What is the meaning of Ninglong tablet in Hakka dialect?

Ninglong Pian is a branch of northern Hakka dialect. Ninglong's Ning refers to Ningdu County, Jiangxi Province. Dragon refers to longnan county in Jiangxi; Ninglong tablets are distributed from Ningdu to Longnan, including Ningdu, Xingguo, Shicheng, Ruijin, Huichang, Anyuan, Longnan, Dingnan, Quannan and Xunwu. The film mainly has Ning's accent and Sannan accent. Details are as follows:

I. Introduction:

Hakka (Hak-k? -ng？ ), referred to as Hakka (Hak-ng? ), also known as Hakka dialect and Hakka dialect in informal occasions. In some areas, there are Ya dialect, Xinmin dialect, Cantonese (or Tukan dialect), Huaiyuan dialect and Huizhou dialect (Guangxi and other places). It is a kind of tonal language (international code: ISO 639-3 Hakka) in the Chinese language family of Sino-Tibetan language family.

It is generally believed that Hakka dialect was originally formed in the Southern Song Dynasty and was not named as Hakka dialect until the 20th century. Linguists still have some arguments about whether to classify it as a Chinese dialect or language. Especially in China, it is considered as one of the seven dialects of Chinese. Meixian dialect is a representative in linguistic academic research, but Huiyang dialect has great influence in reality. In Taiwan Province Province, the company is represented by the strong line.

Hakka dialect is mainly distributed in eastern Guangdong, western Fujian and southwestern Jiangxi, and is widely used in some Chinese communities in southern China (including Taiwan Province Province) and Malaysian countries.

Historically, Hakka used to be one of the main languages circulating in Lanfang Republic. Once the "national language" of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, it was widely used in its official documents. Due to the long-term closure of Hakka traditional areas, the inheritance of Hakka language once relied on a closed society free from external interference and strict ancestral teachings passed down from mouth to mouth. With the development of society, the traditional closed society is disintegrated by rapid urbanization, and the traditional rules of inheriting Hakka dialect are gradually abandoned in the information age, so Hakka dialect has become one of the fastest declining languages in the world. In Taiwan Province Province, 1988 has a campaign to return my mother tongue. Later, the modern media of Hakka language was gradually developed, which enabled Hakka language to continue to be passed down in modern society. The birth and development of Hakka pop music and the appearance of language services (such as radio and television, transportation services) in public life have made Hakka walk out of isolation, move towards modernization and integrate into the trend of the times. At present, Hakka is the official language of Taiwan Province Province and the legal language of Surinam.

Second, the academic classification:

continent

In mainland China, Hakka dialects are classified according to the Atlas of Chinese Language compiled by China Academy of Social Sciences and australian academy of the humanities, among which Taiwan Province Hakka dialects are generally divided into Cantonese and Taiwanese films. According to the classification of the mainland, Hakka dialect can be roughly divided into two types, namely, the northern part (the phonology of Lingbei Hakka dialect) and the southern part (the phonology of Lingnan Hakka dialect). There are many differences in Hakka dialects in northern China, which are subdivided into Ninglong dialect, Yugui dialect, Tonggu dialect and Tingzhou dialect. Southern films are generally divided into eight parts: Guangdong-Taiwan films, Guangdong-Central films, Chaozhou-Zhangzhou films and Guangdong-North films.

Previously, Juck Zhang films were not named, while Yue Zhong films were subdivided into Yue Zhong films and Huizhou films. It's still eight dollars after readjustment.

(1) Southern movies

The south mainly includes Hakkas from Guangdong, Guangxi, southeastern Fujian and Taiwan Province Province, and Hakkas from Hong Kong, Macao and overseas also belong to the south. There are great differences in vocabulary between northern films and northern films. There are many local words with high internal consistency and relatively complete intonation. Generally speaking, the south is older than the north.

1, Guangdong and Taiwan tablets

Cantonese and Taiwanese films are the representatives of mainstream Hakka dialects, mainly distributed in Meizhou, Heyuan and some counties in eastern Huizhou. Most Hakka dialects in Taiwan Province Province also belong to Cantonese and Taiwanese films. In addition, Hakka dialect (Yayu, Xinmin dialect, etc. ) Western Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi and Hainan also belong to this area, which can be called "Ya dialect films". Most of the Hakkas in Sichuan and Chongqing moved from eastern Guangdong, which is not much different from that in Taiwan Province, Guangdong. With the passage of time, Hakka dialects in these places are more and more influenced by Sichuan dialect.

2. Yue Zhong movies

Central Guangdong is mainly distributed in Heyuan and parts of Huizhou, including Dongjiang dialect or Shuiyuanyin.

A series of dialects in central Guangdong involving the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang River basin, a tributary of the Pearl River, are mainly distributed in Heyuan and Huizhou.

Some mainstream Hakka people call Dongjiang dialect "snake dialect" (or "She dialect"), which is slightly derogatory.

Huizhou dialect (Huicheng dialect), in particular, was originally divided into "Huizhou films". In fact, Huizhou dialect is closely related to the water source sound.

3. Juck Zhang tablets

Juck Zhang films are mainly distributed in Hakka areas bordering Minnan dialect (including Chaozhou dialect), such as Zhangzhou, Chaoshan and Hailufeng. Among them, Chaoshan small piece includes Hakka in Fengshun, Jiedong and Jiexi, belonging to "Mid-Levels Hakka". Its characteristics are: vocabulary is influenced by Chaozhou dialect, with a slight tongue rolling sound different from Mandarin, and the flat tone is close to Mandarin. Chaoshan Xiaobao film is represented by Fengshun Tangkeng dialect; In Thailand, many people in China speak this Hakka dialect. In addition, the sea-land sketch refers to Hailufeng Hakka dialect represented by Liuhe dialect and Taiwan Province sea-land dialect.

4. Peyo movies

Northern Guangdong is mainly distributed in Shaoguan.

(2) Northern movies

The northern part mainly includes Hakka in Jiangxi and western Fujian. Influenced by Gan dialect, Putonghua and northern Fujian dialect, the vocabulary in northern China is quite different from that in the south. The completeness of the ending varies from place to place. According to the characteristics of the northern film, it is divided into Ninglong film, Yugui film, Tonggu film and Tingbei film.

5. Tingzhou movies

In the original division, the Hakka dialect of the former Tingzhou Prefecture was generally classified as "Tingzhou Film". However, the accents of Shanghang, Wuping and Yongding in the south are close to Meixian dialect and Huiyang dialect, so they can be classified as "Cantonese-Taiwanese films". Tingbei area is mainly distributed in the northern part of the former Tingzhou area, including Changting, Liancheng, Ninghua, Liuqing and Mingxi.

6, Ninglong tablets

Ning in Ninglong film refers to Ningdu County, Jiangxi Province; Dragon refers to longnan county in Jiangxi; Ninglong tablets are distributed from Ningdu to Longnan, including Ningdu, Xingguo, Shicheng, Ruijin, Huichang, Anyuan, Longnan, Dingnan, Quannan and Xunwu. The film mainly has Ning's accent and Sannan accent.

7. Yugui tablets

Yu Gui means Yudu County, Jiangxi Province; Guangxi refers to Guidong County, Hunan Province; Yugui tablets are distributed from Du Yu to Guidong, including Du Yu, Ganxian, Shangyou, Dayu, Rucheng and Guidong. The film is mainly an old guest accent.

8. Bronze drum pieces

Tonggu tablets are mainly distributed in Tonggu County and xiushui county in northwest Jiangxi and Liuyang City in Hunan.

note:

The New Territories Hakka in Hong Kong is a small part of the new Hakka Cantonese-Taiwanese club, which is highly close to the Hakka dialects in Shenzhen, Huiyang and Huidong, Guangdong, and can communicate with other mainstream Hakka dialects. From about AD 1960, a large number of people from Hakka areas in Guangdong moved to Hong Kong, bringing with them the local Hakka dialect in Guangdong. Hakka dialect of most immigrants and Hakka dialect of New Territories can communicate with each other.

Overseas Hakka dialects are mainly Cantonese and Taiwanese films, but there are also a few Chaozhou and Zhangzhou films. Since the Hakkas in Meixian established the Lanfang Republic of China in Kundian, the southwestern tip of kalimantan island, in the18th century, there is a Kundian-style Hakka dialect in this part of Indonesia, which is almost different from the Hakka dialect in Chinese mainland. There are many Indonesian and local dialects in Kundian Hakka dialect, which can be classified into one category independently, and can be regarded as one of the overseas Hakka films.