Oracle bone inscriptions

Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery went through a complicated process. It is necessary to start with the experience of a farmer named Li Cheng. This ignorant farmer has a typical, ridiculous, absurd and full of cultural sadness about Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery. He is from Xiaotun Village, Anyang County, Henan Province. Li Cheng was the first person to transport "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" as a medicinal material to the city and send it out in order to make money, but it was also in his hands that countless Oracle characters were destroyed. Lord Gong? Sin? Only history can judge.

Brief introduction of Oracle Bone Inscriptions

Oracle Bone Inscriptions mainly refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, which was written by the royal family on tortoise shells and animal bones in the late Shang Dynasty in China (14 ~ 1 1 century). It is the earliest and most complete ancient Chinese character discovered by China.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is an ancient script in China, regarded as an early form of modern Chinese characters, sometimes regarded as a script of Chinese characters, and also the oldest mature script in China. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is also called Wen Qi, tortoise shell or tortoise shell animal bone. After divination with tortoise shell and animal bones, Shang people used knives to engrave the divination time, the names of the diviners and the things they divined, and some even engraved the good and bad luck that came true a few days later. However, the specific situation varies with the stage of Oracle bones. Generally speaking, the inscriptions in Wuding period are the most complete and the most abundant in existence. Scholars call this kind of record Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and this kind of writing is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins is a record of divination in Yin Dynasty and the earliest mature writing in China. Known as the earliest "archives" in ancient China. At present, there are about 6.5438+0.5 million pieces of Oracle bones with more than 4,500 words. These Oracle Bone Inscriptions records are extremely rich in content, involving many aspects of social life in Shang Dynasty, including not only politics, military affairs, culture and social customs, but also astronomy, calendars, medicine and other science and technology. Judging from about 1500 characters identified in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the methods of "pictographic, comprehending, pictophonetic, referring to things, transferring notes and borrowing words" have been developed, which shows the unique charm of China characters. Documents based on tortoise shells and animal bones in Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty in China (about 16 BC-0/0 BC). This is the earliest known form of Chinese literature. The characters carved on Oracle bones were previously called Wen Qi, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Turtle Edition, Yin Ruins, etc. Now they are usually called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Due to superstition, Shang and Zhou emperors used tortoise shells (common in tortoise shells) or animal bones (common in cattle scapula) for divination, and then carved divination related matters (such as divination time, diviner, divination content, divination result, verification, etc. ) in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and preserved by the royal historian as archival materials (see Oracle Bone Inscriptions archives). In addition to Oracle inscriptions, there are some unforgettable inscriptions in Oracle Bone Inscriptions's offerings. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's contribution covers astronomy, calendar, meteorology, geography, country, lineage, family, figures, officials, conquest, imprisonment, agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, transportation, religion, sacrifice, disease, birth and disaster. It is extremely valuable first-hand information for studying the social history, culture and language of ancient China, especially the Shang Dynasty.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions characteristics

Judging from the number and structure of fonts, Oracle Bone Inscriptions has developed into a more rigorous and systematic writing. The "six-character" principle of Chinese characters is reflected in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. But the traces of the original picture and the original words are still obvious. Its main features are:

(1) As far as the structure of characters is concerned, some hieroglyphs only emphasize the characteristics of physical objects, and the number of strokes and the front and back are not uniform.

(2) Some Oracle Bone Inscriptions's cognitive characters only require the radical to conform to a clear meaning, but not to be fixed.

Therefore, there are many variants in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and some words can be written in dozens or even dozens.

(3) The size of Oracle Bone Inscriptions graphics is often determined by the complexity of physical objects, and some words can occupy the position of several words, either long or short.

(4) Because the characters are carved on hard animal bones with knives, the strokes are thin, mostly in Fang Bi.

Because Oracle Bone Inscriptions was carved with a knife, and the knife was sharp and blunt, and the bones were thin and thick, hard and soft, the strokes carved out were different in thickness, even as thin as hair, and the joints of the strokes were peeling off, thick and heavy. Structurally, the length and size are not necessarily the same, or the dispersion is uneven; Or the dense layers are stacked, which is very neat and solemn, so it can show the infinite interest of simplicity and variety.

Although the structure of Oracle Bone Inscriptions is complex and varied, it has a symmetrical and stable pattern. Therefore, some people think that China's calligraphy, strictly speaking, began in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, because Oracle Bone Inscriptions has prepared three elements of calligraphy, namely, using a pen, binding words and composing a composition.

"An Oracle bone shocked the world"

The notch on the ancient Oracle bones is recognized as the writing of Shang Dynasty, which is one of the three major archaeological discoveries in China at the end of last century and the beginning of this century (the remains of the Dunhuang Grottoes and Zhoukoudian Apes). However, its discovery process is very accidental and full of drama.

In the autumn of the 25th year of Guangxu reign in the late Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1899), he served as the king of imperial academy's wine supply in the Qing court in Beijing (1845- 1900) and got malaria. He sent someone to buy a dose of Chinese medicine at Darentang Chinese Medicine Shop at the food market outside Xuanwu Gate. A medicine that Wang happened to see was called keel. Keels are the bones of ancient vertebrates. How can there be carved symbols hundreds of thousands of years ago on this bone? This aroused his curiosity. Wang, who is famous for studying ancient stone carvings, carefully studied it and found that it is not an ordinary notch, but resembles ancient Chinese characters, but its shape is neither a brush (big seal) nor a seal (small seal). In order to find more keels for in-depth study, he sent someone to Darentang to buy all the carved keels in the drugstore at a high price of two taels of silver each. Later, it was collected by antique dealer Fan and others, and a total of more than 500 pieces of/kloc-0 were collected.

After careful study and analysis of these keels, he thinks that they are not the bones of "dragons", but tortoise shells and animal bones thousands of years ago. He gradually recognized the words "rain", "sun", "moon", "mountain" and "water" from the scratches on Oracle bones, and then found out the names of several kings in Shang Dynasty. This proves that this is an ancient writing carved on animal bones. Since then, these Oracle Bone Inscriptions engraved with ancient Chinese characters have caused a sensation in all walks of life, and scholars and antique dealers are vying for it.

Some people once questioned Wang's theory of finding the keel with characters in Chinese medicine, and thought that Wang had no record of this in relevant writings. The keel eaten by Wang had been processed into fine particles in the pharmacy, and there was no trace of words engraved. Moreover, there was no Darentang drugstore around Caishikou at that time. In this regard, Zhou Shaoliang, a scholar who later studied Oracle bone inscriptions, said that at that time, the keel was sold piece by piece in Chinese medicine shops, and it was still like this until he went to Chinese medicine shops to buy it in the 1930s. As for Darentang pharmacy, it was not in the food market at that time, but there was a famous Xihe Niantang Chinese medicine shop in the food market. At that time, people were superstitious about Xihe Niantang and wanted to go to Xihe Niantang drugstore to buy Chinese medicine, which may also be the result of misinformation at that time.

As for writing a book, before the first confirmed Oracle Bone Inscriptions's Wang could study the book deeply, Eight-Nation Alliance was near Beijing and appointed him as a minister.

1900 In July, the invading army Enemy at the Gates and Empress Dowager Cixi led the royal family to flee hastily, and Wang was completely disappointed. He said to his family, "I can't live any longer!" " Then he wrote desperate words, resolutely took poison and fell into the well at the age of 56.

Later, people called the king who first discovered Oracle Bone Inscriptions "the father of Oracle Bone Inscriptions". 1989 In the autumn, the 90th anniversary of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery, a memorial hall was built in his hometown, Fushan District, Yantai City, Shandong Province, to commemorate Wang's achievements.

After Wang's martyrdom, most of his Oracle bones were transferred to his good friend Liu E (that is, Liu Tieyun, the author of Lao Can's Travels). Liu E further collected more than 5,000 pieces of Oracle bones. 1903, he printed the book "A turtle hidden in an iron cloud" and published the information of Oracle Bone Inscriptions for the first time. Soon, Sun Yirang, a scholar, wrote Oracle Bone Inscriptions's first monograph, The Case of Wen Qi, based on the information of "A turtle hidden in an iron cloud".

Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery caused a sensation in academic circles. In order to monopolize the financial resources, antique dealers kept the source of Oracle bones secret, and later lied that they came from Tangyin, Weihui and other places in Henan. Until 1908, Luo Zhenyu, a scholar, visited Xiaotun Village in Anyang County, Henan Province for the first time, so he sent relatives to buy it in Anyang and personally visited Anyang. A total of nearly 20,000 pieces of Oracle bones were collected. More than 2,000 pieces were selected from 19 13 and published in the Book of Yin Ruins (the first volume), and then published in the Book of Yin Ruins (the second volume), which laid the foundation for the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

After Luo Zhenyu, many famous scholars, such as Wang Guowei, Guo Moruo, Dong Zuobin, Chen, Yu, Hu Houxuan, etc. , fruitful textual research and research, and formed a special knowledge-Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Before Oracle bone inscriptions were confirmed, farmers in Xiaotun Village, Anyang City, Henan Province kept digging and dug up ancient Oracle bones in their fields. It is said that the first person who sold Oracle bones in Chinese medicine shops was a barber named Li Cheng. Once he got an abscess and had no money to seek medical treatment and buy medicine, so he ground these Oracle Bone Inscriptions into powder and applied it to the abscess. Unexpectedly, the pus was sucked dry by bone powder, and it was found that bone powder also had the effect of hemostasis. From then on, he collected them, described them as dragon bones and sold them to Chinese medicine shops.

After many scholars and experts' research, the so-called keel is actually a tool for divination in Shang Dynasty. Before divination, people saw the tortoise shell and the shoulder blades of cattle neatly, and then drilled round deep nests and shallow grooves on the back of the Oracle bone. When divining, they first pray to ghosts and gods, and then burn the sides of deep nests or grooves to a certain extent with burning branches, and cracks appear in the corresponding parts of Oracle bones. Therefore, fortune tellers judge the success or failure of things according to the length, thickness, straightness and concealment of cracks. After divination, the contents and results of divination are engraved near the divination with a knife, which is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Oracle bones engraved with Oracle Bone Inscriptions were properly collected in the cellar as files and handed down to future generations. The story discovered by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, later called "a Oracle Bone Inscriptions that shocked the world", has written a legendary chapter in the archaeological history of China and the world.

Title: Oracle Bone Inscriptions

Tortoise shell 552 1, 5538, 55 18, 60 19: It is engraved with the ancestor worship inscriptions of Zu Geng and Zujia in Wang Yin in Shang Dynasty (from the 6th century BC to the 6th century BC 1 1 century BC). There are four pieces.

Animal bones 5402 and 5403: Inscriptions of Wu Wang Ding in the Shang Dynasty (from16th century BC to1century BC) are engraved. There are two.

Oracle inscriptions are written or engraved on the abdomen, carapace and scapula of turtles. The time was between Pan Geng and Di Xin (from Yuan Dynasty 140 1 year to Yuan Dynasty122), and the contents were mostly written records of the sacrifices, hunting, begging for rain and fortune-telling of the Yin king. Yin people advocate ghosts and gods, and always use Oracle Bone Inscriptions for divination. They wrote Oracle Bone Inscriptions in tortoise shell bones, deified related events, and then carved notes. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was unearthed in Yin Ruins in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province, and was first discovered by local farmers while cultivating land. Because I didn't know what it was, I sold it as a keel to a pharmacy to treat weakness and bruises. In the twenty-fifth year of Zhu (1899), Wang, who was an official in Beijing at that time, fell ill and recognized the Oracle bones in the captured Chinese medicine. In the twenty-ninth year (1903), Liu E wrote A Tortoise Hidden in an Iron Cloud, and published Oracle bones in the form of rubbings for the first time. Thirty years (1904), Sun Yirang's Wen Qi case began to study and explain Oracle Bone Inscriptions. After that, continuous excavation began.

According to the research of linguists, it takes at least 2,000 years for a language to mature from discovery. A number of pictophonetic characters have appeared in Oracle Bone Inscriptions 3,500 years ago, which shows that it is a relatively mature language. By analogy, the earliest Chinese characters should appear in summer or earlier. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery and research provide strong evidence for the fact that the history of China's civilization has exceeded 5,000 years.

Writing is the carrier of a national civilization. China's Oracle Bone Inscriptions has the same status as ancient Egyptian papyrus script, Babylonian clay script and American Indian Maya script, and is called the four ancient Chinese characters in the world. But the development of the other three languages has been interrupted. Only Oracle Bone Inscriptions has developed. Among the nearly 5000 Oracle inscriptions found, about 1500 words can be explained; There are many local names, names and surnames in the remaining 3,000-odd words, whose meanings are recognizable but whose sounds are unreadable; There are still many words that are no longer used in later generations, which brings great difficulties to correct interpretation and research. Some experts believe that because the application scope of Oracle bone inscriptions for the people is not equal to the amount of words used in society, there may be more words actually existing in the Shang Dynasty.

In the nearly one hundred years since the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, the number of unearthed pieces has reached 6.5438+0.5 million. Although it is a written record of the divination of the Yin royal family, and it has some limitations, such as inflexible form, simple name and difficult reading, the research on the history of Shang Dynasty with "insufficient literature" is still extremely precious and closely related to archaeology, linguistics and ancient scientific and technological research.

The National Library of China has the largest collection of Oracle bones in China and even in the world, with a total of 3565 1 piece. Most of them are donated by famous artists and bought from private individuals and shops. Among them, Mr. Liu Tizhi has the largest collection of 150 boxes, totaling more than 28,000 pieces. Oracle bones collected by the National Library are also recorded in Luo Zhenyu's Book of Yin Ruins, Hu Houxuan's Collection of Newly Acquired Oracle bones in Beijing and Tianjin after World War II, Guo Moruo's Collection of Nazi Yin Qi and Guo Ruoyu's Collection of Yin Qi.

The National Library of China is also rich in Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings. In addition to the Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, there are four copies of Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings 18 compiled by Shanzhai Shu Qi, totaling more than 28,000 pieces. In the Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions edited by Guo Moruo, there are more than ten kinds of Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings in the collection.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions content

Most of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's contents are the records of divination by the royal family in Shang Dynasty. Shang people were superstitious about ghosts and gods, and they had to ask questions about big and small issues. Some divination is about sunny and rainy days, some is about agricultural harvest, some is about diseases and seeking children, hunting, fighting, sacrifice and other big things to ask! Therefore, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's content can provide a glimpse of people's life and the historical development of Shang Dynasty.

The earliest time of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery was twenty-five years before Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty. It was found in the south bank of Huan River Grange, Xiaotun Village, Anyang County, Henan Province. When the villagers were farming, they dug up some fragments of tortoise shells and animal bones in the soil, most of which were engraved with obscure sentences. At that time, villagers used keel to resell pharmacies as medicine villages. It was not until the 25th year of Guangxu (1899) that it was discovered by the archaeologist Wang, and it was recognized as valuable for the study of historical materials, and was introduced to the academic circles. Later, Liu E, Sun Yirang, Luo Zhenyu, Wang Guowei and Ye Yusen successively collected and studied, among which Luo Zhenyu strongly advocated and established Oracle Bone Inscriptions's position. The earliest Oracle Bone Inscriptions's works were published by Liu E in the 29th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1902), followed by Sun Yirang's Examples of Wen Qi, Luo Zhenyu's Textual Research on Bo Shang, Textual Research on Yin Ruins and To Be Asked. Shang Chengzuo's Encyclopedia of Yin Ruins, Wang Guowei's Oracle Inscriptions on Yin Ruins, Wang Xiang's Encyclopedia of Rocks, Ye Yusen's Hook of Yin Qi, Shuo Qi, Yan Qi's Tan Zhi, Zhu Fangpu's Compilation of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Sun Haibo's Oracle Bone Inscriptions. There are also European and American missionaries and Japanese scholars who collected a large number of Oracle bones and published many monographs in China when the Academia Sinica continued to explore in the Republic of China 17. In the past thirty years, Mr. Dong Zuobin has made the greatest contribution to Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Dong Shi personally participated in the excavation of Oracle bones. According to Oracle inscriptions in the Yin Dynasty, he divided the past research stage of Oracle Bone Inscriptions into two stages. The first stage was from the 25th year of Guangxu to Ding Mao in the 16th year of the Republic of China (1899- 1927), and the second stage was from Chen Wu in the 17th year of the Republic of China to appreciating ugliness in the 38th year of the Republic of China (1928-1927).

Oracle Bone Inscriptions's divination method

Oracle Bone Inscriptions's divination method is to drill a hole in the back of the processed tortoise shell or animal bone, drill it to the place that is about to penetrate but not yet penetrated, and then bake it with fire. Cracks will appear around the drilled hole in the front of the tortoise shell. These lines are called "signs". The person in charge of observing the grains, that is, the person in charge of divination, is called the "diviner". After judging good and bad, the content of divination is written and portrayed on Oracle bones. Besides good or bad luck, some Oracle Bone Inscriptions is used to take notes. Most inscriptions on Oracle bones are carved with a knife, some are written with a pen and then portrayed, and some are directly portrayed. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, most books are carved straight from top to bottom, which is still a common format in Chinese today. In fact, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is not the earliest writing in China, and China's writing actually existed before Oracle Bone Inscriptions. For example, some words on pottery, Wen Tao, appeared more than 6,000 years ago. If words represent the beginning of civilization, then we can see that the pace of Chinese civilization has already begun before Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Ancient Chinese Characters

Chinese characters, together with ancient Egyptian sacred script and ancient cuneiform script, are called ancient ideographs. The development of Chinese characters can be divided into two stages: the ancient writing stage and the official script stage. The stage of ancient Chinese characters in China began in Shang Dynasty (represented by Oracle Bone Inscriptions) and ended in Qin Dynasty, which lasted more than 1000 years. In chronological order, there are Shang Dynasty scripts, Western Zhou Spring and Autumn scripts, Six Kingdoms scripts, Qin Dynasty scripts and so on. From the perspective of writing carriers, there are Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, Wen Tao, seal script, bamboo slips and silks, stone carvings, etc. Oracle Bone Inscriptions, as the earliest systematic writing, had a wide and far-reaching influence on other ancient Chinese characters.

Since Oracle Bone Inscriptions is already a systematic and mature script, there must be other older and more primitive scripts before that. The Book of Changes said: "In ancient times, rule was made up of knotted knots, and later saints easily used books." However, the function of knotting notes is only to evoke people's memories in kind, so it is absolutely impossible to evolve into words. The original words should be produced from paintings. Among a large number of information with patterns left by ancient residents, such as rock paintings, stone symbols and family emblems, how to judge which one is just a picture and which one is a text? In the past, some scholars believed that the older the visual pattern, the more inclined it was to the original intention of painting. The more symbolic elements, the simpler the structure, and the more inclined to the original intention of the text. But later, it was found that it was difficult to measure by this standard in different languages. So later, some linguists changed the definition of pictures to words: once there is a fixed connection between pictures and language forms, the transition to words is completed. For example, when you see the word "big" in human form and the word "deer" in deer shape, people immediately think that it refers to "big deer", not other meaning, such as raising and hunting deer, so Chinese characters are born out of pictures. But this process is very long.

Chinese characters are ideographic characters, also known as square characters, which are different from Latin letters (such as English) and other phonography. But in fact, Chinese characters also have many phonetic components. China's traditional philology comprehensively and correctly summarizes the basic context and characteristics of the formation and development of Chinese characters, which is the famous theory of "Six Books": pictographic, ideographic, knowing, pictographic, phonetic, transliteration and borrowing. In the early stage of the development of Chinese characters (mainly before the Western Zhou Dynasty), their pictographs were high, and ideographic characters and annotations were commonly used, as were Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen. With the evolution of Chinese characters' glyphs and the standardization of writing, when the official script was formed, many original ideographic characters could not see the meaning and became symbols. Therefore, Chinese characters developed late and became an ideographic-note-symbol writing system.

Between Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the original writing symbols, no remains of ancient Chinese characters were found by archaeological means. However, through the investigation of the present situation of minority languages, we found two living fossils in ancient Chinese characters: Ersu Saba and Naxi Dongba. Sursaba is the writing of a person who calls himself "Sur" in western Sichuan. There are four kinds of Sulsaba books that can be collected now, namely almanac, fortune telling, lottery, ghost telling and so on. There are nearly 200 emblems in Ersusaba, which are very pictographic. Many of them are stick figures based on real objects, and there are also a few understandable words. Another more mature fossil script in Saba, Birsu is the famous Dongba script of Naxi nationality in Yunnan. Dongba has more than 20,000 volumes of scriptures. In word formation, Dongba is similar to other ancient Chinese characters, with ideographic and phonological meanings, but they are at different stages of development. For example, if there is the word "sun" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, add a little (or a horizontal circle or a small circle) to the circle, and Dongba will add a "ten" stroke to show that it is radiant. There is also a word-making method, such as using "turquoise" to remember the "green" in Dongba language; "Fire" means "red", and this kind of "righteous borrowing" is also found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Because Ersusaba and Dongba are more primitive than Oracle Bone Inscriptions, in turn, we can see that Oracle Bone Inscriptions is mature and systematic.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Calligraphy Art

Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins is the earliest systematic writing in China, and it is also a relatively mature writing. On the other hand, the horizontal dense structure of ancient Chinese characters has really begun to take shape in calligraphy, such as the use of pens, structure and composition, which breeds the beauty of calligraphy art and is worth appreciating and tasting. As far as Oracle bone inscriptions are concerned, Guo Moruo expressed great appreciation for his calligraphy in the preface to the Nazi Encyclopedia of Yin Qi published in 1937: "Oracle Bone Inscriptions is engraved on Oracle bones, and its exquisite inscriptions and beautiful words have fascinated our descendants for thousands of years. The style of writing varies from person to person and from world to world. Generally speaking, Wu Ding's world is full of bold words, Di Yi's world is beautiful, and Wen Xian is beautiful. The density of lines, the structure of words, the care of circles, and the order ... It is enough to know that the existing contract is a proxy book, and the contract book is Yin Zhong Wang. "

"Zhong Wang Yan Liu" refers to the four ancient calligraphers. Zhong Wang Yan Liu of Yin Dynasty was a historian and diviner of Oracle inscriptions. It is they who left a wealth of historical materials and precious ancient calligraphy works for future generations. If we take a cursory look at Oracle Bone Inscriptions's calligraphy forms, we will find that the early fonts are very large, such as many Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Wuding period included in Luo Zhenyu's Book of Yin Ruins Qi Jing Dialect, which are very atmospheric and eye-catching; By the time of Di Yi and Di Xin in the last years of Shang Dynasty, the characters became small and trivial. As for Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it is even more subtle.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions's style types: First, vigorous and vigorous; Second, it is beautiful and light; The third is neat and tidy; The fourth type is graceful and delicate; Fifth, the well-developed Gu Zhuo type. In short, although Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a carved character, his brushwork is meaningful, his style is mixed, or his skeleton is open, which makes people feel relaxed and happy. Or fine silk Xiu Xiu, in the form of hairpin flowers, between the lines, there are many exquisite calligraphy.

Oracle calligraphy

The so-called "oracle calligraphy" generally has two meanings. First, it refers to the calligraphy works neatly imitated according to the font structure and calligraphy characteristics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. This kind of works can collect ancient Chinese characters and combine them into new sentences as needed. Although the content is new, the writing is as rich and elegant as that written by Yin people three thousand years ago. However, there are only more than 2,000 words in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, among which many rare words (especially names and places) have not been released, and few of them are really useful. Therefore, once you encounter a word that is not in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and it can't be replaced in the written couplets and inscriptions, you have to split it with radicals and splice it yourself; If you can't spell it again, you will have to turn to other ancient Chinese characters such as inscriptions on bronze. The leading figure in this creation is Luo Zhenyu. 192 1 year, after research, he wrote Oracle Bone Inscriptions as a couplet with a brush and published "Yin Ji Ruins". Then Zhang Yu, Gao Dexin, Wang Jilie and others also imitated Ji Zi's creation. Some predecessors of ancient philology, such as Dong Zuobin, Shang Chengzuo, Yu, are also good at oracle calligraphy, which is oracle calligraphy's works in the true sense. On the other hand, it refers to the modern calligraphy works that I created by drawing lessons from the characteristics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. They regard Oracle Bone Inscriptions as an inspiration, just a little inspiration in artistic creation, not pursuing "similarity". Therefore, they don't write strictly according to the characteristics of oracle calligraphy, but may combine the characteristics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and Warring States scripts to create. Although this kind of calligraphy art is related to ancient philology, it is not the same.

Oracle Corporation

(Other information related to this entry)

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the largest enterprise software company in the world, providing users in more than 145 countries with databases, tools and application software, as well as related consulting, training and support services. Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company is headquartered in Redwood City, California, USA, with more than 40,000 employees worldwide, and its fiscal revenue in 2003 reached $9.5 billion. It is a fortune 500 company. Since 1977, when the relational database first appeared in the world, Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company has played a key role in changing the modern business model by using the technological revolution. Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company is also the only company in the world that can implement the global e-commerce solution of customer relationship management-operational application-platform facilities.

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1991July, after nearly two years' efforts, Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company established a wholly-owned company-Beijing Oracle Bone Inscriptions Software System Co., Ltd. in Beijing in order to better adapt to the rapidly developing business.

On August 8, 2000, Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company officially opened a new office in Beijing International Trade Building, which became another milestone for the company to serve the China market for a long time and a new starting point for it to take root in the China market for a long time.

At present, Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company has set up branches in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu to provide Oracle9i e-commerce platform, Oracle e-commerce application software, related consulting services, education and training services and technical support services to the China market. Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company has 483 employees in China.

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