Where does Lantian apricot come from?

Lantian apricot is a geographical indication product of agricultural products.

According to legend, when Fuxi and Nu Wa started the world, they ate the century-old apricot fruit of the big apricot tree planted by their mother Ashi, and they were full of aura. They were able to draw gossip, make words and refine stones to make up the sky, which laid the foundation for China's ancient civilization. Apricot cultivation in Lantian has a long history, with an area of 35,000 mu and an output of 32,000 tons. The varieties are Ginkgo biloba, Jingangquan, Lanzhou Dajie apricot, Cao Xing, Caizihuang, Maishaohuang, Baisha apricot, Xing Tao, Yinxiangbai, Wanzhihong, Tietie apricot, Meixing, Zhanggongyuan and Goldsun. They are all fresh, processed and used for benevolence. The same variety, different terrain, mature period, from late May to early July. Ginkgo biloba with local characteristics has round fruit, orange pulp, symmetrical fruit, single fruit weight 1 10g- 180g, less pulp fiber, more pulp, soluble solids 12.3%, total sugar 9.3% and titratable acid1. 1992 The 4th National Symposium on Apricot and Plum was held in Lantian. Experts attending the meeting fully affirmed Lantian apricot production and spoke highly of ginkgo varieties. Products are exported to Haikou, Nanning, Shenzhen and other places, and the market is very popular.

territorial scope

Apricot planting in Lantian County, Shaanxi Province is mainly distributed in Trivia Town, Lake, Lisan Town, Ancun Village, Qianwei Village, Mengcun Village, Jinshan, Sanguan Temple and Houzhen. Hua Xu Town is the main town, with an altitude of 603.0-763.6m, located at1091'25.93 "-109 26' 34.17" north latitude. East to Dongyu Village, Hua Xu Town, west to Dan Village, north to jiangwan villages and south to Mengyan Village. Including Oichi Village, Xu Shang Village, yanggang Village, Dongdeng Village, Shanglei Village, Mengyan Village, Dancun Village, Dongyuanyu Village, Xiyuanyu Village, jiangwan villages Village and Koujia Village, the apricot planting area is 1.333 hectares and the annual output is1.2000 tons.

Natural ecological environment and human and historical factors

(1) Soil landform: The main planting areas of Lantian apricot are located in the hilly and gully areas in the north and west of Hengling Loess Plateau, with an area of 6 19.8 square kilometers, accounting for 3 1.48% of the county's total area. The main producing area is 603.0-763.3 meters above sea level. The thickness of the soil layer is 50- 100m, and the soil is mainly composed of _ soil and loess, with a pH value of 7.0-8.0, neutral and alkaline, and high organic matter content in _ soil. . According to the analysis of 6 16 different points selected in the investigation report of Lantian division, the content of soil organic matter is 1. 199%, the highest is 2.688%, the available nitrogen is 54PPm, the available phosphorus is 19ppm, and the available potassium is 137ppm. Therefore, the apricot growing in Ban Ling, Laoling and Lantian Loess Plateau has deep roots and luxuriant leaves, a strong tree, and many fruits.

With high yield, excellent quality and rich trace elements, it has become a national high-quality apricot production base.

(2) Hydrological situation: the annual average precipitation in Lantian is 720.4 mm, and the annual total precipitation is16821kloc-0/0000 cubic meters. The precipitation in the county is affected by topography, and the rainfall distribution is uneven. Rivers are divided into three major river systems: Bahe River, Weihe River and Zero River, and there are 20 large and small rivers with an average annual runoff of 692.34 million m3. The groundwater is rich, and * * * is divided into 4 hydrogeological regions and 8 sub-regions. The total groundwater in the county is 3237 1 10,000 m3/ year (including the repeated part of 2746 1 10,000 m3), and the exploitable groundwater is 58.977 million m3, accounting for 49.28% of the total groundwater. The underground water quality is good. The county has a water storage area of 2,300 mu and 952 wells, which belong to low-grade fertilizer water. There is 16 natural drinking mineral water, which is rich in 9 international standards such as strontium and selenium. Because there are many rivers in the territory, rivers flow out from the north-south longitudinal gullies all the year round, which are distributed in a ladder shape, with high density, covering the whole county and good water quality; Groundwater is rich in minerals and has no industrial pollution, which creates unique natural conditions for producing high-quality apricots.

(3) Climate: Lantian belongs to warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate. The four seasons are warm and cold, and the autumn season in Changchun is short in winter and summer, and the rain and heat are the same season. The annual average temperature is 9℃- 13℃, the hottest July is 26.8℃, the coldest June is-1.3℃, and the temperature difference is 23. 1℃. Annual average maximum temperature 19.0℃, annual average minimum temperature 8.3℃, extreme maximum temperature 43.3℃, extreme minimum temperature-17.4℃. The annual average sunshine hours are 2 148.8 hours, and the total solar radiation for two years is 1 18.5 kcal/cm, accounting for 50% of the total solar radiation. The first frost period appears on average in 165438+ 10/0, the earliest is 65438+1 0/9, and the latest is165438+ 10/0/kloc-. The average final frost date is April 3, the earliest is March 7, and the latest is April 24, with a difference of 48 days. The annual average frost-free period is 2 12 days, with the longest being 236 days and the shortest being 188 days. The unique climate is suitable for developing apricot production with Lantian characteristics. At present, there are old apricot trees with a history of more than 160 years in China, which proves that apricot cultivation has a long history. The climate with four distinct seasons is conducive to the robust growth of apricot, which lays the foundation for the high yield of Lantian apricot. Sufficient sunshine and large temperature difference between day and night are the main factors of high sugar content in Lantian apricot. Apricot is well received by consumers because of its large fruit, golden color, less fiber, rich juice and sweet taste, and has won endless praise.

(4) People's cultural history: Lantian County was once the "hometown of Huang San", and Shaanxi Tongzhi records: "Huang San Temple is three miles north of Lantian County, dedicated to Hua Xushi, Fu and Nuwa. Xi Shi and Nu Wa, beggars' gangs, are both from China.

The Xu family went out, so they were enshrined in their hometown. Hua Xu Town, Lantian County has Hua Xu Mausoleum, which is called "Ximuling" by the people. According to legend, Fuxi and Nuwa ate the century-old fruit of apricot planted by their mother Hua Xushi.

Reiki came into being, so as to understand the river map, translate Luoshu, draw gossip, create characters, refine stones to make up the sky, and establish ancient Hua Xu civilization. Hua Xushi apricot got its name from this. Because it is located in Lantian, it is called "Lantian Apricot".

Apricot cultivation in Lantian has a history of more than 2500 years, and the recorded apricot cultivation history can be traced back to before the Tang Dynasty. According to "Lantian County Records", apricot trees were widely planted among the people as early as the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, Qian Qi's poem "Love Jun Bi Shui, Planting Apricots is Almost Successful" showed that apricot trees had been cultivated in gardens at that time. "Continued Lantian County Records" in the Republic of China recorded that "there are many kinds of fruits, such as peaches and apricots, but there is one in Li Zebian. Plum (pear) has a thick skin and a lot of slag. Recently, someone picked the branches and buds of Yeyan and picked them up. They are sweet and different. There are not many dates. (Wenpo) Papaya, grapes, camellias, pomegranates and cherries all occur from time to time in late spring, but they are not as good as persimmons in the mountains. Most of them live in the southeast mountainous areas, including chestnuts and walnuts.

Ginkgo biloba is just a big tree in the Mocha River in Wangchuan. "Not only the species and distribution of fruit trees in this county are described in detail, but also the working people have long known to graft and improve varieties by scientific methods. It shows that there was rich practical experience in fruit tree production at that time.

Production technical requirements and regulations

(1) Origin selection: atmospheric environment, water source and pollution-free garden soil should be selected; The underground water level is low, the soil layer is deep and fertile, and the pH value is 6.5-8.0. The garden is built on hilly land, sandy wasteland loam and sandy loam with good irrigation and drainage. For example, cohesive soil needs soil improvement. Must be on the drupe track at least 5 years, with soil improvement. Park selection should be far away from national highways, railways and other traffic trunk lines 100 meters away.

(2) Variety selection: select tree species with great potential, high yield, strong adaptability and stress resistance; The fruit is large, does not crack, has uniform color and maturity, and the pulp is hard solute or semi-solute, with rich flavor, transportation resistance and long shelf life. According to the goal of regionalization and improved varieties and the selection of excellent varieties, the principle of teaching and planting in the right place is implemented. Fresh apricot suitable for Lantian area

The main varieties are: Lantian apricot, Maishaohuang, Caizihuang, Kaite apricot, Golden Sun apricot and so on.

(3) Provisions on production process management and agricultural inputs:

① Soil management: from mid-September to early October of each year 10/0, hole expansion or deep tillage shall be carried out, with a depth of 40-60cm. It is not allowed to damage big roots with a thickness of more than 0.5cm, and hole expansion can be combined with basal fertilizer application. Rake the ground in time for irrigation after deep ploughing. If the soil texture in the garden is poor, combined with deep tillage, organic fertilizer, crop straw, clay mixed with sand and sand mixed with clay are used to improve it. In the growing season, weeding should be carried out in the tree tray, less than 20cm.

The grass between the rows is not removed. After rain or irrigation, loosen the soil in time to conserve moisture.

② Fertilization:

A base fertilizer: base fertilizer is suitable for fruit harvesting, with the best effect, no later than 65438+1mid-October. The main types of base fertilizer are farmyard manure, compost, green manure, biogas manure and fallen leaves. , or registered commercial organic compound fertilizer. Phosphate fertilizer, bone meal, compound fertilizer, etc. It can also be used as a base fertilizer for deep application, using annular "furrow application" or "radial furrow application" method. The amount of fertilization varies with the age, growth and types of fertilization, that is, young trees and early fruit trees are applied with high-quality manure of 2000kg-2500kg, calcium superphosphate of 20-30kg, calcium superphosphate of 4000kg and calcium superphosphate of 50kg.

B: topdressing: topdressing can be done 2-3 times a year according to the amount of base fertilizer, that is, topdressing with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer before flowering 10 day, topdressing with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer during hard core stage, and topdressing with quick-acting potassium fertilizer at mature stage. Top dressing should be applied to the tip of the tree tray. Apply ternary compound fertilizer15kg-30kg to young trees and early fruit trees every 667 _ kg; The amount of fertilizer applied to fruit trees depends on the type of fertilizer and the number of fruits, and is appropriately increased.

C: Common quick-acting and easily absorbed amino acid liquid fertilizer, biogas slurry, urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, organic potassium and trace fertilizers such as iron, boron and zinc should be selected for foliar spraying. Early growth stage

The spraying concentration is low, and the concentration should be increased in the later stage of growth.

(3) the principle of plastic pruning:

Pruning period shall be carried out according to the principles of growth pruning, dormancy pruning and young tree shaping. Pruning in growth period is generally divided into pre-flowering, fruit expansion, post-harvest and post-beginning of autumn.

The principle of shaping and pruning should be determined according to site conditions, varieties, tree age and tree potential, so that it can be shaped with trees and pruned by branches. The general requirements are: cut lightly, put more and cut less.

(4) Principle of pesticide use: give priority to prevention, and adopt the method of combining agricultural, physical, biological and chemical comprehensive prevention and control. Agricultural control measures mainly include selecting rootstocks of disease-resistant varieties, reasonable pruning, and clearing gardens in time. Physical control measures include light sweet and sour liquid trapping and artificial killing, and biological control measures mainly include protecting natural enemies and using biological pesticides. Chemical control measures should be well predicted and pesticides should be selected. Choose mineral pesticides and chemical pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity, low residue and safety to natural enemies, and prohibit the use of pesticides prohibited by the state.

⑤ Regulations on the management of agricultural inputs: the inputs shall be purchased at designated locations, and the sales account must be established at the point of sale. It should be used under the guidance of technicians.

(4) Provisions on product harvesting and post-harvest treatment: According to varieties, post-harvest uses, sales channels, market environmental conditions and climatic conditions, the suitable harvesting period is determined by harvesting maturity, fresh food maturity and physiological maturity.

Manual picking should be carried out in the order of first crown and then crown, first down and then up. Handle with care. Don't pinch, touch, drop or squeeze.

Mining and classification. Generally according to the shape, size, color, etc. of the fruit. (The scoring standard is attached)

Classified products should be packaged separately according to different uses or sales channels. Fresh apricots should be packed in hard, dry and clean boxes, and all packages must meet the packaging hygiene standards. There should be a label in the package or the product name, place of origin, picking date, standard grade, production unit and other items should be indicated outside the package.

(5) Production record requirements: A production record book is printed uniformly, and farmers are required to fill in it in time and carefully according to management procedures, including: name, time and dosage of fertilization; The name, time, dosage and control object of the pesticide used; Time and method of weeding; Time and method of shaping and pruning; Time and method of keeping flowers and thinning fruits; Harvest time, quantity and sales area. The production records of each household must be kept for more than two years.

4. Typical product quality characteristics and product quality and safety regulations

(1) external sense: Lantian apricot fruit is round, about 7 cm in diameter, symmetrical, with an average fruit weight of 125 g and a maximum fruit weight of 200 g ... the top is flat, the suture line is deep and obvious, and the depression is deep; The skin is golden yellow. Besides fresh food, Lantian apricot can also be used.

Processing preserved fruit, dried fruit and jam. Almond is edible and can be used as medicine, which is a traditional commodity for foreign trade export.

(2) Internal quality: yellow flesh, less fiber, more juice, sweet taste, soluble solids 14.5%, sugar content 8.6%, acid-sugar ratio 9.56%, Ca246.6mg/kg and protein content 0.93%. Off-core, the core is nearly round, the kernel rate is 17.9%, sweet kernel contains 8.55% fat, and protein 9.26%. The shelf life of fruit is 5-7 days.

(3) Safety requirements: the names of national mandatory technical regulations and related laws and regulations for market access in Lantian Daxing;

XANY5008-2007 Xi Technical Specification for the Production of Fresh Apricot

NY50 13-2006 Environmental conditions of producing areas of pollution-free food, forest and fruit products

NY5 1 12-2005 Pollution-free food deciduous drupe

People's Republic of China (PRC) agricultural products quality and safety law

Measures for the Administration of Labelling and Packaging of Agricultural Products

Measures for the administration of geographical indications of agricultural products

Packaging identification and other relevant regulations.

(1) graded packaging:

① The packaging container must be firm, firm, dry, clean and hygienic, free of peculiar smell, and free of nails, spikes or other sharp protrusions on both sides, which should have sufficient protective performance for the product. The printing color and glue used for packaging materials and preparing signs should be non-toxic and harmless to human consumption.

② The packaging of the same batch of goods should be packaged into products with the same origin, variety, grade and maturity. High quality apricots need consistent fruit diameter and color.

(3) In the same package, the maturity of the superior apricot should be consistent, and the requirements of the first-class and second-class apricots on the consistency of maturity are slightly lower than those of the superior apricot, but fruits with large differences in maturity cannot be packed. Maturity should be selected according to storage and transportation conditions, storage period and transportation progress to ensure the safe storage and safe arrival of products at their destinations.

(4) Apricots packed in layers should have a fruit diameter difference of 5mm at any grade. The allowable difference of bulk first-class apricots is 10mm, and bulk second-class apricots are not limited. (The scoring standard is attached)

⑤ Apricots for long-term storage at low temperature after harvest can be selected by the warehouse.

At present, there is no unified regulation on the applicable containers in the warehouse, the model, capacity, material and so on.

⑥ Apricots stored at room temperature for a short time or shipped after planned harvesting can be packed in cartons, cartons, plastic boxes, baskets and various packaging containers.

⑦ Apricots are packed in cartons and foam nets in layers, and the display appearance of apricots in the package should be neat and beautiful. First-class apricots and second-class apricots can be packed in boxes, layers or in bulk. The appearance and quality of the fruit on the insole, middle and surface of any package should be exactly the same.

Care should be taken not to bring leaves, branches, dust, gravel and other sundries or dirt into the container during packaging, so as not to pollute the product, affect the appearance and damage the quality of the fruit.

(2) Cartons:

(1) Cartons made of corrugated cardboard must be firmly bound and have a beautiful and complete appearance. Packaging of apricot for export

Cartons shall comply with the provisions of GB5038.

(2) The specifications and dimensions of cartons should be appropriately adopted according to domestic and foreign trade habits and requirements, and there is no uniform provision. Vents with a diameter of about 16 mm are appropriately left at both ends or sides of the carton. ..

(3) When cartons are packed in layers, each layer can be separated by plastic trays or fruit mats made of other materials. If flat cardboard is used as the interlayer, the fruits of each layer should be separated by strong and pressure-resistant paper grids. The height of the grid can be determined according to the size of the fruit or the number of fruits in the packaging group, so that the fruit can only move slightly in the paper grid.

(4) When filling fruits, be sure not to let the fruit stalks hurt the pulp of other fruits, and the fruits must be filled. If there are gaps, be sure to fill them with suitable fillers to avoid the fruit shaking in the box.

⑤ After packaging, the seams of the cartons should be sealed with tape and bound with plastic tape twice.

Firm.

(3) Identification:

① The packaging identification of the same batch of goods must be completely unified in form and content.

② Different cartons should be printed or pasted with indelible words and marks on the same part outside the cartons, and the handwriting must be clear and legible.

③ The contents of the logo shall indicate apricot trademark, variety, quality grade, net weight, place of origin, name and address of distributor, packaging date and seed selection personnel code. If the product has a specified fruit diameter or number, it should also indicate the fruit diameter and fruit quantity.

(4) Transportation and storage:

① After apricot harvesting and grading, the producer should deliver, sell and accept as soon as possible.

(2) After the apricots are accepted, they should be transported quickly according to the maturity and quality as planned; Apricots purchased at all levels shall be further processed by the purchasing unit after acceptance.

③ When apricots are transported on platforms or docks, the batches must be clear, neatly stacked, with clean environment and good ventilation. It is forbidden to be exposed to the hot sun and rain, and pay attention to freezing and heat protection.

④ Apricots should be handled with care and in a civilized manner during stacking and loading and unloading. The means of transport shall be clean and sanitary, and shall not be mixed with toxic and harmful substances. Any carriage or cabin containing chemical fertilizers, pesticides, harmful chemicals or other perishable foods must be thoroughly cleaned before shipment.

⑤ Apricots should not be placed directly on the ground or stored against the wall, and the stacking should not be too high. There should be channels between stacks.

Measures to prevent flies and rats should be strengthened in fruit warehouses.