What is the use of ancient scholars reading the Book of Changes in the Four Books and Five Classics? Do we all have to know divination?

The Book of Changes is the common source of Confucianism and Taoism. There are great differences between Confucianism and Taoism in dealing with the relationship between man and natural society. Confucianism advocates saving the world, Taoism advocates inaction, and the Book of Changes, as a guide to action, is the unity of the two. The reincarnation of heaven is natural common sense. A gentleman should follow the example of heaven and advocate this truth, not against nature, but with the times. Adapt when you are masculine and adapt when you are feminine. This is why we should be "smooth". However, feminine interest bearing is really not conducive to gentlemen, so it cannot be passively adapted and must be stopped. It's just that the way to stop it is not confrontation, but taking advantage of the situation. This adaptation is different from Taoist thought. Taoism is all natural, not man-made. Yi's thought is to let nature take its course and control it artificially. When masculinity is alive, it will add fuel to the fire. When femininity is alive, it will "stop", instead of completely letting nature take its course, that is, combining objective inevitability with subjective initiative. If you don't know the objective inevitability and don't stop it, you won't know the "heaven"; Without subjective initiative, "going with the flow" will become the pure "inaction" of Taoism and become the slave of "heaven" This idea in Zhouyi is very valuable. In understanding the world, I ching is consistent with Lao zi and Zhuang zi's thoughts, but in transforming the world, I ching is different from Lao zi and Zhuang zi's thoughts.

According to Zhou Li's records, there are three methods of divination, and the Book of Changes is just one of them. The other two books, Lianshan and Guizang, have been lost.

The hexagrams in the Book of Changes refer to the images of hexagrams, which are composed of two kinds of hexagrams, namely "Yang" and "Yin", and are arranged and combined according to six diagrams of each hexagram, totaling 64 hexagrams. The arrangement of the six paintings in the hexagrams is from bottom to top, with one, two, three, four, five and top indicating the order, and the yang is called nine and the yin is called six, with a total of 384 hexagrams. The word to explain hexagrams is called hexagrams, and the next one is hexagrams. Sixty-four hexagrams, 384 words, plus "using nine" for dry hexagrams and "using six" for Kun hexagrams, are called oracles, totaling 450 words.

There are two kinds of books in the order of sixty-four hexagrams: one is the popular Book of Changes, which is divided into upper and lower classics. The upper classics began with dry divination, followed by Kun divination, and the lower classics failed to help divination; The second is the silk book unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha. The first divination is dry, the second divination is negative, and the last divination is profit. There are roughly three kinds of hexagrams and hexagrams; One is to talk about the change of natural phenomena, which is used to compare personnel; The second is to talk about personnel gains and losses; The third is to judge the quality of words. According to research, hexagrams and epigrams reflect the social life of slavery.

I Ching

The Book of Changes is a mysterious work in ancient China. Because it was popular in the Zhou Dynasty, it was called the Book of Changes, and was regarded as the head of the Confucian classics. Judging from its arrangement style and text content, it is a book of divination. This paper discusses the extensive and profound Yijing, including Yijing and Yijing. In ancient books, only the names "Lianshan" and "Ghost Hide" are not discussed.

When Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, Li Si secretly included the Book of Changes in Medical divination, and survived.

As for the author of the Book of Changes, Historical Records said that "the king of literature wrote the Book of Changes", so most of the ancients thought that the Book of Changes was written by Zhou Wenwang according to Sima Qian's theory, but today people have different views. Because this book was written very early, and the meaning of the text evolved with the development of the times, the contents of the Book of Changes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were not easy to read. Therefore, the ancients wrote the Book of Changes to interpret it. The "Book of Changes" we talk about today usually refers to the combination of the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes.

Some people think that the nature of the Book of Divination cannot conceal the value of the Book of Changes as a masterpiece. Divination originates from human desire to explain the world, and the sprout of philosophy originates from primitive religion. The Book of Changes provides a good example for this. In China's philosophy, the basic theory of mutual restraint and unity of opposites between Yin and Yang is rooted in the Book of Changes. Later generations developed a complex philosophical system from the Book of Changes, and the theories of Confucianism and Taoism were obviously influenced by the Book of Changes. Modern people interpret the research value of philosophy, politics, history, military, folk customs and many other aspects from the Book of Changes.

According to Zhou Li's records, there are three methods of divination, and the Book of Changes is just one of them. The other two books, Lianshan and Guizang, have been lost.

The Book of Changes was highly praised by many later researchers, many of whom were regarded as profound scholars at that time. The study of Zhouyi can be roughly divided into two schools: the school of righteousness and the school of image. The school of righteousness pays attention to exploring the philosophical value of Zhouyi, and the school of mathematics pays attention to divination with Zhouyi. The former is like Bi in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Cheng Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty, while the latter is like Shao Yong in the Western Han Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty. As we all know, Hutuluo Shu and Taiji Tu (including the circular patterns of Yin and Yang fish) were not in the original Yijing, and later generations supplemented it according to their own understanding of Yijing.

China Confucian classics, one of the six classics. Formerly known as Yijing and Yijing, people in the Han Dynasty generally called it Yijing. The word "easy" means "simple"; The other is the meaning of "change", that is, the change of the number of dogs is used to infer the change of the problem, so as to solve the problem. The word "Zhou" before "Yi" refers to the divination method of Zhou people; When I say "Zhoubianyi", I mean to explore the universal law of change. The Book of Changes, as people in the Han Dynasty said, includes two parts: the book of changes and the biography, and the biography is the interpretation of the book of changes. The Book of Changes refers to the images, words and sentences of hexagrams.

When and to whom the Book of Changes was written is still inconclusive. Han Shuzhi put forward the theory that "man is more saint" and thought that Fu painted eight diagrams; Zhou Wenwang played sixty-four hexagrams, made hexagrams and made remarks; Confucius made a biography to explain the classics. After the May 4th Movement, historians questioned the traditional view that historical events and figures after Zhou Wenwang were all mentioned in the hexagrams, which proved that the Book of Changes was not written by one person at a time, so there were different theories about the early Zhou Dynasty, the mid-Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

The hexagrams in the Book of Changes refer to the images of hexagrams, which are composed of two kinds of hexagrams, namely "Yang" and "Yin", and are arranged and combined according to six diagrams of each hexagram, totaling 64 hexagrams. The arrangement of the six paintings in the hexagrams is from bottom to top, with one, two, three, four, five and top indicating the order, and the yang is called nine and the yin is called six, with a total of 384 hexagrams. The word to explain hexagrams is called hexagrams, and the next one is hexagrams. Sixty-four hexagrams, 384 words, plus "using nine" for dry hexagrams and "using six" for Kun hexagrams, are called oracles, totaling 450 words.

There are two kinds of books in the order of sixty-four hexagrams: one is the popular Book of Changes, which is divided into upper and lower classics. The upper classics began with dry divination, followed by Kun divination, and the lower classics failed to help divination; The second is the silk book unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha. The first divination is dry, the second divination is negative, and the last divination is profit. There are roughly three kinds of hexagrams and hexagrams; One is to talk about the change of natural phenomena, which is used to compare personnel; The second is to talk about personnel gains and losses; The third is to judge the quality of words. According to research, hexagrams and epigrams reflect the social life of slavery.

Although the Book of Changes is a divination book, its mysterious form contains profound theoretical thinking and simple dialectical thought. For example, it recognizes that everything has its opposite. Sixty-four hexagrams consist of thirty-two opposing hexagrams. The images and words of hexagrams reflect a series of phenomena of unity of opposites in nature and social life, such as "adults" and "villains", good luck, gains and losses, gains and losses, harmony without difference, good luck without benefit and so on. It also recognizes the mutual transformation of opposites. From the Book of Changes, we can see the germination of China's ancient dialectical thought, which occupies an important position in the history of China's philosophy.

In the late Warring States period, Yi-ology gradually became a kind of specialized knowledge, and some systematic explanations of the Book of Changes were collected one after another and merged into five biographies. In the Han dynasty, the study of Confucian classics rose, among which the interpretation of the classic Zhouyi was called Yi-ology. The Yi-ology has a long history, which lasted for more than two thousand years, and formed many schools, such as Tuju School and Yi School. Many famous philosophers have established their own philosophical systems based on the ideological materials provided by the classics of Zhouyi.

The versions of the Book of Changes, Wei Annotation and Tang KongAnnotation, also known as Justice of the Book of Changes, have been included in the Annotation of Thirteen Classics. Song Zhuxi wrote The Book of Changes Justice, which is a popular reading after the Song Dynasty. From 65438 to 0973, Zhouyi, a silk book unearthed from Mawangdui No.3 Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province, was copied in the early years of Emperor Wen, which is different from other versions handed down from generation to generation and is the earliest existing Zhouyi. Li Dingzuo's Collection of Zhouyi in Tang Dynasty, Confucius' Justice of Zhouyi in Tang Dynasty, Cheng Yi's Biography of Cheng's Family in Song Dynasty, Zhu's Original Meaning of Zhouyi in Song Dynasty, Wen Yiduo's Synonymy of Zhouyi in Modern Times and Zhouyi Ancient Classics's Annotation today have important influences and characteristics.

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1 writing process

2 content

Three binary and sixty-four hexagrams

4 references

Writing process

The completion time of Zhouyi has always been controversial. As far as Yijing and Yijing are concerned, Yijing was written in ancient times. Judging from the rarity of its characters, it is at least earlier than the Spring and Autumn Period, and the specific age is difficult to verify. Some people talk about the early Western Zhou Dynasty, while others talk about Western weekends. The sixty-four hexagrams in the Book of Changes are complete, harmonious and inseparable, and the style of writing is consistent. It is a one-step work, not an intermittent work of several eras. It's just that some hexagrams (that is, paintings of gossip and sixty-four hexagrams, excluding words) may have been handed down earlier.

Compared with the Book of Changes, the text of the Book of Changes is obviously easier to understand, and modern people with a foundation in ancient Chinese can read it through. At the same time, the style and content of different articles and even different chapters of the same article have obvious changes, and it is not necessarily written by one person at a time. As for the author of Yi Zhuan, Historical Records is Confucius. Today, some people think that it was written in the Warring States or Qin and Han Dynasties, while others think that it was supplemented and revised by later generations on the basis of Confucius' original Yi Zhuan. Opinions vary. But it is undeniable that there are many Confucian viewpoints in the Book of Changes, and they are trying to find the moral and ethical value of the Book of Changes. Sometimes I feel that the Book of Changes is not so "loyal to the original", but in general, I still want to thank the Book of Changes. Without its explanation, the Book of Changes will really become a complete gobbledygook.

content

The Book of Changes, which has been handed down to this day, consists of two parts:

Yijing: Sixty-four hexagrams, each of which includes hexagrams, hexagrams, hexagrams, hexagrams, hexagrams and hexagrams. Figuratively speaking, sixty-four hexagrams are like sixty-four chapters of a book; Gua Hua is like the serial number of each chapter; Guaci is like the title and theme of each chapter; Each hexagram is like six sections, and the title is like the serial number of each section; Words are like the content of every section. There are 384 hexagrams, but the first two hexagrams are one more each, so there are 386 hexagrams.

Book of Changes: There are ten articles, also called "Ten Wings", which are annotations to the Book of Changes. Ten Wings includes: 1. Upload (each hexagram in Zhouyi has an "image character", and "biography" is the word that explains "image character"), 2. To upload, press 3. Upload (also known as "elephant") and 4. Uploading.

Before the Tang Dynasty, Ten Wings was generally thought to be written by Confucius. In Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu first raised questions, while Zhu was convinced. Now it has been proved that Confucius didn't do it. Mr. Lu Shaogang said: "The Book of Changes is already an indispensable part of the Book of Changes. Learning the Book of Changes without the Book of Changes is a dead end and there is no way to get through it. "

The Book of Changes contains a unique symbol system, which consists of three groups of "-"(a long horizontal line) and "-"(two short horizontal lines) overlapping to form eight diagrams, and six groups overlapping to form sixty-four hexagrams. Eight diagrams symbolize heaven, earth, water, fire, wind, thunder, mountains, and the characteristics of these eight things, and with the above characteristics, we can take analogy as everything.

The arrangement order of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Book of Changes is by no means random, but symbolizes the development process of things, and the hexagrams of each hexagram also have rich meanings. The first two hexagrams, Gankun, not only symbolize heaven and earth, but also abstract the nature of pure yang and pure yin in the initial state of the world. Then yin and yang swing and everything changes. The next divination is "Tun", which describes the chaotic state when the world was born. ......

By the sixty-third hexagram, Ji Ji, his hexagram painting showed that Yin and Yang were evenly distributed, with Yang in odd position (Yang position) and Yin in even position (Yin position), indicating that Yin and Yang had developed into a completely harmonious balance, as if the world had stopped. But the book of changes is impressive in that it ends with "unprofitable" as the sixty-fourth hexagram. After a seemingly balanced stillness, it shows that the world is essentially in constant motion.

Just like the arrangement order of the sixty-four hexagrams, the arrangement order of the six hexagrams in each hexagram also reflects the law of things in a specific development stage, which is determined by the theme of the hexagram where the hexagram is located, the specific position of the hexagram (which of the six positions from bottom to top) and the nature of the hexagram (yin or yang).

Sixty-four hexagrams in the Book of Changes are briefly described as Gankun Tunmeng needs lawyers, which is better than small animals. My colleagues are very modest and willing, and I am eager to meet them. It's better to stay away from a big animal than to skin it. Xian Heng fled, powerful, and Jin He's family were in full view. Solve the profit and loss and raise the trapped well. Chuang gradually returned to her sister's rich journey, and she was blessed by the festival. Younger than Gigi and not helping, it's for the next 34.