when they grow up. In principle, all men in the family will not be recruited when recruiting. If there is a big war, we often recruit able-bodied men from counties all over the country and go all out. But if it is a general small-scale war, only able-bodied men from neighboring counties and enemy counties will be recruited to participate in the war. Other counties recuperate for the future. The county conscription system stipulates that all adult men must undertake the obligation of being soldiers. When a man reaches the age of 17, he must register with the government in person. This is the so-called blessing. The registration contents mainly include: name, age, disability and disease. After the summer season, men began to prepare for military service. According to the bamboo slips of Qin tomb in Shuihudi, this man is actually a Fu Ji, who is 15 years old, and may be drafted into the army at any time in the future. Generally speaking, men need to start military service at the age of 17 or 5 feet long, and can't quit military service until they are 60 years old. During the Warring States period, one foot was roughly equivalent to about 0.23 meters now. It should be noted that the term of military service does not last from 17 to 60, but goes home for a period of time, and all men who meet the requirements for military service take turns to serve. The Warring States period followed the practice of the Spring and Autumn Period, and soldiers served in the frontier for one year. Under this system, due to the need of war escalation, the courts often extend the military service period by legal means. During the Warring States period, the subjects of military service were mainly young and middle-aged people. In addition to farmers, military service personnel also include some junior officials, depending on specific needs. It is worth mentioning that during the Warring States period, the household registration system was closely linked to the military service system, and conscription was based on household registration. A household registration means a field and a military service obligation. However, gatekeepers, businessmen, people who have married their wives through adoption and so on. You are not allowed to own land and have no hukou. They didn't have to do military service in the early Warring States period, but in the late Warring States period, because of the escalation of the war, the court made a decree stipulating that these people must do military service unconditionally and have no land. Special military service personnel in wartime also include women, the elderly and the weak. Women's military service is mainly in defensive warfare, especially in guarding the city. They are responsible for cooking for soldiers, repairing the city defense, cleaning up the countryside outside the city, bringing edible and available food into the city, raising pigs, cattle and sheep as reserves of military food, and entering the city to participate in the battle when the city is in crisis. There are two standards for military service, age standard and height standard. It is recorded in "The Warring States Policy, Chu Ce II" that Si Mazhao of the State of Chu, when constantly defending the eastern part of the State of Chu, recruited soldiers ranging from five feet to sixty feet. The five feet here are obviously short teenagers; Sixty refers to a person who is 60 years old. This military service standard is much lower than that in the Spring and Autumn Period. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the adult standard for men was seven feet long, and after that, they began to serve. Chu lowered the standard, indicating that during the Warring States period, the object of military service in Chu had been reduced to teenagers, which actually reflected the fierce war at that time. In the process of selection, some vassal States adopted the methods of examination and recruiting warriors as the way to form an army. Wei Xuanbing is very strict. He should be armed to the teeth, take food for three days and run 50 kilometers in half a day. The pilot's family can get tax exemption and a nice farmhouse. The soldiers recruited in this way have excellent quality conditions. This method of recruiting soldiers can be regarded as the origin of the recruitment system. Hunting is to hunt; Catch wild birds and wild animals. From the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the role of field hunting, according to literature, has the following aspects: First, killing pests and protecting crops from animals; The second is to worship the ancestral temple; Third, in order to drive horses, bow and shoot arrows, select troops and conduct military training. Finally, the game obtained from wild hunting is also used to entertain guests as the guest of honor. In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in ancient China, chariot fighting was once the main method of fighting between the two armies. Chariots are the main arms of the army, and a chariot and its affiliated foot soldiers are the basic combat units. The calculation of the military strength of vassal States is often based on chariots. The real history of car wars generally began in Xia Dynasty and further developed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Fu Cha, also known as Wu Fu Cha, is the son of Herod. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the last monarch of Wu reigned from 495 BC to 473 BC. During his reign, he dug ditches to develop the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, but he suffered repeated defeats and wars and dominated for a while. Luxurious. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi was at peace with the country. During the reign, he did whatever he wanted, and the incest morality was ruined, which was hated by the nobles of Qi State. In 545 BC, 1 1 month, the grand duke of Qingyuan presided over the temple of autumn festival, which was attacked and killed by the armed opposition, and the Qing nationality was wiped out. Ying Zheng, king of Qin, was born in Handan, the capital of Zhao. The monarch of Qin State and the founder of Qin Dynasty. A famous politician, reformer and military commander. He is a legendary epoch-making figure in the history of our country. He unified ancient China, ending the fragmented situation at that time. Known by later generations as an emperor through the ages. The ancient official name of Fu. In ancient China, it was the name of the highest official in charge of Wu Zhi. Take charge of the state affairs. Later, the title and authority changed. For example, in the Western Han Dynasty, the consorts who were granted power were often associated with generals, generals in title of generals in ancient times and chariot generals, and some of them did not hold the title of generals. Used as another name for the history of the Ministry of War in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Recruitment system is one of the ancient military systems in China. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wuqi simply recruited outstanding talents, and formed the first special elite troops of various countries in the form of recruiting troops instead of traditional recruiting troops. This is an army pawn. Since the Tang and Five Dynasties, the conscription system has replaced the military service system, which is a major change in the feudal system. Children of soldiers are recruited, and able-bodied criminals are also recruited as soldiers, especially as soldiers. After Shang Yang's political reform, the national strength of Qin increased. In terms of the military system, the implementation of the conscription system by county has improved the military organization and improved the combat effectiveness of the army. The soldiers are brave and brave in riding, far from being comparable to other six countries. Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, changed the military strategy that expeditions were often defeated, and adopted Fan Ju's strategy of attacking from afar and attacking from near, gradually encroaching on and consolidating its occupied areas and implementing effective occupation. The territory captured by Qin successively includes most of Shaanxi Province, south-central Shanxi Province, western Henan Province, western Hubei Province, northwest Hunan Province and northeast Sichuan Province. This superior strategic advantage of Qin laid the foundation for the unification of the six countries. Esfyw92 144 financial news. Com to visit 20 1204 14 North Cinema. I'm a savage girl who loves the bullet house. Wan Xiu Pig King 20 13 1026 is quiet. Com iwn5 Cover the Net and Return to chinacenn Oh ii Zero Foreign Slave Net Tianbao Strawberry Seedlings 126. 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