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Bohemians refer to the residents of Bohemia in the Czech Republic:

Bohemians are used to refer to the residents of the former Bohemian kingdom, which is now located in the Czech Republic. The name comes from the Latin noun Boii of the Celtic tribe living here. Today, for Czech speakers, the word Bohemia is often synonymous with Czech, but it is used in an ancient style or in a context related to poetry, and this usage has a second meaning (see below). That's why they say they are Czech, not Bohemian. Another reason why the word Bohemia is not used in daily life is that the word Czechoslovakia was officially popularized in 19 19- 1938 and 1945- 1993, in order to create a unified "Czechoslovakia". "Czechoslovakia" is a concept formed by the merger of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and Slovakia.

The second meaning of Bohemia is France, which appeared in the early19th century. This term is used to refer to a group of artists and writers who want to live an unconventional lifestyle. Look at Bohemia. In 65438+5th century, King Zikmund of Bohemia expelled all Roma from Bohemia, and they fled to France, where they were sometimes called Bohemians. In the19th century, some French writers gave new life to this word, such as Henri Murger who wrote a novel called The Life Scenes of Bohemians. The word Bohemia is used to refer to a group of artists, writers and anyone who has no illusions about tradition and wants to live an unconventional lifestyle. The word15th century reflects the French view of the Gypsies from Bohemia. In the French imagination, "Bohemians" will remind them of gypsies wandering around. They are a group of people who are free from traditional society and are not bound by tradition. Maybe they will bring some mysterious revelations, or they may be accused of being too careless about personal hygiene.

This term is associated with different art or academic groups, as a general adjective for the following people, environments or situations: Bohemians are defined in American university dictionaries as "people with artistic or thinking tendencies whose lives and actions are not influenced by traditional codes of conduct".

Conservative Americans often associate Bohemians with drugs and poverty. However, in the past century and a half, many of the most talented European and American literary masters have bohemian temperament, so it will be very lengthy to list a list of bohemian people. Even bourgeois writers like Balzac would agree with Bohemia, although most bourgeois writers don't. In fact, Bohemians and Bourgeois are often regarded as opposing groups. In David Brooks's book "The Bohemians in Paradise", the history of the collision between these two groups is described, and after the fusion of modern Bohemia and Bourgeois, a new upper-class intellectual class, the Bourgeois Bohemians, is produced. The English writer W.M. Thackeray was the first person to use the second meaning in English.

Bohemians (Opera)

"The Bohemian" (also translated as "The Artist's Life") was composed by Puccini, and the script was adapted by Giuseppe Jaksa and Luigi Molika according to the novel "The Bohemian" by French playwright Henri Mugo. The play consists of four acts, about 1 hour and 40 minutes. It premiered at the Royal Opera House in Turin on February 1896 and was conducted by toscanini.

Working background

After graduating from Milan Conservatory of Music, Puccini lived in poverty before his career began. He had a personal experience of wandering life, so he later turned against his good friend Leon Cavallo to write Bohemians. 1893, Puccini's Mistress Manon Leiskow was a great success. When he was well-off, Puccini began to concentrate on finding an opera script that would make him surpass his previous works, so he found Bohemian. At that time, Leoncavallo, Puccini's good friend, had begun to compose music for this story, but Puccini secretly finished it and published it first. Therefore, Leon Cavallo broke up with Puccini, and the two composers never contacted each other again.

Puccini inherited Verdi's composition style. Although his music is not as profound as Verdi's, he can convey the tragic elements in music in a unique and more delicate way. Bohemian, Tosca and Madame Butterfly are three representative works of Puccini in his early years, among which Bohemian has the richest melody and the strongest dramatic tension in music. The two arias in the first act of the opera, Your Cold Hands and My Name is Mimi, are the most famous. The music is soothing and gentle, and it is often played as a solo in concerts.

Plot outline

Note: there are plots, endings or other related contents below, which may reduce the interest in enjoying the original work.

1830s, Paris Latin quarter, France.

The first act:

On Christmas Eve, in the attic of a shabby Latin apartment, the poet Rudolph (tenor) and the painter Masero (baritone) were shivering with cold. In order to keep warm, they decided to burn Rudolph's latest poem. The philosopher Colin (Bath) pushed the door in with a pile of old books. He wanted to exchange these books for some money, but he didn't sell anything. When three people gathered around the weak fire to make fun of their situation, the musician Schaunard (baritone) who found a temporary job came back with food and firewood. They are going out to celebrate this unexpected good luck. The landlord Benoit (Bath) came to collect the rent. Four people whisper to find a way to send him away, so coaxed benoit to drink. When drunken benoit started talking about his affair, the four men kicked him out.

Before they went to Momus Cafe, Rudolph said that he would finish writing a manuscript, and the others were waiting for him downstairs. Someone knocked at the door. It's their female neighbor Mimi (soprano). She took a candle to borrow the light, but Mimi, who was weak and sick, passed out in Rudolph's arms because she climbed the stairs too fast. Rudolph handed her a small glass of wine to calm her down, and then lit the candle. When she got up and left, she lost her key again. When they looked down, the wind blew out their candles. In the dark, Rudolph accidentally touched Mimi's hand, so he held her hand and said that it was too dark in the room, so he could wait until the moon came out to find the key, and asked her to allow himself to warm her hand. Then, he told his story (aria: your cold little hand). At his request, Mimi told him about her life experience, saying that she lives alone, lives by embroidery and looks forward to spring (aria: my name is Mimi (Si, Mi chiamano Mimi)). At this time, the partners downstairs urged Rudolph to join them quickly. Rudolph opened the window and answered them. He turned his head and saw Mimi's pale face in the moonlight. He was so excited by this dreamlike fragile beauty that he couldn't help saying his love. Two people fell in love and went to Mombasa Cafe hand in hand.

Act II:

On Christmas Eve, the streets are very lively. Mom, the cafe is crowded with people. Rudolph introduced Mimi to everyone and called her his poem. A few people shouted happily for dinner, and suddenly there was a wave of laughter outside. Marcelo's ex-lover Mussetta (soprano) appeared, holding an old man's arm. This is a rich and powerful Alcindoro (bass). In order to attract the painter's attention, Mussetta sang a dance to praise her beauty, and the painter was conquered by her again. Mussetta told Archidoro to buy her a new pair of shoes. As soon as he left, Mussetta fell into Masero's arms. When Archidoro came back, there was a pile of bills waiting for him.

Act III:

At dawn, snow covered the earth. Mimi came to the pub outside the city alone with a black veil. Rudolph, Masero and Mussetta live here for the time being. Mimi called Masero, and she asked Rudolph about him, saying that he doubted her because of jealousy and was cold to her. Rudolph came out at this moment, and Mimi quickly hid behind the bushes. He complained to Marcelo that Mimi was flirting with another man, and said that Mimi was very ill and he had no money to treat her, so he wanted to break up and let Mimi find a capable lover. Mimi burst into tears when she heard that she was terminally ill. Rudolph found her and held her in his arms. Mimi says goodbye to him (Arya: I want to go back to my nest). Mussetta's flirting voice came from the hotel, and Marcelo rushed in. The two men quarreled, cursed each other and finally broke up. Rudolph and Mimi are reluctant to part, and they recall the good old days.

Act IV:

In spring, Rudolph and Masero feel lonely in their apartment in Latin quarter. They can't forget their girlfriends. At this time, Shuaona and Colin came back with wine and food, and the four of them were laughing and fighting. Mussetta suddenly rushed in. She said Mimi came to see her lover for the last time, but she was exhausted and fainted downstairs. Rudolph quickly picked up Mimi and put her on the bed. Others go out to sell medicine with their valuables. After everyone left, Rudolph held Mimi's hand and told them about their first meeting. Mimi fainted with excitement, and Rudolf exclaimed. When everyone came back, Mussetta put a pair of leather hand cages on Mimi. Mimi smiled at her and said it was warm. Masero handed Rudolph the medicine, and Colin asked Mimi how she was. Mussetta replied that she was asleep, but Shuaona became alert and pointed out that Mimi was not breathing. At that time, the room was full of sadness, and they looked at the peaceful Mimi on the bed with tears. Rudolph was shaking all over. He groped his way to Mimi's side, hugged his gradually cold body, and called the name of the deceased, but no one answered him anymore, only the crying voice of his friend passed through the broken heart.