Characteristics of Hunan dialect

First, Hunan dialect is represented by Hunan dialect, and Changsha dialect is represented by Hunan dialect. Zhuzhou dialect is very similar to Changsha dialect, and there is basically no big difference. The overall characteristics of Hunan dialect are different in five tones.

The characteristics of Hunan dialect language: pronunciation, vocabulary, syntax, tone and the legacy of ancient dialects.

Second, the language features

1, voice:

(1) abbreviation:

A. Xiangnan dialect completely retains the ancient voiced system. In these places, the ancient voiced initials are pronounced as unventilated voiced initials, whether flat or flat. For example, Shuangfeng dialect reads great love, and Xiangxiang dialect reads Ba love, Tao love and Tao love. The ancient voiced initials in northern Hunan dialect have been cleared, and the voiced initials are pronounced in both flat and silent voices. For example, in Changsha dialect, "climb" means "climb", "big" means "he", "second" means "JIU" and "U" means "ladder" in Hengyang dialect.

B.f- and x(u-) are mostly mixed as f-. For example, in Changsha dialect, "Fu", "Fa", "Fei" and "Fei" are all pronounced.

C. The initials of Gu Ni (Niang) and Laimu are mixed, mixed in front of the vowel of Hong, not mixed in front of the thin vowel. For example, in Changsha dialect, "Nai" and "lai" are pronounced as Lai, "Nu" and "Lao" and "Nu" and "Lu" are pronounced as L 33U, but mud, pear, plum, cow and Liu are not mixed.

D In most areas (including northern Hunan dialect and southern Hunan dialect), there are only "s" and "s", but there is no "s". In Xiang dialect, the characters in the ancient Zhao system are mostly pronounced as "ga", "ga" and "s". However, the rhyming characters in the ancient image system have become the initial consonants of the tongue, such as "Yi", "Yi" and "Yi", forming that "Shu" and "Xu" are all pronounced as "Yi Y". For example, Zhu in Changsha dialect means Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Shu and Zhu. These words are all pronounced with the initials on the tongue, and the vowels change into Y accordingly.

E. there is no difference between "sharp" and "group". Changsha, for example, emphasizes both "essence" and "essence", more "essence" and more "drama". However, some areas, such as Zhuzhou, Ningxiang and Hengshan in central Hunan and Xupu in western Hunan, can be divided into "Rui" and "Tuan": "Xi" is different from "Xi" and "Qi" is different from "I".

② Vowel:

A. nasal vowels are generally -n and -n but less. Changsha dialect, representing the development trend of Hunan dialect, has no rhyme at all, only eight rhymes. In Changsha dialect, Gu Tong's book sounds are the same as those of Gu Zhen's, such as "East", "Gong", "K", "Hong", "Song" and "Bear".

B. nasalization of vowels is very common. In some places, the rhymes of -n and -Mi tend to become nasal rhymes. If Changsha dialect "moves" to read P? , different from "class"; "End" reads t? , different from "bear"; "official" reading k? , different from "off". Most of the nasal rhymes in Hunan dialect are derived from -N rhymes, but some-Ge rhymes (Gudangshe and Jiangshe) also tend to evolve into nasal rhymes. For example, in Changsha dialect, "Niang" reads "I"? , "will" read tsi? , "Zhuang" reads "Y"? , "first frost" read? , "help" read p? "m"? .

③ Tone:

Most of them have accents. The number of tones is usually five or six. Six tones divide yin and yang equally, and yin and yang are divided up and down, such as Changsha dialect; Tones are divided into yin and yang, and there is no distinction between going up, going away and entering, such as Xiangtan dialect. None of the entering tones in Hunan dialect are rhymed, which is the so-called "false tone" For example, the entering tone value of Changsha dialect is 24, and the word "one" is read i24 without ending.

Lexical grammar:

① The basic vocabulary of Xiang dialect is similar to that of Mandarin. There are few unique words in southern Hunan dialect and northern Hunan dialect. Take Changsha, Yiyang, Xiangtan, Shuangfeng, Chenxi, Shaoyang, Xinhua, Lingling, Hengyang and Yueyang as examples to see some common words in Hunan dialect.

(2) The breadth and narrow sense of some commonly used words in Hunan dialect are different from those in Putonghua. For example, the meanings of "fine" and "small" in Mandarin are different and cannot be interchanged. However, the word "Xi" in Hunan dialect means "small". For example, the Shuangfeng dialect of "children" is called "fine human feelings"; Verbs such as "eat", "drink" and "suck" have their own usages in Putonghua, but "eat" has always been used in Hunan dialect, such as "eat", "drink" and "smoke" in Shuangfeng dialect. "Uncle" is reserved for men in Putonghua, but there are also "male uncle" and "female uncle" (aunt) in some places in Hunan dialect.

③ Some common words in Hunan dialect have the same form as Putonghua, but their meanings are totally different. For example, "vernacular" in Mandarin refers to literary talent, while "Shuangfeng" and "Dongkou" in old Xiang dialect refer to "stories". "Valley" refers to millet in Mandarin, but rice in Hunan dialect.

④ The morphemes of some common words in Hunan dialect are different from those in Putonghua. For example, the style of Putonghua, Changsha dialect and Shuangfeng dialect, Changsha dialect is flashy.

⑤ The representation of animal sex is different from Mandarin. Putonghua adds "male", "female" or "male" and "female" before animal names, while Hunan dialect adds "male", "female" and "female" after animal names. For example, "cowboy" and "cowgirl" in Changsha dialect and "dog" and "dog mother" in Dongkou dialect.

⑥ In word formation, Hunan dialect has some unique affixes to express certain grammatical meanings. For example, the suffix ie in Yiyang dialect is used after various notional words, which is similar to the word "er" in Mandarin. It has a subjective meaning that feels small or less, and sometimes it contains feelings of love or praise. For example, Cao Yao's ie, Hua Yao's ie (noun), Yi Yao's ie, a cup of ie (quantifier), Li Luo Yao's ie (pronoun), Slow Yao's ie, Red Yao's ie, and Qiao Yao's ie (adjective).

⑦ The "tou", "dad" and "zi" in Xiang dialect are equivalent to the suffixes "tou" and "zi" in Mandarin. However, Chinese characters are used more widely in Xiang dialect than in Mandarin, and many words without Chinese characters in Mandarin have been added to Xiang dialect, such as "mouse", "star", "starling" and "ant".

8 Xiang dialect has some characteristics in word order, taking Changsha dialect as an example:

A. Possible structures for inserting objects: If the eggs are placed stably (eggs are placed stably), the screws will not move (screws will not move);

B. The object is between the structural auxiliary word "de" and the complement: as soon as you sleep until dawn, you sleep in a hot bed (not hot bed until dawn), and if you stew for a long time, several bones will rot (these bones have not been stewed for a long time);

C. "very" and "clean" are often used as adverbials after verbs: for example, K 'a has a good rest these days and loses his temper every day (every day);

D. Position of words such as "head", "back" and "last" indicating time and order: you go first, I'll come right away (you go first, I'll come right away), he eats first, then you eat, then I eat last (he eats first, then you eat, then I eat last);

E. the indirect object can be placed before the direct object. If you give me a pen for your use (give me this pen for your use);

F. Special position of adverb "zai": if you take the cheap one (nothing cheap), you take the big one (nothing big);

G the word order of "one" in "Yi … Ye" and "Yi … Du" has been shifted. If you don't even help (not at all), you'll be a little free all day.

There are many function words with special usage in Hunan dialect. For example, in Changsha dialect, "Qi" i4 1 has many usages, such as:

Look at the trend: receiving, borrowing and sending.

Watch the action going on: pick up a basket of eggs, put on new clothes and ride a bike.

Watch the action complete and get the result: leave him an address and take pictures of your ugliness with the camera.

I always have a lot of work to do

Another example is the modal particle "zai" ai53 in Chenxi dialect, which is quite distinctive and used to indicate that the action is going on or continuing, which is equivalent to "zhe" in Mandarin. Are they still at the station? Are they still standing there? He shouted at the song (he was singing when he was called away).