Yixing red porcelain history

1. The history of Yixing Zisha is 1. Although Yixing pottery has a long history of firing, as far as purple sand ware is concerned, the clues in historical documents need to start from the Northern Song Dynasty. Mei wrote in the poem "Yi Yun and Du Xianggong send tea to Xie Cai": "The small stone cold spring keeps its first taste, and the new purple mud blooms", indicating that it is possible to burn purple sand in the Northern Song Dynasty. However, a more accurate record should be verified from Zhou Gao's "Yang Xian Hu Ming System" in the Ming Dynasty: "The monks of Jinsha Temple have escaped for a long time. When he heard about Tao Jiayun, the monk was very quiet, very quiet. He learned from pottery pots and urns, refined their fine soil, and burned them with pottery holes, so he passed it on. " Accordingly, Yixing purple sand was gradually known to the world at least in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.

2. According to records, Gongchun in Ming Dynasty imitated the monks in Jinsha Temple to make pots, which created a precedent for purple sand craftsmen to make pots. Subsequently, HanDong, Zhao Liang, Chang Yuan and Shi Peng were called "Four Masters of Ming Dynasty" because of their exquisite pot-making skills. Among them, HanDong invented the diamond-shaped fancy pot, and Zhao Liang pioneered the hanging beam pot. Then, Li Maolin created the closed burning method of sagger to prevent the teapot from being stained with glaze tears. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Shi Dabin, Li Zhongfang and Xu Youquan were known as the "Big Three". Shi Dabin first changed the big pot used in spring into a beautiful small pot, which formed the traditional pot-making skills passed down from later generations and made great contributions to the development of purple sand. In addition to the above-mentioned people, there are also pot-making artists in Ming Dynasty, such as Ou, Shao, Chen Zhongmei, Shen and Hui. They all contributed their intelligence to the production of pot art in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

3. During Kanggan period in Qing Dynasty, Chen Mingyuan was famous for creating natural teapots. Secondly, Yang Pengnian, Yang Fengnian, Shao Daheng, Fan Zhuangnongjia and Wang Nanlin were also famous pot artists at that time. In particular, Chen Mansheng in Jiaqing and Daoguang years integrated stone calligraphy and painting with pot body modeling. He not only created purple clay pots with various geometric shapes, but also laid a historical foundation for the evolution of purple clay pots from simple tea sets to works of art. Since then, many scholars and pot makers have worked together to raise the purple clay craft to a higher cultural level.

4. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, due to social unrest, the purple sand craft, which was once brilliant in the late Ming Dynasty and the Kang and Jia Dao periods, fell into a trough. At the beginning of the 20th century, the rise of national capitalists caused a temporary turning point in the purple sand industry. In 1930s, due to the war and other reasons, the development of purple sand fell into a trough again. It was not until the founding of New China that the traditional purple sand craft was reborn. A large number of traditional artists became active, and many famous pot artists were born at this time. Famous artists in the last century include Fan, Yu, Cheng Shouzhen, Ren Ganting, Pei Shimin, Yu, Yu, Gao Haigeng and Jiang Rong.

5. After the reform and opening up, Yixing Zisha began to show a new historical turning point due to the enthusiasm of Hong Kong and Taiwan for Zisha culture. Therefore, the traditional purple sand has been modernized, and a series of changes have taken place in technology, modeling and decoration. A large number of traditional artists and new forces have jointly created the modern purple sand craft, and the blending of tradition and innovation has become the biggest highlight of the new era. The famous potters in this period are He Daohong, Bao Zhiqiang, Wu Ming, Fan, Liu Huida and Cao Wanfen.

2. How long is the history of red porcelain pottery in Yixing, Jiangsu? Yixing Zisha pottery began in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

During the period of 1976, in the construction project of kiln site in Yixing ceramic production area, the ancient purple sand kiln site in Yangjiaoshan and a large number of early purple sand pottery remains were discovered. According to expert appraisal, the ancient kiln was fired in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, the firing technology of purple sand pottery gradually matured, and inscriptions began to be engraved on the utensils.

In the mid-Ming Dynasty, Yixing Zisha pottery tea set was very popular and was regarded as the top grade of all kinds of tea sets. In the Qing Dynasty, Yixing purple sand pottery became more and more exquisite, creating a new decorative style combining seal cutting, calligraphy and painting.

At the beginning of the 20th century, before the start of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Yixing purple pottery production was also quite prosperous, producing more than 10 dragon kiln all the year round, and the output of 1932 was still as high as 2.2 million pieces. There are thousands of varieties such as teapots, teacups, vases, flowerpots, casseroles and figure carvings.

Generous in shape and quaint in color. Make tea with purple sand teapot, which will not change taste, change color when stored, sour in summer and not burn hands. The longer it takes, the smoother the color becomes.

Yixing purple sand is a kind of natural five-color clay different from red clay-purple sand. The basic colors are vermilion, purple and beige.

Mud contains minerals, such as quartz, kaolin, mica, hematite and various oxides. When fired at a high temperature of 1200℃, the color of the sand mud changes with the change of temperature, showing yellow as pear skin, brown as chrysanthemum, green as pine and cypress, red as maple leaf, purple as grape, white sand, begonia red and vermilion purple.

"Purple Sand Centennial Bottle" won the gold medal of 1984 Leipzig International Expo.

3. The history of Yixing purple sand is like this: purple mud mined from the seam is commonly known as raw mud.

The massive rock is weathered in the open air to loosen it, and then it is initially crushed and crushed, and it is screened by air supply according to the number of particles required by the product. The screened mud ash is stirred into a mud block by a blender, then accumulated and aged, and then the mud is vacuum kneaded to make it into cooked mud, which is used for making blanks.

In the process of refining and preparing purple clay, the water quality used is very particular. The quality of water will directly affect the quality of products.

Purple sand has good plasticity, high green body strength and low shrinkage when it is dried and fired. In order to enrich the appearance color of purple sand and meet the requirements of process change and production design, technicians boldly carried out technological innovation, mixed several clay raw materials with different proportions, added a proper amount of metal oxide colorant to clay raw materials, and controlled the temperature and atmosphere in the kiln. The products after firing are colorful, purple but not beautiful, red but not bright, green but not tender, yellow but not tender, or gray but not black.

The color of purple sand ware, like the color dyed on wool textiles, is calm but not angry; Careful observation shows that all kinds of mud colors are wrapped in white sand, such as silver powder shining, which is a reflection of light, like pearls. Sometimes it is more eye-catching in silt and coarse mud sand or steel sand.

In recent years, the red and bronze cover stickers with natural luster have been successfully trial-produced, creating a new look of clay sculpture decoration. Zisha pottery, referred to as Zisha, is also called Zisha ware or Zisha pottery.

Purple sand tea set, simple and generous in shape and simple in color. The longer you use it to make tea, the more elegant the color of the pot body will be and the more mellow the tea soup will be. Even if boiling water is injected into an empty pot, there will be a faint tea fragrance.

According to scientific analysis, the teapot does retain the original flavor of tea soup, can absorb tea juice, and has the characteristics of cold and heat resistance.

4. Zisha tea set, elegant and exquisite, with unique temperament, has a history of 500 years since the Ming Dynasty. It is made of Jiang (1) rice water = rice total-rice pot =0.88kg-0.48kg=0.4kg, ∑ρ= mv, and pot volume: V empty =V water = (2). 4m3=3* 103kg/m3。 Answer: (1) The volume of the hollow part of this teapot is 4* 10-4m3. (2) The volume of purple sand for making this teapot is 1.6 * 10-4m3.

5. The history of Yixing teapot Yixing teapot began in Zhengde period of Ming Dynasty.

Yixing teapot is a work of art with beautiful shape and simple color. On the other hand, practical products. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the prosperity of porcelain, Yixing purple sand art also developed by leaps and bounds.

Shao Youlan is good at making antique models, especially "exquisite clay and jade-like quality are a must". The seals used include the oval seal with edge line made by Yang Youlan, the square seal with edge line made by Youlan, and the small print of "Youlan" in regular script, engraved with the general signature "Er Quan".

Because the seal material of Zisha artists is solid and can be used for several years or even a lifetime, the identification of seal money is the direct basis for judging the author of Zisha teapot. Yixing teapot from 1950 to 1960 is a variety with obvious characteristics of the times. The purple sand technology in this period can be said to be an important reason why the purple sand manufacturing technology has been circulated and carried forward to this day.

In the early 1950s, there were only over 50 purple sand practitioners in Yixing after the war, and only over 20 old pot-making artists remained. With the support of the people, the old artists organized cooperatives and resumed the production of teapots.

During this period, a number of pottery masters appeared, such as Zhu Kexin, Wang Yinchun, Gu Jingzhou, Wu Yungen, Jiang Rong and Pei Shimin. The works of these masters are sought after and favored by pot collectors because of their excellent quality, excellent sand quality and standardized technology. Generally speaking, the founder of teapot is Zheng De in Ming Dynasty-Gong Chun in Jiajing period.

"I studied under Zuquan Shigong, studied in Nanshan, and brought a boy's name for Spring. I saw the natives make jars out of mud, which is as clear as a pot, very beautiful and lovely. The so-called pot is spring. " (Wu Meiding: "Preface to Yangxian Porcelain Pot") At that time, people praised "deep chestnut color, such as ancient and modern iron, and fat Zhou Zheng."

Just 12, let people see its pot. Unfortunately, the pot for spring can no longer be seen. A replica of Gu Jingzhou, a contemporary Yixing Zisha master, costs about HK$ 600,000, which shows how precious the artistic value of the pot is.

Biography of Shi Dabin and Li Zhongfen's Spring Tour. Together with Xu Youquan, a disciple of Shi Dabin, he was called the "three outstanding figures" of purple sand in Ming Dynasty after Wanli.

Shi Dabin's teapot is elegant and refined, and its shape is smooth and smart. Although it does not pursue exquisite carving, it is ingenious, simple and elegant and wonderful. In his later years, Xu Youquan lamented: "My essence is not timely (Shi Dabin's rough)."

Xu Youquan, with exquisite craftsmanship, is good at making ancient bronzes into teapot. Gu Zhuo is solemn, simple and energetic. Legend has it that Xu Youquan worshipped Shi Dabin as a teacher in his childhood and asked the teacher to knead a mud cow for him, but he refused.

At this moment, a real cow passed by the house. Xu used his quick wits, grabbed a handful of mud, ran outside and squeezed it at the real cow, praising it greatly. He felt very talented, so he gladly gave it all his unique skills. Later, he really became a family. The above four people are the first masters of teapot.

The second master of teapot was Hehui in the early Qing Dynasty. Chen Mingyuan put chestnuts, walnuts, peanuts, water chestnuts, water chestnuts and water chestnuts into the pot, and his craftsmanship was superb. He is good at piling flowers and mud, making the shape of teapot more vivid, vivid and lively, and turning the traditional teapot into a vibrant sculpture art, full of vitality and vitality.

At the same time, he also invented the stamping form of the pot bottom and lid, which formed a fixed technological procedure in the Qing Dynasty, which had a great influence on the development of teapot. Because of Chen Mingyuan's exquisite works, he became famous for a while, and a large number of imitations and fakes appeared.

Mr. Gu Jingzhou said that he had only seen a few genuine products in the half century from youth to old age, and collectors should be especially careful not to be deceived. Hui Chenmeng during the Apocalypse and Chongzhen in the late Ming Dynasty was good at making small pots and winning big pots with small pots.

Chen Meng's pot is carved with a bamboo knife, and the "Yonglin" seal on the lid of the pot is a fine product. The third masters of teapot were Chen Hongshou and Yang Pengnian during Jiaqing and Daoguang periods in the middle of Qing Dynasty.

Chen Hongshou was a famous painter and seal engraver in the middle of Qing Dynasty. Art advocates innovation. He advocates that "poetry, painting and calligraphy don't have to be very homely", but you must see "the interest of nature".

He integrated this artistic concept into purple sand pottery. The first contribution is to combine poetry, calligraphy and painting with pottery in zisha pot, and write poetry and sculpture on the pot with a bamboo knife.

The second contribution, with his own talent, he improvised many novel styles of teapot at will, which brought great vitality to the innovation of teapot. His cooperation with Yang Pengnian is exemplary.

The teapot we saw made during the Jiaqing period was printed with the word "Pengnian" or "Amantoshi" on the handle and bottom of the teapot, all of which were designed by Chen Hongshou and made by Yang Pengnian, and later called "Man Sheng Pot". Chen Hongshou makes Zisha pottery more cultured. Although the production technology is not as exquisite as that in the middle of Ming Dynasty, it has a great influence on later generations.

Yang Pengnian pioneered a new technology of pinching the mouth. He doesn't need a mold, but he pinches it by hand, which is quite interesting. After Qianlong, with the decline of the Qing Dynasty, the production of teapot became more and more depressed.

It is worth mentioning that Shao Daheng is a master of later generations, while Shao Youlan, Shao Youting, Jiang, Cheng Shouzhen and others are inferior. More is conformism, less innovation, and the production process is more and more sloppy.

The first master of contemporary purple sand is Mr. Gu Jingzhou. Others are Jiang Rong, Xu Xiutang, Xu Hantang, Bao Zhiqiang, Gao Haigeng, Zhu Kexin, He Daohong, Pei Shimin, Wang Yinchun, Li Changhong, Gu Shaopei, Wang Yinxian and Lv Yaochen. , but also have their own unique skills and expertise, these are temporary gifts.

When Yixing teapot originated, it was already done by academics and purple sand lovers. Other statements 1. Yixing teapot began in the Song Dynasty.

According to 1976, Yangjiaoshan, Dingshu Town, Yixing, excavated a site of Longyao kiln in Song Dynasty, and unearthed many pieces of purple sand pottery. In addition, there are literature records, which first appeared in a poem written by Ouyang Xiu, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, "I like singing and thinking together, and I envy your elegance and purity", and Mei also praised: "Small stones stay in Joan Hinton for the first time" and "New purple mud is full of spring flowers".

It is of reference value to confirm each other from archaeological excavations and literature records. Yixing teapot originated in Ming Dynasty.

This statement is based on Gao Qi's "The Creation of the Hu Ming System in Yangxian County" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There was a monk in Jinsha Temple who used to use clay pots and chose fine soil to wash and practice.

6. The history of Yixing Zisha is 1. Although Yixing pottery has a long history of firing, as far as purple sand vessels are concerned, the clues in historical documents need to start from the Northern Song Dynasty. Mei wrote in the poem "Yi Yun and Du Xianggong Xie Cai Send Tea": "The small stone cold spring keeps its initial taste, and the new purple mud is full of spring flowers", indicating that it is possible to burn purple sand in the Northern Song Dynasty.

However, a more accurate record should be verified from Zhou Gao's "Yang Xian Hu Ming System" in the Ming Dynasty: "The monks of Jinsha Temple have escaped for a long time. When he heard about Tao Jiayun, the monk was very quiet, very quiet. He learned from pottery pots and urns, refined their fine soil, and burned them with pottery holes, so he passed it on. " Accordingly, Yixing purple sand was gradually known to the world at least in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.

2. According to records, Gongchun in Ming Dynasty imitated the monks in Jinsha Temple to make pots, which created a precedent for purple sand craftsmen to make pots. Subsequently, HanDong, Zhao Liang, Chang Yuan and Shi Peng were called "Four Masters of Ming Dynasty" because of their exquisite pot-making skills.

Among them, HanDong invented the diamond-shaped fancy pot, and Zhao Liang pioneered the hanging beam pot. Then, Li Maolin created the closed burning method of sagger to prevent the teapot from being stained with glaze tears. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Shi Dabin, Li Zhongfang and Xu Youquan were known as the "Big Three".

Shi Dabin first changed the big pot used in spring into a beautiful small pot, which formed the traditional pot-making skills passed down from later generations and made great contributions to the development of purple sand. In addition to the above-mentioned people, there are also pot-making artists in Ming Dynasty, such as Ou, Shao, Chen Zhongmei, Shen and Hui. They all contributed their intelligence to the production of pot art in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

3. During Kanggan period in Qing Dynasty, Chen Mingyuan was famous for creating natural teapots. Secondly, Yang Pengnian, Yang Fengnian, Shao Daheng, Fan Zhuangnongjia and Wang Nanlin were also famous pot artists at that time. In particular, Chen Mansheng in Jiaqing and Daoguang years integrated stone calligraphy and painting with pot body modeling. He not only created teapots with various geometric shapes, but also laid a historical foundation for the evolution of teapots from simple tea sets to works of art.

Since then, many scholars and pot makers have cooperated with each other to raise the purple sand technology to a higher cultural level. 4. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, due to social unrest, the purple sand craft, which was once brilliant in the late Ming Dynasty and the Kang and Jia Dao periods, fell into a trough. At the beginning of the 20th century, the rise of national capitalists caused a temporary turning point in the purple sand industry.

In 1930s, due to the war and other reasons, the development of purple sand fell into a trough again. It was not until the founding of New China that the traditional purple sand craft was reborn. A large number of traditional artists became active, and many famous pot artists were born at this time.

Famous artists in the last century include Fan, Yu, Cheng Shouzhen, Ren Ganting, Pei Shimin, Yu, Yu, Gao Haigeng and Jiang Rong. 5. After the reform and opening up, Yixing Zisha began to show a new historical turning point due to the enthusiasm of Hong Kong and Taiwan for Zisha culture.

Therefore, the traditional purple sand has been modernized, and a series of changes have taken place in technology, modeling and decoration. A large number of traditional artists and new forces have jointly created the modern purple sand craft, and the blending of tradition and innovation has become the biggest highlight of the new era.

The famous potters in this period are He Daohong, Bao Zhiqiang, Wu Ming, Fan, Liu Huida and Cao Wanfen.

7. What is the export situation of Yixing teapot in history? As early as the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Portuguese East India Company trafficked a large amount of China tea to Western Europe, and also spread a small amount of purple sand utensils to the Netherlands, which aroused strong interest from Europeans. They call it "purple sand" and "Zhu Ni products". 1840 after the opium war, western antique dealers came to China to collect cultural relics, and purple sand wares were among them, so many purple sand wares were included.

In Japan, as early as the end of the Edo period, teapots were made, some of which were engraved with the words "Hui" and "Yuan". During the Meiji period, Japanese ceramist Takasu hired Suzhou-born purple sand artist Jin to teach skills in Japan.

Japanese scholar Orantian collected 32 famous pots in China, including 29 teapot, and compiled 1874 Catalogue of Famous Pots, which was published worldwide. Purple sand flowerpot was also introduced into Japan during the Qianlong period.

In addition, there are teapot specially made for exporting to Southeast Asian countries. For example, Rama V of Thailand (equivalent to Guangxu period) ordered a batch of teapot from Yixing, and some of them are still preserved in Thailand. During the Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, a large number of purple sand products were sold to Japan, Mexico and South American countries.

8. Yixing teapot started in which dynasty? There are two theories about the origin of Yixing teapot in academic circles: 1 started in Song Dynasty, 1976. A site of Longyao kiln in Song Dynasty was excavated in Dingshu Town, Yixing, and many remnants of Yixing teapot were unearthed. In addition, Ouyang Xiu, a writer of the Northern Song Dynasty at that time, wrote a poem, which said, "I like to enjoy singing and drinking together and appreciate your elegance." The mutual confirmation of unearthed objects and literature records is the basis of this statement.

Originated in the Ming Dynasty, this statement is based on the reference to Yang Xianming Land Rover by Gao Qi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The records of the ancestors of Yixing teapot spring legend come from here. Spring pot is actually a symbol of Yixing purple sand. This spring-worshipper is equivalent to Lu Yu in tea culture. Even now, many pots still look like spring-worshippers. Therefore, the industry is still dominated by this statement.

9. What is the export situation of Yixing teapot in history? China teapot was formed in Song Dynasty, but there is no complete physical evidence to prove it except that scholars mentioned it in poems. In the Ming Dynasty, the production of teapot began to form a large scale, and at the same time, famous artists came forth in large numbers, which also formed a unique taste and unchanging standard in aesthetics. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, capitalism sprouted in the southeast coastal areas, and Sino-foreign trade was relatively prosperous. The Portuguese East India Company bought a large amount of tea in China and shipped it to Europe, and a small amount of purple sand nameplates went out with the ship. Because the teapots exported at the beginning may be traditional light goods, which can't compare with the aesthetic taste of Europeans. But even if this simple purple sand ware came to the Netherlands, it also aroused the curiosity of Europeans. They call it "purple sand" and "Zhu Ni products".

Xu is teaching his son Xu Zefeng to appreciate the essentials of teapot in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In recent years, under the guidance of Xu, Xu Zefeng bought many teapot from Europe.

The foreign noun of Zisha is the Chinese Pinyin of Yixing. /kloc-after the 9th century, the word "terra sigillata" (ancient Rome refers to crimson pottery) was replaced by "Yixing" in foreign literature, which stands for red pottery in China.

Feedback from Europe has also constantly boosted the confidence of Yixing Zisha artists, who began to ponder the interest of foreigners in order to open up overseas markets. In fact, since the Ming Dynasty, Yixing teapot has been exported in a planned way.

At the beginning of the Three Dynasties in Kang Yong, the national strength was strong, and foreign trade activities, Yixing's export pots also showed a situation of flowers blooming, and the shape and decoration methods were innovated repeatedly, creating a new situation.

Xu Zefeng, the youngest son of Xu, a master and collector of pot art, is a faithful successor of Xu Shi. At the same time, he also worked with his father to collect export pots. After more than ten years' efforts, his father and son have achieved a lot on this subject, which provides reliable material for studying the history of teapot and the history of cultural exchange between China and foreign countries.