What kinds of soils are there in China and where are they distributed?

There are about 15 main soil types in China's 9.6 million square kilometers of land, namely latosol, lateritic red soil, red yellow soil, yellow brown soil, brown soil, dark brown soil, cold brown soil, cinnamon soil, chernozem, brown calcium soil, black ridge soil, desert soil, alpine meadow and alpine desert soil. The specific distribution areas of these soils are as follows:

1, latosol

Hainan Island, Leizhou Peninsula, Xishuangbanna and the southern part of Taiwan Province Island are generally located in the area south of latitude 22. Tropical monsoon climate. The annual average temperature is 23 ~ 26℃, and the annual average precipitation is1600 ~ 2000mm. Vegetation is tropical monsoon forest. Weathering and leaching are strong, and a large number of soluble inorganic nutrients are lost. Iron and aluminum remain in the soil, and the color is red. Deep soil layer, sticky texture, poor fertility and strong acidity.

2. lateritic red soil

Most of southern Yunnan, southwestern Guangxi, southern Guangdong, southeastern Fujian and south-central Taiwan Province Province are roughly between 22 and 25 north latitude. It is a transitional type between latosol and red soil. South subtropical monsoon climate zone. The temperature is slightly lower than that in latosol area, with an annual average temperature of 2 1 ~ 22℃ and annual precipitation of 1, 200 ~ 2000mm, and the vegetation is evergreen broad-leaved forest. Weathering and leaching are slightly weaker than latosol, and the color is red. The soil layer is thick, sticky, poor in fertility and slightly acidic.

3. Red soil and yellow soil

Most areas south of the Yangtze River and mountainous areas around the Sichuan Basin. Middle subtropical monsoon climate zone. The climate is warm and the rainfall is abundant. The annual average temperature is 16 ~ 26℃, and the annual precipitation is about1500mm. Vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. The heat condition of yellow soil formation is slightly worse than that of red soil, but the water and humidity condition is better. Organic matter is rich, but it decomposes quickly and loses a lot, so there is less humus in the soil and the soil is sticky. Due to strong leaching, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium accumulated less, iron and aluminum accumulated more, and the soil was uniform red. Due to the hydration of iron oxide in yellow soil, the soil layer is yellow.

4. Yellow brown soil

It starts from the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains in the north, reaches the Yangtze River in Daba Mountain in the south, starts from the southeast edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west and reaches the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the east. It is a transitional soil between yellow red soil and brown soil. The northern edge of subtropical monsoon region. It is hot in summer and cold in winter. The annual average temperature is 15 ~ 18℃, and the annual precipitation is 750 ~1000 mm. The vegetation is deciduous broad-leaved forest with evergreen broad-leaved trees. It not only has the aluminized characteristics of yellow soil and red soil, but also has the sticky characteristics of brown soil. Weak acid reaction, high natural fertility,

5. Brown soil

Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula. Warm temperate semi-humid climate. It is warm and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter. The annual average temperature is 5 ~ 14℃, and the annual precipitation is about 500 ~ 1000 cm. Vegetation is warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest. The soil has strong viscosity, and it also has obvious leaching effect, so that potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium are leached out and clay particles are deposited downwards. The soil layer is thick, the texture is sticky, and the surface organic matter content is high, showing a slightly acidic reaction.

6. Dark brown calcium soil

Northeast Daxing 'anling Dongpo, Xiaoxing 'anling, Zhangguangcailing and Changbai Mountain. A humid climate in the middle temperate zone. The average annual temperature is-1 ~ 5℃, the winter is cold and long, and the annual precipitation is 600 ~ 1 100 mm, which is the soil formed under the temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. The soil is acidic. Compared with brown soil, the surface layer is rich in organic matter and humus accumulation, which is a relatively fertile forest soil.

7. Cold brown soil (drift lime soil)

The upper part of the northern section of Daxinganling is wide in the north and narrow in the south. Humid climate in cold temperate zone. The annual average temperature is -5℃, the annual precipitation is 450 ~ 550 mm, and the vegetation is coniferous forest in sub-cold zone. The soil is bleached (the rinsing effect of iron oxide decreases with the loss of water, and the ashing effect of chelates formed by iron, alumina and humic acid is leached down and precipitated). The soil is acidic, the soil layer is thin, the decomposition of organic matter is slow, and there are few available nutrients.

8, cinnamon soil

Shanxi, Hebei and Liaoning provinces connect hilly and low mountain areas and Shaanxi Guanzhong Plain. Warm temperate semi-humid semi-arid monsoon climate. The annual average temperature is 1 1 ~ 14℃, and the annual precipitation is 500 ~ 700 mm, more than half of which is concentrated in summer and dry in winter. Vegetation is dominated by mesophyte and xerophyte forest shrubs. The leaching degree is not very strong, and a small amount of calcium carbonate precipitates. The soil is neutral and alkaline, with more minerals and organic matter accumulated, thicker humus layer and higher fertility.

9, chernozem

The east and west sides of the mountains in the middle and south section of Daxinganling, the central part of Songnen Plain in Northeast China and the watershed areas of Songhua River and Liaohe River. Temperate semi-humid continental climate. The annual average temperature is -3 ~ 3℃, and the annual precipitation is 350 ~ 500mm. Vegetation is temperate grassland and meadow grassland, with the highest grass yield. The humus content is the richest, the thickness of humus layer is large, the soil color is mainly black, neutral to slightly alkaline, and there are more inorganic nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, so the soil fertility is high.

10, chestnut soil

The vast grassland areas in the eastern and central parts of Inner Mongolia Plateau are the most widely distributed and largest soil types in calcareous soil. Temperate semi-arid continental climate. The average annual temperature is -2 ~ 6℃ and the annual precipitation is 250 ~ 350 mm. The grassland is a typical arid grassland, and its growth is not as dense as that in chernozem area. Humus accumulation is weaker than chernozem, but it is also quite rich and thick, and the soil color is chestnut. The soil layer is weakly alkaline and alkalized in some areas. The soil quality is mainly fine sand and silty sand, and the desertification phenomenon in this area is more serious.

1 1, brown calcareous soil

The central and western Inner Mongolia Plateau, Ordos Plateau, northern Junggar Basin in Xinjiang and the outer edge of Tarim Basin are the driest calcareous soils, which are in transition to desert areas. The climate is drier and more continental than chestnut soil area. The annual average temperature is 2 ~ 7℃ and the annual precipitation is150 ~ 250 mm. Without irrigation, crops cannot be planted. Vegetation is desert grassland and grassland desert. In calcareous soil, the accumulation of humus and the thickness of humus layer are the least, the soil color is mainly brown, the soil is alkaline, the ground is generally full of gravel and sand, and it gradually transitions to desert soil.

12, black dragon soil

North Shaanxi, southern Ningxia, eastern Gansu and other loess source areas with light soil erosion and flat terrain. Warm temperate semi-arid and semi-humid climate. The annual average temperature is 8 ~ 10℃, and the annual precipitation is 300 ~ 500mm, which is similar to chernozem area, but the relative humidity is low due to the higher temperature. Formed by loess parent material. Vegetation is similar to chestnut soil area. Most of them have been reclaimed as farmland. The accumulation of humus and the content of organic matter are not high, and the color of humus layer varies greatly from top to bottom. The upper part is tan-gray, and the lower part is gray-brown, as if the black loessial soil is buried in the ancient soil below.

13, desert soil

Inner Mongolia, western Gansu, most of Xinjiang, Qaidam Basin in Qinghai and other areas are very large, accounting for almost 1/5 of the total area of the country. Temperate continental arid climate. The annual precipitation in most areas is less than100 mm. Vegetation is scarce, and there are only semi-shrubs that are very drought-tolerant. There is basically no obvious humus layer in the soil, the soil is loose and short of water, the soil profile is almost full of gravel, the surface of calcium carbonate accumulates, gypsum and salt accumulate more, and the soil development degree is poor.

14, alpine meadow

The eastern and southeastern parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are in Altai Mountain, mountains in the west of Junggar Basin and Tianshan Mountains. The climate is cool and humid, the annual average temperature is about -2 ~ 1℃, the annual precipitation is about 400 mm, and the vegetation is alpine meadow. The profile consists of turf layer, humus layer, transition layer and parent material layer. Thin soil layer, long freezing period, poor aeration and neutral soil.

15, mountain desert soil

Northwest Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Kunlun Mountain, Pamir Plateau. The climate is dry and cold. The annual average temperature is about-10℃, the lowest temperature in winter can reach -40℃, the annual precipitation is below 100 mm ... the vegetation coverage is less than 10%. Thin soil layer, more gravel, less fine soil, low organic matter content, poor soil development and strong alkaline reaction.

Attachment: China is rich in soil resources, but with the discharge of industrial sewage, the spraying of pesticides and the accumulation of wastes, many soils need to be repaired. In order to promote the smooth development of soil remediation, in May, 2006, China Soil Remediation Action Declaration 2065438+2 1 was issued in Shangqiu City, Henan Province.

2065438+May 2, 20061day, hosted by China Green Ecological Environment Restoration Alliance, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regionalization of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, hosted by Henan Soil Conditioning and Restoration Engineering Technology Research Center, and co-organized by Henan Locomotive Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd., the first advanced academic seminar on soil conditioning and restoration in China was held in Shangqiu City, Henan Province. The participating experts, scholars and business representatives exchanged views on the present situation and countermeasures of soil in China, and jointly published "Soil in China"

On the morning of the same day, experts and business representatives attended the opening ceremony of the first national high-level seminar on soil conditioning and remediation, and unveiled the Henan Soil Conditioning and Remediation Engineering Technology Research Center. Later, they went to Shangqiu Experimental Station of Irrigation Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the wheat demonstration field of the third branch of state-owned civil rights farm for field observation.