Basic knowledge of ancient book collection

To collect ancient books, you need to know something about ancient paper! What is the basic knowledge of ancient book collection? The following is the basic knowledge of ancient books collection that I have compiled for you, and I hope it will be useful to you.

Basic knowledge of ancient book collection (1) hemp paper

In ancient China, ramie and hemp were mainly used for papermaking. Ramie is a specialty of our country, and it is called China grass abroad. Hemp is also one of the ancient hemp species in China, commonly known as? Fire hemp? It is called hemp abroad. Hemp paper is paper made of hemp fiber. Common types of hemp paper are as follows:

1. White paper and jute paper

White linen paper is white and smooth on the front and slightly rough on the back, with straw and paper scraps. Tough and durable, it won't go bad as long as it doesn't get wet. Jute paper is light yellow, generally slightly thicker than white hemp paper, and its performance is similar to that of white hemp paper, but it looks rougher. Whether it is white hemp paper or jute paper, the paper grain (also called curtain grain) is relatively wide, about two fingers, and some paper grains are not obvious.

Hemp paper has good toughness, and some printed copies of Song and Yuan Dynasties that have been passed down to this day are still as good as new after thousands of years.

2. Mashed paper

Produced in Masha Town, Jianyang, Fujian. The color is slightly yellow, the paper grain is not obvious, and the thickness and toughness are similar to hemp paper.

(2) Xuan paper

In the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzhou Prefecture in Anhui Province produced a kind of paper with excellent texture, which was valued by local officials every year. Tribute? Dedicated to the court. People named this paper Xuan paper according to its origin.

The main raw material of rice paper is the bark of Dalbergia. Similar to mulberry, Pteroceltis tatarinowii is a specialty in southern Anhui. Before the Ming Dynasty, rice paper was made of 65,438+0,000% sandalwood bark, which was treated with lime, bleached by sunlight and pulped. Since the Qing Dynasty, the mixed pulp of sandalwood bark and straw has been used, and its materials are divided into whole skin, half skin and seven skin and three grass. Due to the strict selection of raw materials, proper use of glue and skillful production technology, the finished product is flexible, white, smooth, delicate and uniform, durable in color, not easy to corrode and convenient for long-term storage. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, many of China's paintings and calligraphy works have used Xuan paper. Paper lives for a thousand years? Good name.

Xuan paper belongs to lint paper, and there are many kinds, including single Xuan, double Xuan, double-layer folder and triple-layer folder. Specifications are four feet, five feet, six feet, eight feet, two feet, six feet and more than sixty kinds. Common ones are:

1, ribbed paper

There are two colors, plain white and light yellow, which are thin and soft, with obvious horizontal stripes and strong toughness. They look like silk woven from silk, hence the name. It came into being in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and was used to print books. However, the printed ribbed paper of Song and Yuan Dynasties is rare now. Ribbed paper printed in Ming and Qing dynasties can sometimes be seen. For example, during the reign of Yongzheng (1723 ~ 1735), Wu Yingtang's book Lu Zhengyi and Chyi Yu's Poems of Hundred Schools of Tang Dynasty were all printed on plain ribbed paper. This kind of paper is suitable for repairing rare books or mounting, and can also be dyed in various colors, or used as book cover or leaf protection.

2. Cotton paper

The paper is as white as jade, delicate, soft, uniform and dense, full of softness and toughness, without obvious lines. There is a very thin texture called. Liu Qilian? , also called what? Wang Liuji? , is a boutique in the cotton company, relatively rare. Cotton paper can be used as a supplement, leaf protection, inlay and lining paper for books, especially as a material paper for gold inlaid jade. It can also be used for book covers and rubbings after dyeing. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, cotton paper was also used for more elegant printing.

3. Emerald Edition Announcement

White in color, thin and thick in quality, strong in water absorption and slightly worse in toughness than cotton paper. Printing books, picture books, picture books, etc. It was often used in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

4. Single announcement

Also called material half. It is thinner than the jade plate, white in color, delicate in texture, soft in quality, good in toughness, with vertical and horizontal curtains and elegant in printed books. Books printed in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China were widely used. Can also be used for mounting and lining paper; It can also be dyed magnetic blue or bronze as the cover.

5. Ten people

That is to say, it is thicker and absorbs more water than a single propaganda. Good toughness, can be used as foil for leaves and silk.

paper clip

Slightly thicker than cotton paper, but not as soft as cotton paper. Thick paper books can be used for inserting books, repairing thick cotton paper books in Ming Dynasty, and protecting leaves.

(3) Cotton paper

It's called leather paper in the south. This is a high-strength paper made from the bark of Broussonetia papyrifera. The texture is delicate and soft, with many fibers and great toughness. Tearing from the longitudinal surface of the paper, there are uneven short fibers at the fracture, so it is called cotton paper. In the early Ming Dynasty, cotton paper was widely used to print books. Before Jiajing, cotton paper was thin, but after Qin Long, it was slightly thick, and the proportion of books printed with cotton paper was greatly reduced. In the early Qing dynasty, there were a few printed books on cotton paper, which were rare in later generations. The main varieties are:

1. Henan tissue paper

Produced in Henan, hence the name. The fiber is slender, white with yellow, uneven in thickness and rough in texture, but soft as cotton and full of toughness. There are local books used for printing in Henan province, which can be used as leaf inserts in the restoration of ancient books to support rotten books with crisp books. It can also be used as a paper twist nail for binding, or as a sheath for covering leaves. You can also dye it old color instead of old paper. This kind of paper comes in two sizes, the big one is slightly thicker and the small one is slightly thinner, but the effect is the same.

2. Guizhou cotton paper.

Produced in Guizhou, hence the name. It is thicker and bigger than Henan cotton paper. The paper is slightly gray in color and uniform in thickness, but it is made of cotton, with thick fibers, soft texture and durability. It is not very beautiful for printed books, so it is not widely used. Some books in Guizhou and Yunnan in the late Qing Dynasty were printed with this paper. In the restoration of ancient books, its use is roughly the same as that of Henan cotton paper.

3. Black cotton paper

The color is a little black, with pulp and ink tray, which is strong in toughness. Suitable for repairing cotton paper books that are not very white. You can also make a big book in Song style.

4. Qian' an paper towel

Produced in Gan 'an County, Hebei Province, hence the name. Commonly known as wool paper. The color is gray, and the texture is thick and loose, slightly cotton. In the early years of the Republic of China, some folk enlightenment books, such as Saint Amethyst, Hundred Family Names and Qian, were printed on this kind of paper.

5. Shanghai cotton paper

The texture is light and delicate, and its performance is close to that of Henan cotton paper. Produced in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and other places, distributed in Shanghai, so it is collectively called Shanghai cotton paper. It is most appropriate to repair the mouth of a book in book restoration. This paper is very useful when the pulp lining of a book damaged by the wind needs to be repaired. In recent decades, the output of cotton paper in Henan is very small, and the paper used for cutting paper strips or binding books is mostly replaced by Shanghai cotton paper. Because this kind of paper is thin and delicate, like cotton, the book mounted with it is firm without increasing the thickness, and the pages of the book will not harden, so it is an indispensable material for repairing ancient books.

6. Shanxi cotton paper

Produced in Shanxi, hence the name. The color is gray, slightly thick and tough, and the texture is similar to that of Henan cotton paper. Shanxi cotton paper is used for printing books, and it is also often used for book repair.

7. Zhejiang Cotton Paper

Produced in Zhejiang, hence the name. The texture is thin and tough, and its performance is similar to that of Shanghai cotton paper. It can be used as paper for connecting and mounting books in the restoration of ancient books.

8. Cocoon paper

There are two colors, one is white as jade and the other is slightly milky white. Thin and thin, bright and tough. On the surface, it is similar to silk cotton, so it is called cocoon paper. It was used to print books in the Yuan Dynasty.

9. mica paper

This paper is smooth and tough. Suitable for torsion. Strong water resistance and moisture resistance.

10. Tibetan scripture paper

This kind of paper is yellowish brown, close to brown. The texture is thick and hard, slightly spongy and opaque. This kind of paper is often used in Buddhist classics carved in Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Tang people used to write Buddhist scriptures, hence the name. Now it is mostly used as a bookmark for mounting rare books and rare books.

1 1. Mulberry paper

Solid texture, yellow and white. Because there are mulberry skins in papermaking raw materials, it is named mulberry paper. Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties all used it to print books, but it was handed down less.

12. Korean paper

Produced in Qian 'an, Hebei Province, it is similar to the paper used for printing books, so it is called Korean paper. The color is white, and the paper is thick, tough and spongy with obvious straight lines. In China, Korean paper is rarely used to print books, but it is mostly used to dye books for book covers in the restoration of ancient books.

13. Library stationery

It is white and yellow, extremely tough, and the paper is thick and thin. Paper pieces are all 67x67, which are often used as wrapping paper in the Qing court and rarely circulated among the people. 1930 Beijing Palace Museum used it to photocopy some copybooks. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the inner government dyed the cover of the magnetic blue book with thick library paper, commonly known as? Library magnetic green husk? . Sometimes it is also used to write colorful Buddhist scriptures, which are quite beautiful and generous.

14. Booklet.

Also known as treasury bills. In order to save paper, the Ming people printed books in turn with money and food pamphlets. Because of the good quality of this paper, some prints have been passed down to this day.

15. Japanese leather paper

Produced in Japan, also known as Toyo paper. There are yellow and white ones, and cotton is tough. Japanese printed books are mostly used. This kind of paper was also used to print books in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China.

16, Minos paper

Paper is smooth, thin and symmetrical, soft and tough. Li Shuchang printed "Ancient Art Series", and some people used this kind of paper. Japanese printed ancient books are also widely used.

17. Hua Kai Paper

The south calls it? Peach blossom paper? . Originated in Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province, hence the name. Fine texture, white as jade, no curtain pattern. Thin and tough. In the early Qing Dynasty, most of the books were engraved in Neifu and Wuying Hall, and the printed books were beautiful and generous. After Jiaqing, the output decreased and the quality was lower than before, so there were not many books to be printed. Xiang Tao, a bibliophile in Wujin, Jiangsu, likes to collect printed books made of Hua Kai paper.

18. Hua Kai Bangzhi

On the surface, it is similar to Hua Kai paper, but thicker than Hua Kai paper, slightly cyan in color and slightly poor in texture. Qing Jia Dao years (1796? 1850) Some books are printed on civilization list paper.

19. Taishi Lianzhi

Slightly yellow than paper, fine and even texture, soft and tough. It was used to print the great book Integration of Ancient and Modern Books in the early Qing Dynasty.

20. Dongchang Paper

Produced in Dongchangfu, Shandong Province (now Luxi), hence the name. Similar to Qian 'an cotton paper, Shandong Dongchang uses this paper to print popular books. Because paper is soft and absorbent, it is often used to sprinkle water to absorb moisture in the restoration of ancient books.

2 1. oily shirt paper

Paper is thick, tough, soft and durable, which is most suitable for book covers. It is durable and does not need to be mounted. Especially suitable for leaf protection paper of Baobeizhuang.

(4) Bamboo paper

Bamboo paper is also called bamboo paper because its color is slightly yellow. Yellow paper? There are many varieties, mainly including:

1. Wool paper

Also known as Nanboer, it is beige in color and is mostly produced in Fujian. The front of the paper is smooth, the back is rough and the toughness is poor. "Chang Zhi Draft" Volume 32 says:? People all over the world who buy good books will look to the paper used by Shi Mao (referring to Jin Mao, a bibliophile in the Ming Dynasty) in Hidden Lake, which was specially made when Jiangxi was 18 years old. Raw edges? , thin? Mrs. Mao? , or along its name. ? This is probably the origin of the name of fringed paper. A large part of the paper used to print books in Qing Dynasty was fringed paper. In the restoration of ancient books, it is generally used for book cover, lining paper or leaf protection. It can also be dyed into magnetic blue and colorful book covers.

2. Wool paper

Also known as Nanmaotai Paper, it is produced in Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi. The color is light yellow, and its performance is similar to that of rough paper, but the paper web is smaller and thinner. Soft in nature, slightly uneven in thickness and obvious in cord. Because paper is clean and smooth, it has been widely used to print books since the middle of Qing Dynasty. Maotai paper is an essential paper for repairing old books, and is suitable for supplementing, inlaying and mounting bamboo paper books. It can also be used as a substitute for old paper after dyeing.

3. Chuanlian Paper Industry

Produced in Sichuan. The color is slightly yellow or white, and the texture is similar to Maotai paper. This kind of paper is tough, but its thickness is uneven. Most of them are used to print publications in Sichuan, such as some county records in Sichuan, which are printed on Sichuan paper. The printed books are not beautiful enough.

4. Yuanshu Paper Industry

Produced in Fuyang, Xiaoshan and other counties in Zhejiang, the best products are produced in the hills of Fuyang. The raw material is carnation, which is yellowish in color and slightly smaller than the raw edge.

5. Stalk paper

Printed books were widely used at the end of Yuan Dynasty, with rough texture, unsmooth paper surface, many broken grass chips on the back, thick and crisp, so it was called straw paper.

6. Serine paper

Produced in Sichuan, thin and even. The paper is large and does not contain alum, which is most suitable for bonding bamboo paper books.

7. Jade buckle paper

Similar to rough paper, but not as soft as rough paper. Because it is thick and hard, it is not suitable for trimming leaves, but for dyeing book covers.

8. Official sheet piles

Slightly thicker than raw edges, Jinling Bookstore is widely used for printing books.

9. Historical papers

Produced in Liancheng, Fujian, hence the name. There are two kinds, big and small, called respectively? Dalian history? 、? Xiao Shilian? . There is a certain proportion of bast fiber in the raw materials of Shi Lian paper, so some people classify it as cotton paper. But in the raw materials of Dalian historical paper made today, bamboo accounts for a large proportion, so it can also be included in bamboo paper. This kind of paper is white and flat, with smooth front and rough back, but there is no grass clippings sticking. This paper is thin and durable, similar to cotton, but not as tough as cotton. Easy to ink, easy to write, used to print books after Qianlong in Qing Dynasty. It is an essential paper for the repair and binding of ancient books, and can be used as a supplement, lining or page of ordinary thread-bound books. Especially suitable for bamboo paper books, not for book covers.

10. mechanism history paper

Also known as the history of foreign relations. It is similar to shilian paper, but the color is slightly yellow. The front is smooth and shiny, the back is rough, and the paper is thin and crisp, which is not conducive to preservation. This kind of paper appeared late and was first used to print books in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. This article is printed by Zhonghua Book Company and divided into four parts. Over time, yellow spots will appear on the paper due to aging.

1 1.

Used for machine-made paper. The color is gray, the front is smooth, the back is rough, thin and fragile, and it is not durable. This kind of paper was widely used in the Interpretation of Printed Edition in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

12. northern Shaanxi paper and this kind of grooved paper

Both are bamboo papyrus, produced in Guangdong. Northern Shaanxi paper is yellow, and this paper is white. Collecting rare books outside? Books should be printed on these two kinds of paper.

13. Submit a paper

Also known as paper separator, the paper is thick, the front is smooth, the back is rough and soft. It can not be used as paper for printing books, nor can it be used as direct paper for repairing ancient books. However, because of its strong water absorption, it can be used as a paper pad and water lifting for repairing ancient books.

(5) Others

1. Magnetic blue (or antique) paper

The paper used for the cover of ancient books is usually dyed magnetic blue or bronze with rice paper or wool edge paper, and supported by a layer of paper with the same texture.

2. Basic knowledge of tiger skin ancient books collection

Use rice paper to dye the color and pattern of yellow and white tiger skin, and then mount a layer of paper with the same texture, and you can use it as a book cover.

Step 3 wax paper

Produced in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Made of plant bast fiber, the paper is thick and tough with waxy luster. Can be used as book cover or leaf protection.

4. stationery.

Made of plant bast fiber, similar to Korean paper, it is added to human hair during manufacturing to increase the toughness of paper, so it is called hair stationery. Suitable for the cover of a good book.

Gold paper

It is made by evenly spreading gold foil and silver foil on rice paper containing colloidal alum water. The color has not changed over the years. There are two kinds of stationery: snow gold stationery and rain gold stationery, which are collectively called golden paper or cold gold stationery. Suitable for covers or bookmarks of precious books.

Methods of Collection and Preservation of Ancient Books For collectors who like ancient books, the most important thing in the process of collection is to learn how to correctly preserve the collection, how to properly protect books and prolong their life. In this regard, industry experts particularly emphasize the need to pay attention to pest control and decontamination.

Whether it's ancient books or books we usually use, it will attract bugs if it is left for a long time, which will seriously shorten the service life of books. Collectors must ensure that the surface of books is clean and dry, and the seats should be well ventilated. In addition, the temperature of books should be kept at about 6℃-20℃ and the humidity should be kept at 50%-60%. For these ancient books, you should move them from time to time and turn them over regularly.

In terms of decontamination, stains on books will not only shorten the life of books, but also affect the reading effect. If the book is stained with oil stains, you can put a piece of absorbent paper on the oil stains to completely absorb the oil stains. If there are ink stains, you can put a piece of absorbent paper on the top and bottom of the page stained with ink stains, and then soak the stains in 20% hydrogen peroxide solution or potassium permanganate solution to remove them. For mildew spots, cotton can be dipped in ammonia water to wipe. In addition, due to human rotation, the most common stain is fingerprints. When cleaning, you can first wipe off the fingerprint with soap, then wipe off the soap trace with a wet cloth, and finally draw a line on the page with absorbent paper to absorb water.