Living style of Dai people

Dai architecture is generally divided into civil architecture and Buddhist temple architecture. Dai architects conform to nature, blend in with nature, conform to nature and express nature. This is the place where the ancient gardens in China embody the national culture of "harmony between man and nature", which is the biggest feature of being independent of the world and the fundamental reason for the eternal vitality of art. As a unique architectural form, Dai architecture also has its unique artistic vitality.

Dai architecture

Dai villages are all near the water's edge of Pingba, on both sides of the river by the stream and around lakes and swamps. Where there are bamboo and green trees, there must be Dai villages. There are two or three hundred families living in the big stockade, and there are only a dozen people in the small village. Houses are single buildings, surrounded by open spaces, and each family has its own yard. There are many earth-walled bungalows on the Longteng border, and each house is divided into three bedrooms, which is obviously influenced by the Han people and is no longer the inherent form of the Dai people. The boundary of Sipu is all bamboo buildings and wooden frames, where people live above and livestock live below. The style is similar to a big tent, which is completely consistent with the situation of "nesting in South Vietnam" recorded in Huainanzi, and it is also the "dry column" residence of the ancient Liao people who lived by trees and building blocks recorded in historical books. This is a typical Dai architecture. This bamboo building is about seven or eight feet high, with four uncovered columns with horses and cattle tied to them. There is a terrace on the upper floor near the ladder, which has become a long big room, and a corner is separated by a bamboo fence, which is the bedroom of the host and the storage place of important money and things. What's left is a big bay with a low roof and sloping sides. The eaves are on the floor, so there are no windows. If the eaves are slightly higher, there are small windows on both sides and doors at the back. In the center of the building is a fire pit. Whether in winter or summer, making tea and cooking day and night, it is on this fire, and the host and guest get together and talk or squat or sit around the stove. The roof is covered with thatch and the floors of beams, columns, doors and windows are all made of bamboo. This kind of house is extremely easy to build. Cut down the big bamboo, call the neighbors to help each other, and it will be built in a few days. But it is also easy to rot, and it needs to be repaired after the rainy season every year. Toastmasters' houses are mostly made of wood instead of bamboo, and the style is still like bamboo buildings, only a little higher, and instead of thatched roofs, they use tile roofs. In Xishuangbanna, Dai people can burn their own tiles, which are like fish scales, three inches square and only two or three minutes thin. There are hooks on one side of each tile, and bamboo strips are nailed horizontally on the rafters of the roof, with an interval of about two inches. Tiles are hung on bamboo strips like fish scales, and the roofs of Dai people can't climb up. If you need to replace the tiles, just put your hand under the rafters and break the tiles. Anyone who lives in this kind of house is a big family in the village, that is, Xuanwei yamen in the car. There are so many architectural styles, but the area is much larger than the common Dai folk wooden buildings. The whole building consists of 120 large wooden columns, which are more than ten meters long and seven or eight feet wide. The upstairs is divided into several rooms of different sizes, surrounded by walkways, but without windows, it is dark and there is no shelter downstairs. I only see 120 big wooden columns arranged neatly. This kind of houses where people live above and cattle and horses are raised below are common in southwest frontier areas, such as Hani, Jingpo, Yi, Miao, Yao and Li, and so are residential buildings, but the lower floors are mostly made of stone or mud. The bamboo building of the Dai nationality is empty on all sides of the lower floor. Every morning, when the cows and horses come out of the cowshed, they will remove the feces, so that people living in the upper floors will not be smoked by the dirty air.

The furniture at home is very simple, and most of it is made of bamboo. All the tables, chairs, beds, boxes, cages and baskets are made of bamboo. Every family has simple quilts and tents, and occasionally blankets, lead iron, farm tools and pot knives imported from Myanmar are only used, which are rare and redundant. Pottery tools are also very common, and the patterns of water tanks are all local.

Dai people have lived in Zhulou for more than 1000 years, which is caused by the hot and humid climate in South Asia. There is a brief description in Zhuo Fan's The Fourth Class Schumann in the Tang Dynasty: "Mang tribes live in buildings without battlements and painted teeth. They are all wearing blue trousers with vines around their waists and red cloth around their asses. .................................................................................................................................................... refers to the Mangman tribe here, which is the Xishuangbanna area today.

Dai bamboo houses are dam-shaped. Because of the hot and humid weather, most bamboo houses are surrounded by mountains and waters. Outside the village, banyan trees cover the sky and the air roots hang low; There are rows of bamboo buildings in the village, surrounded by bamboo fences and shaded by trees; Manwell field Village and Ganlan Dam in Jinghong County are the standard types of Dai bamboo buildings in the dam area.

In the past, Dai bamboo houses were divided into official bamboo houses and ordinary bamboo houses according to social class. The official bamboo building is spacious and tall, square, with a triangular pyramid roof, which is quite similar to the western "Gothic" building, with sawdust at the top. The whole bamboo building is supported by 20 to 24 thick wooden columns, which are built on stone piers, and some beams are carved in the shape of dragons or bows, which is the result of Buddhist culture, especially in temples and pavilions in Myanmar. The cross beam in the house passes through the column, and the structure is simple. After climbing the wooden ladder, it is the "palm room". The master room is a guest room, with a fireplace in the middle and two or three rooms on the side, which are the bedrooms of the master, the couple and the children. The official bamboo building guest room covers an area of about 30 square meters and can accommodate 10 to 20 people. The palm room is covered with mats, which is a place for enjoying the cool and spinning for women.

Folk bamboo houses are the same as official bamboo houses, but they are smaller. The roof is covered with thatch, and wooden columns are not allowed to use the feet of stone piers, nor are they allowed to cross columns with beams, nor are they allowed to carve patterns.

Why do Dai people love bamboo houses rather than bungalows? By the Yuan Dynasty, Jing Li had already made a reply in the Annals of Yunnan. Among them, it said, "The wonderful use of the original bamboo house in ......................................................................................................................................... is that it can keep out the humidity below and the heat above, and it can take ten baths a day near the river bank.

In recent years, great changes have taken place in the bamboo buildings of the Dai family, most of which have been changed into wooden buildings or bamboo buildings, and thatched roofs have been changed into wooden or tiled roofs. Wooden railings should also be installed around the palm room, which can overlook the path of the small garden. The building opens the glass windows and hangs beautiful curtains, which makes the ancient bamboo buildings have modern colors and different tastes.

Dai people live in the south and southwest of Yunnan and believe in Buddhism, also known as Hinayana Buddhism. Buddhist temples and pagodas have the highest achievements and the most distinctive features.

The Buddhist temple at the top is called Myanmar Temple, and almost every Dai village has at least one. According to religious precepts, every man must become a monk once in his youth and study culture in a temple. Myanmar temples not only hold religious activities, but also hold celebrations, elect leaders and mediate disputes. The temple has gone beyond the meaning of pure religion, and people have a particularly cordial feeling for it. Therefore, Myanmar temples are very different from Han Buddhism temples and Tibetan Buddhism Lamaism temples. It is not as solemn as the former, nor as rough as the latter, but more intimate and approachable.

Mansuman Temple in Xishuangbanna

Mansuman Temple of Olive Dam in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province is located on the east bank of Lancang River, facing east from west, with temple gates, promenades and Buddhist temples arranged in turn from east to west. There is a A Dai-style stupa in the northeast of the Buddhist temple, and a Tang Jie on the other side. This stupa was originally located in the south of the temple and was blocked by Tang Jie. Later, it was demolished at the current site, and together with Tang Jie, Buddhist Temple and Temple Gate, it formed a very vivid and beautiful asymmetrical and balanced composition. There are three doors, two slopes on the roof, high in the middle and low in the side, with simple techniques and rich characters.

The plane of the Buddhist temple is rectangular, which is different from the long front of the Han Buddhist temple. It is based on gables, that is, short sides. The central part of the hall is covered with two sloping roofs, surrounded by a single sloping roof, and the whole structure is like a two-level roof resting on the top of the mountain. There are many flame-like and leaf-like yellow glass decorations arranged closely along each roof ridge; In the center of the main ridge is a small tower; The spine is decorated with a kiss and a peacock. This hall is dedicated to the giant Buddha, which is located from west to east. It is said that the Buddha faced the east when he became a monk. There are colored paintings on the columns and beams, named "Jinshui", with gold characters on a red background. Patterns are mostly small buildings such as plants and pavilions.

"Octagonal Pavilion" of Jingzhen Temple in Xishuangbanna

Jingzhen Temple was built on a small platform in 170 1 (early Qing Dynasty). The base is Sumitomo of brick, which is relatively high. This pavilion is also made of bricks, and its four fronts are open. The roof is extremely special, consisting of many overhanging roofs, with two slopes extending radially in eight directions. From bottom to top, the 10 layer is superimposed to form a roof cluster with 80 small roofs, which is very complicated and in sharp contrast with the simplicity of the pedestal and pavilion. The outline of the roof is concave and dynamic, and finally gathers on the brake disc, and then extends upward through the high brake lever, which has been fully rendered and strengthened. The whole pavilion is very colorful: the base and pavilion body are painted earth red, decorated with gold and silver patterns and inlaid with colored glass. The roof is a small flat tile, decorated with small golden pagodas and closely arranged glass flames. The pavilion is small and exquisite with jewels. Under the sunshine, it looks like a thousand-petal lotus, which shows the high modeling ability of Dai architects and the enthusiasm of Dai people for life.

The pagoda of Buddhism in Shangtai is called Myanmar Pagoda, which often coexists with Buddhist temples or is built separately. Myanmar Tower is all brick solid, with plastering slurry on the surface and white or gold coating on the outside. From bottom to top, it is generally composed of abutment, pedestal, tower body and tower gate. The changes in form and combination of these four parts have formed a variety of images.

Abutment is a platform paved with bricks or stones on the compacted ground, slightly higher than the ground, and the plane is mostly square. The four corners of the abutment often have gray plastic monsters facing outward, and there are many flower buds supported by short columns on all sides. There is also the practice of laying the pedestal directly on the rammed earth surface without abutment. The base is mostly composed of one or two layers of sumeru seats, and some are two or three layers of platform seats, which are stepped. The tower body is mostly composed of two or four layers of sumeru, and the number of layers is small. The plane is mostly polygonal and angular, and there are also many shapes such as square, hexagon and circle. Above the tower, there is a bell-shaped tower brake seat with lotus flowers, flower buds, multi-layer phase wheels and high metal brake rods. The lever is connected with a multilayer canopy made of metal rings, and the top of the canopy is decorated with flame beads or small towers. The height above the sluice seat is about half of the whole tower. The Daimian Pagoda is different from the Han Pagoda, with pavilions as the main modeling elements, more like a long-handled clock standing upright, very tall and handsome.

Xishuangbanna Feynman Long Ta

The Manfeilong Tower in Xishuangbanna consists of nine towers, large and small, which are located on the circular base of Xumi Mountain, and the nine towers are also circular. The first tower in the middle is the tallest and consists of three layers of Mount Sumi, which gradually decreases. The tower brake pierces the sky, similar to Mansumanta. The other eight towers are similar to the middle tower in image, but only half as high as the middle tower. On the pedestal, corresponding to each tower, there are eight small shrines, and the two slopes are radially outward. The bow of each shrine is a transition, symbolizing the kindness of sailing across the river. The whole tower is slim and graceful, like bamboo shoots unearthed from the canopy, full of vitality. Feynman Long Ta is known locally as Tano, which means bamboo shoots. Feynman Long Ta is exquisitely carved, exquisite and gorgeous, and it is a treasure of Dai architectural art. The tower is built on the top of a mountain about 100 meters high and can be seen from more than ten miles away.