What are the customs and habits of Naxi people?

What are the customs and habits of Naxi people?

Naxi people are descendants of the ancient Qiang people, who moved south from Hehuang area in northwest China and merged with the aborigines. Due to the differences of Naxi dialects, there are many self-names, such as Naxi, Na, Nairi, Nahan and Naruo. These statements are slightly different in pronunciation, but the basic surname is "na"; Western, constant, rare and Japanese all mean "human". In China literature, Naxi people have other names: Momo, Mosuo or Momo ("a" is pronounced as "Su"). So what are the customs and habits of Naxi people? WeChat name

Naxi people believe in Dongba religion, Tibetan Buddhism and other religions. Lijiang Naxi people also generally believe in "Three Flowers" and become a multi-religious people. Dongba religion is a unique religion of Naxi nationality. Dongba culture is named after its preservation in Dongba religion. It mainly includes Dongba characters, Dongba scriptures, Dongba paintings, Dongba music, Dongba dances, Dongba musical instruments and various sacrificial ceremonies.

Generally speaking, Naxi people have two traditional scripts: Dongba and Goba. Dongba (Naxi hieroglyphics): It is a hieroglyphic with ideographic and phonetic components, and its writing form is more primitive than that of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It is considered to be the only hieroglyphic in the world that still exists. Dongba paper, the carrier of Dongba characters, was specially used to write Dongba characters in ancient Dongba. Its craft is purely a manual workshop, and only Dongba language from this workshop is original and charming. Dongba paper was invented and manufactured by Mr. He's ancestors 300 years ago. After losing 10 years, Mr. He resumed the production of Dongba paper, and developed a series of calligraphy and painting paper, mounting, high-grade business cards, embossed bookmarks, and grass-pressed live-face Tibetan scripture paper on the basis of tradition. Its exquisite texture and insect-proof characteristics are deeply loved by users at home and abroad.

Naxi people used to believe in Dongba religion, Lamaism and natural gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and water, and recorded the years with the lunar calendar. Many festivals, such as Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, are almost the same as those of the local Han people, among which the Spring Festival is the largest traditional festival, accompanied by many sacrificial activities. At that time, every family had to kill pigs, make sour liver and brew rice wine. On New Year's Eve, we will kill chickens and stew pig's heads to worship the kitchen god and ancestors. When eating, if someone at home goes out, bowls and chopsticks should also be placed on the dining table to show family reunion.

The most solemn ceremony is "Naxi Sacrifice to Heaven", which is usually held in the first month or the middle of the first month. At that time, it is necessary to choose a sacrificial site, and Dongba will teach people in palm (a village without palm, choose respected old people) as priests. Each program will be sung by Dongba, adding up to nearly 10,000 lines, forming a magnificent Long song. And slaughter the pigs fed to heaven in turn. Every household should donate barley and wheat to make wine and bait. The love of a third party

In the past, due to the influence of Han culture on the policy of returning home in Yongzheng 1723, the Naxi nationality in Lijiang dam area always practiced monogamy and arranged marriage by their parents. The marriage of children is decided by parents, arranged by matchmakers, and the marriage of cattle, sheep, pigs and wine. Marriage pays attention to the traditional ethics of the Han nationality, such as being opposite to the family, obeying three virtues, and singing with the woman. There are many marriages between Naxi people in Lijiang and Han and Tibetan people. Within a nation, people with different surnames can marry, but it is absolutely forbidden for people of the same family to marry. Marriage usually goes through betrothal, wine invitation and wedding.

Most Naxi men and women socialize during festivals. After young men and women get to know each other, they are arranged by a matchmaker. After both parents got married, the man asked the matchmaker to give the woman two cups of tea, four or six boxes of sugar and two liters of rice. In some places, two pieces of salt are added to indicate engagement. When they get engaged, they will arrange a wedding reception, which lasts for 3-5 days. At that time, both men and women will hold a banquet. There are eight people on the table, and the next eight people are invited by the groom to sit down on their knees, then play music and serve food. When the third course was served, the wedding began. On the fifth course, the bride and groom propose a toast to the guests. After the banquet, the host and relatives should stand outside the door and close the door for the guests.

In some Naxi areas, there is still a legacy of "robbing marriage". This is also a legacy of an ancient marriage custom, which reflects women's resistance to the patriarchal clan system of living in the husband's family. The wife should stick to the old tradition of living in her mother's house, and the man will rob the marriage to realize his wish to keep his wife at her husband's house. In modern society, "grabbing marriage" is just a form, not a real snatch, but a tacit understanding between men and women, in which "uncooked rice is cooked into mature rice" is used to prevaricate the woman's parents who have objections to marriage.

Naxi people attach great importance to credit and loyalty. They generally don't care about the mistakes made by guests because they don't understand the customs and manners of Naxi people, but they attach great importance to equality and credit. Therefore, it is best to communicate with Naxi people directly and explain what they want, and don't deceive them. In an ordinary house, most people like to entertain guests under the eaves gallery during the day and in the main room at night. If it's in a log cabin, it's by the fireplace. Although there is no strict seat division, but pay attention to respecting the elderly and loving the young, men and women are different. For example, on the dining table or beside the fireplace, it is called "Eight Big" or "Gegelu", which is the priority seat for the elderly. Therefore, as long as Naxi people have old people at home, even if the host invites them, they should give the top eight to the old people. When eating, the elderly and elders should take their seats first, and they should not take the initiative to occupy seats. If an old man comes in, the young man should get up and give up his seat and say hello. Don't cross your legs when there are old people.

Sit up straight when meeting guests and eating occasions. Don't make any noise, guess fists or step on the table rails. When the host is toasting, smoking and eating, he should touch his hand to express his gratitude. When eating, don't put chopsticks upright in the rice (only when the dead burn incense), knock on chopsticks, turn over the vegetables and pick them up one by one. Generally, you should ask others to move chopsticks together, first take it once, stop for a while, take a bite and then take the second chopsticks. Pay attention to economy and don't waste food. It is not good to leave leftovers at the bottom of the bowl.

If you sit on a two-person stool, you are not allowed to enter the girl's "greenhouse" at will in Lugu Lake area, and you are not allowed to ask about "xia". The ashes in the stove can't be turned over. When offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors and the god of war, outsiders are forbidden to watch. Avoid crossing the "ground" stone and "color" stone standing at the gate, and avoid crossing the fire pit. Young people are not allowed to take off their shoes and dry their feet by the fire pit. When you warm yourself by the fire pit, you will hear "fire laughter" to add firewood, which means adding wealth and making a fortune. Don't sit on the threshold, eat on the eaves and by the stove, and don't cut things on the threshold with a knife and axe. Love songs are not allowed at home, and children are not allowed to play with sticks or charcoal heads that are not extinguished. One is danger, and the other is that they are said to have nightmares. My father-in-law is not allowed to enter my daughter-in-law's bedroom.

When someone goes out for a long trip or doing business, they can't sweep the floor with the people who go out, and they can't sweep the floor after sunset. Guests are not allowed to sweep the floor. Don't close the door immediately when the guests leave, but send them to the door. Women's underwear should not be aired in public, and pants and skirts should not be aired above the passage where the owner enters and exits. Avoid wearing a hat and carry a hoe into the kitchen.

Make a fire and go home at night. Don't light the fire inside. Go home at night, advance to the fire pond house, and avoid the bedroom. Don't talk about dreams at night in the morning. Pregnant women can't climb fruit-bearing trees or cross reins or fishing rods. Avoid eating meat without blood. It is forbidden to pollute water sources and cut down water source forests. Avoid backhand to add rice and water to people. Avoid drinking leftover wine and tea that others have drunk.

Participants in the "Sacrifice to Heaven" or "Three Flowers Festival" should wash their hands in advance and walk through the fireworks lit by branches such as azaleas to show decontamination. Don't wash your feet on New Year's Eve, and don't wash dishes for the reunion dinner. Avoid leaving married women at home on New Year's Eve. On the first day of the first month, strangers are forbidden to enter the house and women are forbidden to get up early. Historically, Naxi people believed in Dongba religion, which was a primitive religion with nature worship as its main material.

Naxi nationality-introduction:

Naxi people mainly live in Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, and the rest are distributed in Weixi, Zhongdian, Ninglang, Deqin, Yanbian, Yanyuan, Muli in Sichuan and Zhikang in Tibet. Naxi nationality was originally a branch of the ancient Qiang nationality in northwest China, and migrated to Lijiang in the 3rd century.

Naxi people speak Naxi language, which belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, and is divided into East and West dialects. With the Jinsha River as the boundary, there are about 200,000 people in the west, and the interior can communicate with each other. The east is divided into three parts, each with its own dialect, and it is difficult to talk to each other.

As early as 1000 years ago, Naxi people created ancient primitive hieroglyphs-Dongba and Goba, which are one syllable characters and are rare folk hieroglyphs still circulating in the world. Books written in this language are called & gt There are about 9,000 books in China and 1 in other countries in the world. About 1 0,000 copies. 1957 designed a phonetic symbol scheme based on Latin letters, and now Chinese is widely used.

Naxi people are mainly engaged in agricultural production, planting rice, corn, potatoes, wheat, beans, cotton and hemp. The banks of Jinsha River are forest areas; There are many kinds of plants in Yulong mountain area, which is known as the treasure house of plants. Handicraft industry has also developed, and Lijiang Horse is famous all over the country. Now there are small and medium-sized enterprises such as machine maintenance, coal mining, power generation, fertilizer, motor and light industry. There are many kinds of medicinal materials and specialties produced on both sides of Jinsha River.

Naxi nationality-history

Naxi nationality is an ancient nationality in China, and it is a branch of the migration of ancient Qiang people to the south. The name of Naxi nationality comes from the name of a tribe of ancient Timur people. Their ancestors called "desert sand" and "desert sand" in Historical Records of Jin Dynasty, which means "cattle herder". They first moved south to the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, then southwest to the Yalong River basin, and then westward to the upper reaches of the Jinsha River. In the Tang Dynasty, they gathered in Lijiang and Yongning, and were ruled by Tubo (Tibetan) and Nanzhao (ancestors of Yi and Bai) successively. During the Three Kingdoms period, there was already a class division within. In the early Tang Dynasty, Yueyan Imperial edict (grinding some imperial edicts) was established, which was one of the six imperial edicts and was later destroyed by Nanzhao. Nanzhao rulers once moved thousands of millers to Kunchuan area, and these millers later merged with Bai people. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, many Han people who guarded the border were also integrated into the Naxi nationality. From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, some leaders were successively awarded hereditary feudal chieftain positions by the central dynasty, and their jurisdictions basically entered the development stage of feudal lords system. Especially in the early Qing Dynasty, the Naxi feudal society was further developed. After the founding of New China, it must be named Naxi according to the national will. Naxi nationality has created splendid national culture in the process of its own national development. Dongba script, which was produced in the 7th century, is the only hieroglyph still in use in the world. Dongba Classic, written in Dongba, is a valuable material for studying the history of Naxi social development.

Naxi nationality-etiquette

Naxi people attach great importance to interpersonal relationships, emotional communication, sharing weal and woe, and pay attention to reciprocity. Respecting the old and loving the young is the virtue of Naxi nationality. Old people have a high position in the family and are respected. In case of natural and man-made disasters, weddings, funerals and celebrations, relatives, friends and villagers will take the initiative to help, regardless of remuneration. Hospitality is the traditional virtue of Naxi nationality. Every time they come back from hunting, all pedestrians in Lu will get a share of their prey. When guests come to the door, the host will cook six or eight dishes to entertain them. If there are guests in the village or at home, men, women and children will get up to say hello and give up their seats enthusiastically. At home, young people should take care of the diet and sleep of the elderly first, and provide them with water for washing their faces and feet. This virtue is passed down from generation to generation.

Naxi nationality-festival

Naxi people use the lunar calendar to mark the year. The main festivals are the Dragon King Temple Fair in March, the Milla Fair on the 15th day of the first lunar month, and the Lijiang July Fair held in the middle of July in the summer calendar, also known as the July Mule and Horse Fair. Many festivals, such as Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, are almost the same as the local Han festivals. The Spring Festival is the biggest traditional festival, accompanied by many sacrificial activities.

Besides Chinese New Year, Naxi people have many sacrificial activities. The most grand ceremony is "Naxi Sacrifice to Heaven", which is usually held in the first month or the middle of the first month. At that time, it is necessary to choose a sacrifice site. Dongba Church teaches people to be priests and slaughter the pigs in turn. Every household should donate barley and wheat to make wine and bait. When offering sacrifices, all the animals are sacrificed, and all the people present should wash their hands and stand at attention with incense. After the sacrifice, use pig blood enema, pig's head and viscera to cook soup, and then eat it according to households. Three days after the big sacrifice, every family will have a small sacrifice. There is also "Sacrificing Three Flowers (Land Lord)". Naxi people believe that three flowers belong to sheep. Every year on February 8th and August, the sheep festival, the whole sheep are sacrificed, and the Naxi people in Lijiang area take hot pot to have a picnic in a scenic place.

On July 25th of the lunar calendar, Mosuo people held an activity to worship Goddess Mountain, which was a mass festival with primitive religious color. On this day, people dressed in costumes gathered at the foot of Lion Mountain to burn incense, lamas recited Buddhist scriptures, and people offered wine, meat and fruit to the goddess and kowtowed.

On the eighth day of February, Beiyue Temple Fair is called "Sacrificing Three Flowers" in Naxi language, and it is also a traditional festival for Naxi people to sacrifice "Three Flowers" to their national protector or god of war. Beiyue Temple is named Nanzhao Beiyue because of Yulong Mountain, and there are three temples at the foot of Yulong Mountain. According to legend, in ancient times, a hunter found a strange snow stone on Yulong Mountain and took it home. When he arrived at the ruins of the present temple, the snow stone was very heavy, and he had a rest. If you want to recite it again, snow and stones can't be moved. People think that this is the incarnation of God, and a temple is built on the spot to offer sacrifices. Since then, people have often seen a god wearing white armor, wearing a white helmet, holding a white spear and riding a white horse, and often showed his soul to protect the land and people there. Naxi people believe that Sanhua is the largest and most authoritative god of the nation and belongs to sheep. The eighth day of February and August is sheep day every year, and the whole sheep should be taken as a grand commemoration. During the temple fair, it was the time when camellia first bloomed. At that time, there will be a sea of people, fireworks and flowers everywhere, people will have picnics and believers will burn incense and kowtow. The solemnity and atmosphere of this temple fair are among the best in all temple fairs and festivals in Lijiang.

Naxi nationality-marriage custom

The Naxi people in Yongning call themselves Mosuo people. To this day, they still retain the matriarchal tradition in marriage and family. In the typical Mosuo family structure in the past, only the mother's blood relatives-grandmother and her brothers and sisters, mother and her brothers and sisters, mother's biological children and mother's sisters' biological children were considered outsiders. In family life, women have a prominent position, and their parents are women with high elders. She is also the host of religious sacrifice activities at home. The lineage of a family is calculated according to the maternal lineage, and the property is also inherited according to the maternal principle.

The marriage system adapted to this matriarchal family is usually called "A-note" marriage. "A note" means "friend" and "partner". The main characteristics of this kind of marriage are: men don't marry and women don't marry. Young men and women of different maternal lineages can choose their sweetheart according to their own preferences and wishes. As long as we are happy with each other, we will give each other bracelets, belts and other gifts and start living together. Because they live and give birth in two families, the man must visit his mother's house after nightfall and return to his mother's house in a hurry the next morning. Children born together take their mother's surname and are raised by their mother's family. Men have no rights and obligations to their children. Because this kind of marriage and family are not necessarily related in economic and other aspects, it is very free for men and women to divorce. As long as the woman refuses to visit or the man stops visiting, "Azhu" marriage will come to an end.

Naxi nationality-clothes

The Naxi nationality is deeply influenced by the Han nationality. Men's wear is basically the same as that of the Han nationality, wearing robes, jackets or double-breasted tops and trousers. Women's wear, except for the custom of wearing skirts in some places, has been changed to wearing pants, but the whole suit. It still has distinctive national characteristics. Lijiang women wear large embroidered robes, which are wide in waist, knee-high in front and shin in back, plus waistcoats, trousers, pleated waist and boat-shaped embroidered shoes. The clothes are mostly blue, white and black, and the collar, sleeves and lapels are embroidered with lace, which is simple and generous. Married women wear a bun and a round gauze hat on their heads, while unmarried women wear a cloth headscarf or a black velvet hat with their hair braided at the back of their heads.

The most distinctive feature of Naxi women's dress is the seven-star sheepskin shawl behind her, on which seven embroidered circular cloth circles with a diameter of about two inches are arranged side by side, and each cloth circle has a pair of hanging nails. There are many different versions about the origin of this kind of clothing. More commonly, it stands for Seven Stars, which means "Dai Yue wearing a star". It is said that the circle of cloth is embroidered with fine star maps with silk thread, and the hanging spikes represent the light of stars. Legend has it that in ancient times, there was a hardworking, capable, intelligent and beautiful Naxi girl named Ying Gu who struggled with drought demons for nine days and died of exhaustion. In recognition of Yinggu's brave behavior, Baisha Sanduo made seven cold suns swallowed by Xue Jinglong and put them on Yinggu's coat. Later, Naxi girls imitated the English aunt and nailed the seven-star pattern on the shawl, symbolizing Dai Yue's diligence and courage. There is also a saying that the Naxi people have regarded frogs as a god of wisdom since ancient times, which can solve people's difficulties. Therefore, those circular patterns represent frog's eyes and are historical relics of frog totem worship.

Naxi nationality-diet

Naxi people eat three meals a day. Generally, we have steamed bread or boiled Baba for breakfast, while Chinese food and dinner are rich, including one or two kinds of stir-fry, pickles and soup. And we like to eat beef soup pots and soft drinks from the local Hui people. There are many kinds of vegetables in Pingba and mountainous areas, and they should be on the market at four o'clock. Potatoes, cucumbers and melon beans are widely planted in mountainous areas, and various famous dishes with local characteristics are made. Such as: steamed Cordyceps duck, shellfish hen, Tianma chicken, etc. Among them, the traditional dish of Naxi nationality, "Fermented Tricholoma matsutake", is a special dish for ancestor worship, which is covered with Tricholoma matsutake, fermented meat sauce and steamed.

In ancient times, Naxi people took beef, mutton, yak meat, raised wheat, barnyard grass and garden roots (Man Qing) as staple foods. Since then, under the influence of Han and Bai nationalities, agriculture has developed rapidly, and some changes have taken place in living customs. Lijiang dam area takes corn, wheat and rice as staple food. Lugu Lake. In the middle of the year, Yanyuan and Muli Naxi people took barnyard grass, highland barley and corn as their staple foods, supplemented by adopted sons, rice, wheat and potatoes. Villagers in Lijiang dam area grow vegetables at the back of the front house and eat by themselves. Pork is mostly made into bacon, especially Pipa pigs in Lijiang and Yongning, which can be preserved for several years to more than ten years without deterioration. Take Baba or Baba Temple with you when you go out to work. Sit around the table when eating, and like to move to a sunny place to eat in winter.

Hard-working and thrifty Naxi people like to drink strong tea and eat sour, spicy and sweet food. Mosuo people in Lugu Lake, both men and women, like to smoke an unformed "blue smoke" and eat homemade "Linglima wine" with sour taste. Housewives cook bacon every year after killing pigs. Ham Baba in Lijiang, Pipa meat in Ningbo, sour fish and dried fish in lakes and valleys are all delicious, which are the best products for Naxi people to entertain guests or give gifts to relatives and friends.

Typical foods include: Lijiang ham Baba, linen, Saussurea involucrata, Lichun copper hotpot, Lijiang barbecue Baba and so on.

Naxi nationality-architecture

Naxi architecture is simple and elegant, and Sifang Street in Old Town of Lijiang is the most representative. The whole building complex is a tile house with civil structure. The doors, windows and archways on the building are exquisitely carved patterns with rich themes, vivid lines and vivid images, which show the artistic attainments and aesthetic tastes of the Naxi people.

Old Town of Lijiang has the reputation of "Venice of the East". On the other hand, the wooden shacks of Mosuo people near Lugu Lake are made of whole logs piled into walls, and the wooden blocks are split into boards to make tiles. The whole house does not need a nail or a brick, which is not only warm in winter and cool in summer, but also earthquake-resistant. Siheyuan directly reflects its marriage form, family organization and religious belief, and is a form carrier of matriarchal society.

Naxi nationality-taboo

Naxi people are enthusiastic and open-minded. It has the traditional virtues of knowing the book and being polite, respecting the old and loving the young. Avoid talking loudly and swearing in public places. Be sure to dismount before riding to the village. Don't tie your horse to the place where you worship heaven. Don't step on a tripod, don't cross your legs; When you enter a Naxi family, you can't beat the owner's dog, you can't take the initiative to enter the bedroom of the old man and the girl and the girl's "greenhouse", you can't ask about "xia", and you can't turn over ashes in the kitchen. When offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors and the god of war, outsiders are forbidden to watch. Never sit on the threshold and cut things on the threshold with a knife and axe. Some places also avoid singing folk songs and whistling at home; Avoid knocking on bowls and chopsticks, turning vegetables and picking vegetables continuously when eating; It is forbidden to pollute water sources, cut down water source forests and kill small animals that enter the home. Don't kill cows, pretend to be horses and pretend to be cocks at dawn; Avoid dog meat.

Naxi-religion

Naxi people generally believe in Dongba, and some people believe in Lamaism.

"Dongba" is Naxi language, which means "wise man", that is, wizard and priest. Dongba culture cannot be separated from Dongba religion. Dongba religion was formed by Naxi people absorbing Tibetan culture on the basis of primitive witchcraft in the early Tang Dynasty. Dongba is versatile, combining writing, painting, singing and dancing, so they become the creators, disseminators and inheritors of the ancient Dongba culture of Naxi nationality.

Naxi people generally believe in Dongba religion (Yongning is also called "Daba"), which is a primitive witchcraft influenced by Tibetan Zoroastrianism (black religion). Natural phenomena such as polytheism and mountains and rivers are regarded as gods, while non-sick dead and enemies are regarded as evil spirits. If you are sick, have a wedding, funeral or celebration, please ask Dongba to chant Buddhist scripture. Dongba has no temples, and all of them are full-time farmers. Naxi area is also the intersection of Buddhism (Zen) and Lamaism (Tantric). The Red Lamaism Temple spread from Tibetan areas to Lijiang, and the Mountain Monk Temple spread from the mainland to Lijiang. Therefore, some Naxi people believe in Buddhism and Lamaism, and some believe in Taoism, which constitutes a multi-religious nation.

Dongba religion is an ancient religion believed by all Naxi people and originated from primitive religion. It is based on ancestor worship, ghost worship and nature worship, and its main manifestations are worship to heaven, funeral ceremony, exorcism, disaster prevention and divination.

Dongba religion has special instruments and costumes, and the ceremony is very complicated. Almost every month throughout the year, there are sacrificial activities of different sizes, which are mainly divided into five categories: sacrifice, funeral, disaster, divination and naming, among which worship to heaven is the most grand.