Details of Wei Zhi.

Wei Zhi (580-643) was named Xuancheng. Han nationality, Tang Julu (now Julu County, Xingtai City, Hebei Province, also known as Jinzhou City or Guantao City, Hebei Province) was a politician in the Tang Dynasty. He used to be Dr. Jian, Dr. Zuo Guanglu and Zheng Gong. He is famous for his outspoken remonstrance, and he is the most famous remonstrator in the history of China.

Chinese name: Wei Zhi.

Alias: Xuancheng

Nationality: China Tang Dynasty

Ethnic group: Han nationality

Birthplace: Tang Julu people

Date of birth: 580 AD

Date of death: 643 AD

Occupation: politician

Major achievements: The most famous remonstrator in China history.

Ranked first among the 24 chivalrous men in Lingyange.

Masterpieces: The Preface of, An Introduction and The Book of Rites by Liang, Chen and Qi.

Title: Zheng Guogong

Posthumous title: Wen Zhen.

At age 63.

In his early years, he was involved in the war at the end of Sui Dynasty and once joined the Wagang Rebel Army. Later, in conjunction with Prince Tang Chong, he established a horse washing officer in charge of books. Cai Xiang of Kevin·Z, Emperor Taizong acceded to the throne.

First, I will advise the doctor and succeed a central chief executive. In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan, he died on the seventeenth day of the first month (February 1 1, 643). Wei Zhi is famous for his forthright personality, outstanding talent and knowledge, and daring to criticize others. As an important assistant of Emperor Taizong, he earnestly asked Emperor Taizong to make him a "good minister" useful for governing the country, rather than a "loyal minister" who was solely responsible for the emperor. Every time he remonstrated, although he angered Emperor Taizong extremely, he remained calm and unwavering, which impressed Emperor Taizong deeply. In order to maintain and consolidate the feudal rule of Li and Tang Dynasties, Chen Jian was admonished for more than 200 times, urging Emperor Taizong to learn from history and make great efforts to govern Renxian and coachable, all of which were adopted in the spirit of "benevolence and righteousness". In the thirteenth year of Zhenguan (639), the book "Ten Years Can't Stop Dilemma" had an important influence at that time and later generations. In legal thought, it follows the feudal Confucian orthodoxy, emphasizing "knowing morality and being cautious about punishment" and "tolerance is the greatest". It is believed that the essence of governing the country lies in virtue, courtesy, honesty and faith: in order to change customs, a wise monarch should do things of benevolence and righteousness instead of severe punishment; Laws alone cannot regulate people's behavior in the world. "Righteousness is the foundation of reason; Punishment is the end of reason. " He compared the need to govern the country with punishment to the need to drive people away with a whip. When the horse tries its best to run, the whip is useless. Punishment is useless if people's actions are just. However, law or punishment is indispensable after all. He believes that law is the balance of the country and the yardstick of the times, and it must be allowed to play the role of "setting weight" and "bringing order out of chaos". To achieve this, the key is to be "fair, people commit crimes and obey the law one by one" in law enforcement, and never "care about likes and dislikes, and the severity depends on emotions", otherwise "people and litigation interests" will not be obtained. This is especially important for the monarch. Therefore, when remonstrating, he always specifically asked Emperor Taizong to take the lead in strictly observing the legal system to supervise the liegeman. In the trial of lawsuits and prison management, he particularly emphasized that "what must be committed is the main thing", so as to achieve "seeking truth from facts" rather than "decoration" and prevent prison officials from playing tricks in law and demanding strict information divorced from facts, resulting in injustice. Every time he was asked to participate in the judgment of difficult cases in Shangshu Province, he followed these ideas, focused on the overall situation, enforced the law fairly, and judged according to reason, which made everyone happy. Wei Zheng has Preface and An Introduction to Liang, Chen and Qi, twenty volumes of The Book of Rites, and fifty volumes of Collection of Books edited by Yu Shinan and Chu Liang. Most of his important remarks are included in Wei Jian edited by Wang and Zhenguan Dignitary edited by Jason Wu. (* Now "sign" is often written as "sign")

Edit this paragraph to implement this policy.

In legal thought, it follows the feudal Confucian orthodoxy, emphasizing "knowing morality and being cautious about punishment" and "tolerance is the greatest". Think that governing Wei Zhi.

The root of home lies in virtue, courtesy, honesty and faith: in order to change customs, a wise monarch should rely on benevolence and righteousness instead of severe punishment; Laws alone cannot regulate people's behavior in the world. "Righteousness is the foundation of reason; Punishment is the end of reason. " He compared the need to govern the country with punishment to the need to drive people away with a whip. When the horse tries its best to run, the whip is useless. Punishment is useless if people's actions are just. However, law or punishment is indispensable after all. He believes that law is the balance of the country and the yardstick of the times, and it must be allowed to play the role of "setting weight" and "bringing order out of chaos". To achieve this, the key is that when enforcing the law, people who are "determined to be fair" commit crimes one by one, and they must never "care about likes and dislikes, and the severity depends on emotions", otherwise "people and litigation interests" will not be obtained.

Edit the list of works in this paragraph.

He wrote Preface, An Introduction to Liang, Chen and Qi, and The Book of Rites.

"Twenty volumes, and Yu Shinan, Liang Zhu, etc. Co-edited "Group Book Management" (a "Group Book Management") 50 volumes. Most of his important remarks are included in Wei Jian edited by Wang and Zhenguan Dignitary edited by Jason Wu. Ten thoughts on Wei Zhi's admonition of Taizong's sparse ministers: the elders who seek wood must consolidate their roots; Those who want to flow far away will dig their springs; A man who considers national security will accumulate his morality. The source is not deep, but it flows far. Roots are not solid, but seek the length of wood. If virtue is not thick, the country will be safe. Although I am stupid, I know it is impossible, but it is wise to assess the situation. When a person is an artifact, he will respect the rigor of the sky, never stop without borders, never think about being prepared for danger in times of peace, abstain from extravagance and thrift, and be overwhelmed by virtue. He will also cut off his roots for wood and luxury goods, blocking his source and flowing to the elderly. Every former head of state inherited the fate of heaven and earth, was full of worries, told the truth, and succeeded in moral decline. Many people start well, but few people stop. Is it easy to get but difficult to save? In the past, this was more than enough, but today it is not enough. Why? If you cover up your worry, you will wait for it wholeheartedly; If you succeed, you will be addicted to pride. The whole-hearted Moon Lake is an organic whole, and the proud things are connected by flesh and blood. Although Dong Zhi was angered by severe punishment, he finally avoided it mercilessly, with a respectful face but unconvinced. Resentment is not great, but people are to be feared; You should be careful when transporting a boat and capsizing it. A sports car is a dead rope, but it can also be sudden! If you are a gentleman, if you can see and want, you will think that you are content with self-discipline. If you will do something, you will think that Zhi Zhi will be safe. If you are at high risk, you will think that you are modest and self-grazing. Afraid of being full, I think about rivers and three drives. If you are worried about slacking off, think carefully from the beginning and respect the end. If you are worried about covering it up, you will think modestly and accept it frankly. If you are afraid of evil, you will think you are upright and evil. If you are grateful, you will think that you will not be rewarded for your joy. If you are punished, you will think that you will not be punished because of anger. The sum of these ten thoughts, Hongzi Jiude. Do what you can and follow the fate, then the wise will do their best, the brave will do their best, the benevolent will benefit widely, and the believers will be loyal. In the civil-military dispute, the monarch and the minister have nothing to do, so they can travel to Henan as much as possible, support Joe's life, and play the piano without saying anything. Why bother to think hard, take over the post, serve the eyes and ears of wisdom, and lose the way of inaction? I heard that if a tree is to flourish, it is necessary to stabilize its roots, because deep roots can flourish; If you want the water to gurgle and last for a long time, you must dredge the source to last for a long time. By the same token, if the country wants to be stable and its rule is stable, it is necessary to accumulate virtue and benevolence and ease the contradiction with the people. On the other hand, I want it to flow forever without deep roots, but I want trees to flourish, and I want to make the country stable without kindness. Although I am ignorant, I know this, not to mention a wise gentleman like you! As a monarch who rules the world, if you don't be prepared for danger in times of peace, abstain from extravagance and frugality, and proceed from the long-term interests, it is tantamount to asking questions, hoping that trees will attract the wind, block the source and let the water flow smoothly! Emperors of past dynasties ruled the world by the orders of heaven and earth. There are many good beginnings, but few good endings. Is it easy to get but difficult to save? It turned out that when he was fighting the world, the emperor was sincere in treating his subjects. Once he succeeded, he indulged in pride. If we treat each other wholeheartedly, we will be together even if we are far apart; If you stay away from your subjects, even your own flesh and blood will become strangers. If we only use harsh laws to supervise and use power to suppress the people, it will make the people look obedient and dissatisfied. After a long time, it will inevitably arouse public anger. Hatred is not the size, but the strength of the people, because a boat can carry a boat or overturn it. Be careful! Therefore, I implore the monarch to accept the advice of his deputies: when you are in a good mood, you should be "satisfied and self-disciplined" and know how to be content; In any construction, we must restrain ourselves and take the stability of people's lives as the premise; If you feel that the heights are too cold, you should be modest and strengthen your self-cultivation; Worried that complacency will bring losses, there should be a measure to accommodate all rivers; If you like amusement, you must strictly abide by the monarch's rule of hunting three times a year; Afraid of slacking off; We should be cautious from beginning to end; If you are worried about being cheated, you must be humble and teachable; If you are afraid of slander and evil, you must do the right thing yourself; Send something, don't send it because of personal preference; Don't abuse punishment because of anger In a word, if we can carry forward these ten sentences and choose the best talents, we will make the wise do their best, the brave do their best, the benevolent sow their benefits and the believers serve their loyalty; The combination of civil and military affairs naturally reached the scene of governing the country by hanging arch. Where do you need to think hard and take charge of the official department?

Edit this history

Wei Zhi Biography of the New Tang Dynasty: "Wei Zhi, named Xuancheng, was born in Quzhou. Not so lonely, lonely and ambitious. At the beginning, he washed the horse for the prince, and Taizong acceded to the throne, worshiping doctors and ministers, and seeking promotion to a captain to help seal Zheng Guogong. Resignation due to illness, worship, but also know how to save trouble. Portrait of Wei Zhi.

[1] Honesty tells you everything. Emperor Taizong either led himself to lie inside, traveled around the world, and tasted to be an ancient famous minister. Collating and compiling dense books, compiling the history of Qi, Liang, Chen, Zhou and Sui, with more preface than his own. Go to hell, Wen Zhen. Twenty volumes, one volume of poetry today. "Wei Zhi (580-643) was a famous politician, thinker and historian in the early Tang Dynasty. Julu, Hebei, Jiange, Guangyuan, Sichuan. I lost my parents when I was a child, and my family was poor, but I love reading and don't care about family affairs. I used to be a monk and a Taoist. At the end of the great cause of Sui Dynasty, Wei Zhi was appointed as Minister of Yuanbao in Wuyang County (now northeast of Daming, Hebei Province) of Sui Dynasty. After Yuan Baoju surrendered to Shi Mi, he was appointed by Shi Mi as a marshal's office document to join the army, specializing in document archives. In the first year of Wude, Tang Gaozu (6 18), after Shimi failed, Wei Zhi entered Shanhaiguan and followed him to the Tang Dynasty, but it was useless for a long time. The following year, Wei Zhi invited him to appease Hebei. After the imperial edict was granted, he took a post station to Liyang (now Xunxian County, Henan Province) to persuade Xu Shiqi, the commander of Liyang, to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. Soon, Dou Jiande occupied Liyang, and Wei Zhi was also captured. After Dou Jiande's defeat, Wei Zhi returned to Chang 'an and was quoted by Prince Li as a member of the East Palace. Wei Zhi saw the contradiction between the prince and Li Shimin, the king of Qin, deepening day by day, and repeatedly advised Cheng Jian to take the initiative and start work as soon as possible. After the change of Xuanwu Gate, Li Shimin, who had long valued his courage, not only didn't blame him, but appointed him as an admonition officer, often introducing the imperial palace to inquire about political gains and losses. Kevin·Z likes to be the master of every intimate friend, helping him wholeheartedly, knowing everything and talking about everything. Coupled with his honest and frank personality, he often argued and never compromised. On one occasion, Emperor Taizong asked Wei Zhi, "What is a wise monarch and what is a dark monarch? Wei Zhi replied, "You are smart because you listen, and you are dark because you believe. In the past, Qin Ershi lived in the palace, but he didn't see the minister. He just trusted eunuch Zhao Gao and was kept in the dark until after the chaos. Emperor Yang Di preferred Historical Records, and many counties in the world fell, but he didn't know it. " Taizong deeply agreed with these words. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Wei Zhi was promoted to Zuo Cheng as prime minister. At this time, someone told him to promote his relatives to be officials privately. Emperor Taizong immediately sent an ancient imperial doctor, Wen Yanbo, to investigate the matter. As a result, there was no evidence, which was a false accusation. However, Emperor Taizong sent someone to tell Wei Zhi: "In the future, we should stay away from suspicion and never make such troubles again. Wei Zhi immediately said, "I heard that monarchs and ministers help each other, and justice is one." . If justice is not done and suspicion is avoided, then the rise and fall of the country may be unknown. "And asked Taizong to be a good minister rather than a loyal minister. Emperor Taizong asked what was the difference between a loyal minister and a good minister. Wei Zhi replied: "It is a good minister to be able to justify himself, to make the monarch a wise monarch, and to have children, and to have no boundaries." Killing yourself, turning the monarch into a tyrant, losing his home and country, is a loyal minister in name only. In this respect, the two are far from each other. " Emperor Taizong nodded. In the second year of Zhenguan (628), Wei Zhi was appointed as the secretariat, in charge of state affairs. Soon, the eldest grandson heard that an official surnamed Zheng had a daughter, only sixteen or seventeen years old, with both talent and appearance, which was unique in Beijing. He told Emperor Taizong to take him into the palace as a concubine. Emperor Taizong appointed this woman as his concubine. Wei Zhi heard that this woman had been betrothed to the Lujia, and immediately went to the palace to remonstrate: "Your Majesty is a parent and cares about the people, so you should worry about their worries and enjoy them. Living in a palace pavilion, we should think that all people have the safety of their houses; Eating delicacies [2], we should think that people are not suffering from hunger and cold; When concubines are in the courtyard, you should think that they are happy with their families. Now, Zheng Min's daughter has been betrothed to Lujia, and your majesty took her into the palace without asking in detail. If the rumor goes out, is it for the parents of the people? After hearing this, Emperor Taizong was shocked and immediately felt guilty and decided to take it back. However, Fang and others believe that the promise of the Zheng family is false and insist on the validity of the imperial edict. Lujia also sent someone to hand in the form, indicating that although there were wealth exchanges before, they were not engaged. At this time, emperor Taizong with a grain of salt, and called Wei Zhi to ask. He said bluntly, "Lu refused to admit it because he was afraid that your majesty would use it to harm him in the future." The reason is clear. No wonder. " Emperor Taizong suddenly realized this, so he resolutely withdrew the imperial edict. Because Wei Zhi can make faces, even if Emperor Taizong was furious, he dared to argue face to face and never gave in. Therefore, Tang Wei Annals is full of portraits.

[3] Emperor Taizong sometimes felt awe of him. On one occasion, Emperor Taizong wanted to go hunting in Qinling for fun, and all his luggage was ready, but he couldn't make it. Later, when Kevin·Z asked about this matter, Emperor Taizong replied with a smile: "I did have this intention at the beginning, but I was afraid that you would tell me again, so I quickly dismissed it." On another occasion, Emperor Taizong got a good kite and carried it on his shoulder. He was very proud. But when he saw Wei Zhi coming towards him from a distance, he quickly hid the bird in his arms. Wei Zhi deliberately played for a long time, causing the kite to suffocate in his arms. In the sixth year of Zhenguan, the ministers invited Taizong to meditate on Mount Tai. In order to show off achievements and national prosperity, only Wei Zhi objected. Emperor Taizong was surprised, so he asked Wei Zhi, "You don't advocate meditation. Do you think that my contribution is not high, my virtue is disrespectful, China is uneasy, my clothes are worn out at the end of four years, and my harvest is not abundant? " Wei Zhi replied: "Your Majesty has the above-mentioned Liu De, but since the chaos in the world at the end of Sui Dynasty, the registered permanent residence has not been restored until now, and the warehouse is still empty. Driving here and there and riding thousands of miles is expensive, which is unbearable for the people along the way. Besides, your meditation is bound to be a gathering of all nations, and Yuanjun will also be a squire. Nowadays, the Central Plains is vast and sparsely populated, and there are many shrubs. When ambassadors of all countries and commanders in Yuan Yi see that China is so weak, won't they feel contempt? If the reward is not good, it will not satisfy the desires of these distant people; Exempting and taxing taxes is far from rewarding people's expenses. Why does your majesty want to do such a thing that only seeks fame but actually harms? Soon, floods occurred in several states in the Central Plains, and the matter of Guan Chan went away. Zhenguan seven years (633), supplemented by Kevin·Z on behalf of the baron. At the end of the same year, Huangfu Deshen of Zhongmu County wrote to Taizong: "Building Luoyang Palace will harm the people; Collecting land rent is too much; Women like to wear a high bun, which is very popular in the palace. Emperor Taizong was furious when he received the book and said to the prime ministers, "Deccan wants the country not to serve one person and not to collect land rent. The rich have no money, which is exactly what he wants." I want to treat Huang Desheng's libel. Wei Zhi protested: "Since ancient times, the writing style has not been extreme, and it can't touch people's hearts. The so-called madman's words, saints choose good and follow. Please consider this truth. Finally, he stressed: "Your Majesty is not outspoken recently, but he is not as open-minded and natural as before." Emperor Taizong felt that Wei Zhi had a point, so he turned anger into joy. Instead of punishing Huang Fude, he was promoted to supervise the empire. In the tenth year of Zhenguan (636), Wei Zhi was ordered to compile Sui Shu, Zhou Shu, Liang Shu, Chen Shu and Shu Qi (known as the History of the Five Dynasties), which lasted seven years and the manuscript was completed. Among them, the prefaces of Sui Shu, Liang Shu, Chen Shu and Shu Qi were all written by Zheng Wei, and they were praised as "good history". In June of the same year, Wei Zhi, who suffered from eye diseases, asked to remove his assistant. Although Emperor Taizong appointed him full-time, he still put him in charge of provincial affairs, and his salary, rewards and other benefits were exactly the same as those of officials. In the 12th year of Zhenguan (638), Wei Zhi saw that Emperor Taizong was getting lazy, lazy in politics and pursuing extravagance, so he used the famous Sui Shu.

"Ten steps can't be overcome" lists ten changes in the attitude of Emperor Taizong from the beginning of his reign to the present. He also taught Emperor Taizong the "Ten Thoughts", that is, "When you see what you can do, you must think about contentment, when you are happy, you must think about Zhi Zhi, when you are in high risk, you must think about humility, when you are full, you must think about future troubles, when you are happy, you must think about delay, when you are sick, you must think about yourself, and when you are rewarded, you must think about arrogance. (Another version: "If you can see what you want, you will be content to quit;" If you can do something, you will want to go to Zhi Zhi to help others. High-risk is modest and self-grazing; If you are full of fear, you will think of rivers and seas; If you play music, you will think; If you are worried about slacking off, start cautiously and end with respect; If you care, you will think modestly and accept it; If you are afraid of evil, just think about it; If you add grace, you will think there is no reason to be happy; The penalty has been imposed, and if you don't get angry, you have. "Selected from Kevin·Z Official Documents") In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan (642), Wei Zhi was ill in bed, and the envoys sent by Emperor Taizong looked across the road. Wei Zhi was thrifty all his life and had no family to stay overnight. Emperor Taizong immediately ordered that all materials for building a small hall for himself should be used to build a big house for Kevin·Z. Soon, Wei Zhi died at home. Emperor Taizong personally mourned and wept bitterly, saying, "My husband can dress himself up with bronze as a mirror; Taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall; Take people as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses. I have kept these three mirrors in case I pass by. Now Wei Zhi is dead. He died in a mirror. During the Zhenguan period, Wei Zhi published more than 200 articles, emphasizing that "listening to people's words is clear and listening to people's words is dark", which played a significant role in the "Zhenguan rule" initiated by Emperor Taizong. Du and Hou were strongly recommended as prime ministers. Due to his recommendation, Du was promoted to be the minister of war, and later he was appointed as the son of the prince, and later he was appointed as a school official in the official department. After Wei Zhi's death, they all participated in the rebellion of Prince Li Chenggan. One was exiled and the other was imprisoned and killed. Wei Zhi should be blamed for the improper recommendation, and the world even speculated that Wei Zhi's move was suspected of colluding with the party's secret.