Pulse-cutting method _ Is pulse-cutting accurate?

How did the grave robbers find the ancient tomb accurately?

Tomb raiding has existed in modern times. Because of the custom of reburial, some people want to steal it.

A tomb in Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province is the largest tomb in the pre-Qin period. This tomb actually invented 247 stolen holes, and 10 stolen holes indirectly entered the coffin state. This is a miracle.

On the one hand, it depends on people's skills and experience; On the one hand, objects include shovels, picks, shovels, axes, torches, candles and so on.

Before the Ming Dynasty, grave robbers absolutely used iron cones, which were only aimed at tombs with sealed soil, but all the funerary wares were dug. And you can indirectly dig a hole and steal it at the destination.

The improvement from iron cone to Luoyang shovel can be described as a rush of grave robbing technology. It was created by Luoyang.

Tomb raiding object

Let's start with a shovel with a long handle. This object can drill into the public for three or four inches, and when it goes up, it can bring down the soil stuck in the semicircle.

In Hunan, another scholar has been dealing with the official antique appraiser for many years, so he specially studied the essentials of grave robbery in the surrounding areas of Changsha.

Tomb-robbing skills can be summarized in four words: looking, smelling, asking and cutting. "Look" means looking at Feng Shui. The old grave robbers are experienced and good at Feng Shui. Therefore, wherever they go, they must first observe the war situation and see that the ancient tombs that were sealed in the air are located there. As long as they are real feng shui treasures, ordinary ancient tombs are full of treasures.

Pointing out the affirmation of the nameless tomb site in the air with feng shui is simply a hundred steps. It is said that during the Republic of China, Cai, a master of grave robbery in Changsha, had very good feng shui. If he goes out and chooses a place, his followers will gather nearby. Once he went to visit relatives in Ningxiang County and went to a place with beautiful scenery. He pointed to a rice field and told his companions that there must be a big tomb under this field, and the treasure in the tomb will definitely make you and me rich. The travelers didn't believe it, so the man made a bet with them: If there was no grave, I would lose 1000 dollars.

On the contrary, 70% of the treasures are unique to me. The world was so excited about gambling that dozens of villagers secretly dug at night until the third drum really dug up a brick tomb with a portrait of the deceased painted on its wall. There are swords, Baoding, jade articles, lacquerware, golden cakes, inkstones, bamboo tubes and other items in the tomb. Later, they sold them to American missionaries and got a small amount of dollars to get rich.

"Look at the terrain" is particularly mysterious. People who don't know can't see it when they walk by the grave. People who know the inside story can see it thousands of meters away. Some grave robbers "like" snow when they come out for a walk, especially the snow with fine snow particles. The principle is related to "soil".

Soil can be divided into "ripe soil", "living soil" (also called "flower soil") and "dead soil".

Experienced grave robbers can tell at a glance whether there is a tomb here, or even when it is.

When exploring the tomb, you may wish to explore it with a probe first, and "feel" whether there is a tomb according to the feeling in your hand; When you determine the current shovel, for example, when the shovel hits 10 meters, you have it. Then look at the depth and the objects brought out by the shovel. Depth is also a sign. The objects brought out are sawdust, cinnabar, pit ash and so on. These are all characteristics; Then, use a trowel to "smooth" the shape of the tomb, that is, set the coordinates.

Hit one on the right, hit ten meters and miss, that is "finished", then turn your head to the right to continue hitting, and so on, connect the points one by one, that is, the shape of a tomb more than ten meters away. Then, according to the shape, depth, pit ash, wood (or stone, brick) and other characteristics of the tomb, we can infer the age of the tomb, the status of the tomb door and so on.

"Smell" means to smell the breath. Grave robbers with this magical skill specialize in the olfactory function of the nose. Before digging, he tore open the tomb soil, took a pinch of tomb soil and put it under his nose to smell it fiercely. He could tell whether the tomb was stolen from the smell of the soil and judge the period according to the color of the soil. It is said that Kung Fu is the best way to distinguish the wonderful smell difference between Han tomb soil and Tang tomb soil with nose, and the accuracy is surprising.

When Changsha was just tied up, he shot an old grave robber. He sold the cultural relics and national treasures he stole all his life to foreigners. This man is a "writer" who specializes in excavating Han and Tang tombs. Just by smelling it, the unearthed cultural relics can be accurately dated. A grave robber brought some old lacquerware, saying it belonged to a noble tomb.

Leaning against the sofa, he picked up a lacquerware, sucked the elegant work and put it under his nose to smell it. Then he smiled and said, "Dear friend, your lacquerware is soaked in the urine pit, and it should take about seven months to take it out." The man was so scared that he even said, "Be scolded! Go get it! "

"Asking" means stepping on the spot. People who are good at this way often dress up as feng shui masters or fortune tellers and travel around the world, paying special attention to beautiful places and places visited by senior officials. They are eloquent and good at talking about the past with their elders. Wherever I went, I visited the old people in other places as a fortune teller or a geomancer, and got the information and orientation of the ancient tomb from the conversation. This kind of person has some skills, is good at talking, and can easily gain the trust of the other party. As soon as I heard that the ancient tomb had been cut to its original position, I immediately called a group of thieves to rob it at night.

"Cut" means judging the pulse. There are three meanings:

The first floor refers to how to find the location of the hole and enter the coffin in the shortest interval after the invention of the ancient tomb. This kind of work requires not only rich experience in robbing tombs, but also a keen sense of observing things. People who are good at this method often accurately determine the position of the coffin according to the direction of the battlefield, such as judging the pulse, then digging holes from the slope and transferring the head and tail of the coffin in the tomb to steal funerary objects. Zeng Guofan's tomb was stolen in this way a few years ago.

The second layer means to take treasure from the dead after opening the coffin. Touch from the head, through the mouth to the anus, and touch the feet first. Touching a baby is like judging a patient's pulse. Be careful and calm, elegant and silent, and don't leak.

The third layer means to touch the unearthed cultural relics with your hands. Because there are countless wonderful cultural relics, you often don't need to look at them with your eyes. You just need to touch them gradually to know how much they are worth. They often use this technology to gamble with others and often win.

Listen to the thunder and tell the cemetery.

"Jiao Si's robbing the tomb to make a fortune" in The Thief of Clearing Banknotes reveals the art of robbing the tomb: "Jiao Si, a thief of Guangzhou opera, is stationed here, often near Baiyun Mountain, and takes robbing the tomb as his profession. There are dozens of people who have the ability to listen to rain, wind, thunder, grass color and mud marks.

One day, out of the northern suburbs, it was noon, and the lightning paid. Jiao told the world to cast its eyes in all directions to observe, saying that despite the thunder and lightning and the storm, I should be careful and listen again and again. Jiao Naiyi stood in the thunderstorm at the top of the mountain. After a while, it began to rain and Lucy returned alone. When it was called a loud thunder, I vaguely felt that my feet were floating, as if I heard a public voice. Jiao Xi said,' I see. ……'。 "

This Jiao Si deserves to be a master of grave robbery! He not only mastered the skills of ordinary grave robbers to distinguish between soil and soil color, but also was good at accepting some natural scenes to help him find the location of house omen. For example, in Lightning and Thunder, Jiao Si came in to rob the tomb in a thunderstorm, and he told the people who robbed the tomb with him to stand in four different directions. Before it rained, people from the east came to talk about it. When it thundered, they vaguely heard the direction he wanted to respond to. Jiao Si was very happy and said, "We found it!" There is a certain superstitious principle in this. The propaganda of the tomb is empty. When there is a big thunder, simplicity constitutes a consensus. It sounds as if the propaganda is targeted, and ray is corresponding.

Remedy: Modern grave robbery depends not only on Luoyang shovel, but also on remote sensing and magnetic induction technology.

burrow

After exploring the location, the next thing to do is to dig a hole. Fierce grave robbers can dig a pit of more than ten meters. Maybe there is no soil in the air! It is puzzling that even though the cemetery is surrounded by plains and there are very flat sites everywhere, there are no mounds for hundreds of meters and miles around. Therefore, it is impossible to pile soil outside, and the hole is so small that no one can see it when working. Such clever tricks are beyond the reach of ordinary people.

Grave robbers will seal the hole after they finish their work. Some holes only need an opening as big as a manhole cover. If you open the current hole and look down, you can't see it in the dark summer.

Enter the grave

Generally speaking, the objects in the tombs of any dynasty have their own rules. At first glance, it looks like a Han tomb, the Eastern Han Dynasty or the Western Han Dynasty, so there are countless things in my mind: where should I put the coffin, where should I put the pottery, where should I put the metal utensils, what are in the ear rooms on both sides, and so on. When it really goes down to the present, it will be dug directly over there (Han tombs are usually filled with earth, saying that they are tombs, but they are actually soil, marching in the soil, and all the utensils are in the soil). Ordinary and expensive funerary objects will be placed in the coffin of the tomb owner, left shoulder and right foot.

There are also some tombs, such as Ming and Qing tombs, with thick roofs, because most of the tombs at that time contained 14 layers of blue bricks with seven vertical and seven horizontal layers, which were more than two meters thick. So when digging a hole, you should avoid the top of the tomb. So once the shovel touches the brick (the shovel will bring brick dust when it is lifted), it is necessary to find another place to hit it.

This "other place" may be near the tomb door, or near the back wall of the tomb, or both. Integrity depends on the shape and characteristics of the tomb itself. After seeing the shape, I think the coffin in this tomb may be close to the tomb door, so it is close to the tomb door when digging holes, and vice versa.

Like a tank, a tomb has armor (tomb wall, anti-theft layer) and looks like a bunker (tomb top is very thick), but it also has shortcomings. The disadvantage is the tomb wall, or the bottom of the tomb.

Some grave robbers saw that the tomb was too consolidated, and the top and periphery were not easy to handle, so they had to dig another vertical shaft and a horizontal well, which indirectly reached directly below the tomb. Just below the tomb, continue to open a shaft, then dig down with objects, dig through a small hole at the bottom of the tomb, and then enter the outside of the tomb through this small hole. In this way, the walls and top of the tomb were not destroyed, but the tomb itself was looted.

But this approach is rarely accepted by ordinary people. Take the Ming tomb with masonry structure as an example: its back wall is the thinnest, and only two layers of bricks are needed on the foundation, so you can drill along the back wall of the tomb when drilling vertical holes, and you don't need to dig up the tomb wall with two layers of bricks. As far as the Ming Tombs are concerned, almost all the ancient pirate caves are open to the back wall.

Many people rob the Ming Tombs before being tied up, and only one person is needed. All they have to do is put on the clothes of mice, move their limbs in the morning, dig holes, go into graves and take things away. The proportion is not complicated. At that time, when a person drilled the shaft without points, it was very correct to separate the tomb for a period of time, then dig down at a certain angle, obliquely down, hit the back wall of the tomb shaft, and then dig through it.

What needs to be clarified is that the process of grave robbers entering the tomb has seriously damaged the coexistence relationship between the structure of the tomb and the remains, instead of cleaning it up one by one according to the gathering situation and exposing it according to the original appearance of the tomb with detailed superstitious records, as archaeologists do. Therefore, this kind of destruction is irreversible. In the face of the remnants of piracy, the lost information can never be recovered. It is this kind of piracy that has caused great losses to the heritage of human civilization.

The time has come when antiques can profit from complex operations like commodities.

In the past year or two, whether in Beijing and Shanghai, which have the meaning of "wind vane", or in other areas, news about the cold sales of antique cities has often been seen in the media. It can be said that the antique market seen by the masses in recent years has gradually drifted away from the traditional management. When the phenomenon of business loss and turnover becomes more and more serious, where will this industry go?

In Beijing, the operators of major antique markets generally responded that there was no sale, and more than 80% of the merchants could not make ends meet. Many merchants have even tried to withdraw their stores and go home, because they go to the market for tea and chat every day, and there is no income from bearing the rental cost ... This is the real form that Song, president of the official cultural relics chamber of commerce of the World Federation of Industry and Commerce, understands. Recalling the fiery antique market in previous years and the establishment of antique cities in various places, the current situation really makes many people in the industry sigh-"it is not as good as a year."

As one of the founders of Beijing Antique City, Song witnessed the rise and fall of China Antique Market. He told reporters that the hottest year in Beijing Antique City was probably the decade around 2005. "There are two raised fire marks. One is that the antique city has opened fire, and attracting investment is not a problem at all; Second, a few antique cities have booth transfer fees, but the fees are different. " At the same time, he introduced that in this prosperous period, the price of antique art soared, rising by more than 10 times; Moreover, the turnover of merchants in the antique market has increased significantly.

20 12 is a clear time node for business decline. At the beginning of the omen, there was a new antique market in Beijing to attract investment. Soon, with the disappearance of such signs year after year, the propaganda of building an "aircraft carrier" in the antique market gradually faded away, and there were more and more news of closing stores. Especially at the beginning of last year, according to relevant media reports, many merchants in the antique market in Beijing experienced a "closing tide".

In contrast, the situation in Shanghai is not much better. 20 12 is a year of special significance for the antique market in Shanghai. "Since the first half of the year, all the antique cities in Shanghai have begun to shrink. Although there was a short callback afterwards, it is still unclear. In the autumn of 20 14, the shrinking scene began to become more serious. If things start from' late autumn' and individuals enter' early winter' on 20 15, then in previous years, the antique city undoubtedly faced' midsummer'. " Wang Jia, general manager of Shanghai Zhongfu Antique City and Zhongfu Auction Co., Ltd. said frankly.

It is understood that at present, several major antique cities in Shanghai are decreasing instead of increasing, and there are more and more difficulties in operation. For example, some enterprises want to move to the antique city, which has not been opened since last year. Another antique city in Shanghai was originally a three-story garden, but the antique business was reduced to only one floor ... "According to my prediction, some antique operators in Shanghai may have an operating efficiency of 40% or 50%. For more than a decade, the first few years were the worst year in the antique market. " Wang Jia lamented.

According to the reporter's understanding, many organizers of the antique market are trying their best to attract old merchants and excellent merchants, such as discounts on house payments or "full gifts" activities, but even at this time, the results must be perfect. Even some antique markets with the prospect of group companies have to rely on other businesses of the company to "save".

"Some people think that the poor trading in the antique market is due to the growth of social gifts, which is only one of the reasons. The fundamental reason lies in the lack of market caused by unscrupulous speculation of all participants in the collection market. Further investigation, I think it is the inaction of the market management department, and I can't come up with a set of targeted management essentials that conform to market discipline. Of course, the standard for checking such management essentials is not to control death, but to promote activities. Even worse, it cannot be said that there is a problem with the management system of the antique market. " Song pointed out.

In Wang Jia's view, the deeper reason why the antique market has experienced "pain" is that the downward pressure on the economy has not diminished. "Entrepreneurs and people above the middle class are secondary customers in the antique market. As the downward pressure on the economy continued unabated, they became cautious when selling. In addition, antiques, as one of the three major investment categories, are neither rigid nor as convenient as real estate and stocks, which all inhibit customers' enthusiasm for collection. " He said.

It is reported that there is a momentum in the industry that deserves our attention, that is, many merchants in the antique market began to think deeply according to their own experience, showing many changes and ideas. Although life is hard, in the minds of many practitioners, entities like Antique City and this product still have their own prices.

In fact, in the past ten years, the antique market in China has experienced the evolution again and again, from prosperity to the present predicament. It can be said that transformation is an urgent task facing the industry. Song believes: "The practice of managing antiques is to manage antique civilization, and the time has come when the innocence of antiques can be profitable as a complex operation of commodities. In addition, the new trend brought about by the closure of the antique city is the return of emotions. We should use the new technology and new thinking of this world to implement creative new explorations. "

Tired of watching, watching a joke makes you happy and relaxed.

Visit a local tyrant neighbor's house.

Visit a local tyrant neighbor's house. . . . I envy all kinds of high technology, especially the light in the bedroom. Whoever pats the curtain will open and close it! How convenient! Until one time when I came home from work, I found him standing downstairs, staring blankly at his window. I was curious to watch it with him, and I saw the lights in his bedroom flashing and the curtains closed for a while.