What is the history of Yang Jiajiang?

"Yang Jiajiang" is the most popular and influential historical legend in China opera and rap art since the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Yang Ye, She Taijun, (especially Yang), Yang Zongbao, Mu, Yang, Eight Sisters and Nine Sisters, including Fire Woman Yang Paifeng, are almost household heroes. Especially on the stage of China traditional opera, this legendary family showed strong patriotism and lofty heroism. In the "Golden Beach" World War I, all the Yang brothers were killed and injured. Then your father touched the monument and was killed. Goro became a monk, and Shiro and Shiro disappeared. The last Liulang is still fighting for his country. After Heiluo died, his descendants and Yang remained the mainstay of national defense. Not only the men of the Yang family went to war, but also the women. Mu is in command, and 100-year-old She Taijun is in command, which makes many Chinese children excited.

However, from a historical perspective, Yang Jiajiang's story is only an artistic interpretation of the tragic historical event of Yang Ye and Chen Gugu's bloody battle and heroic death. After the death of the real Yang Ye in history, only his son Zhao Yan and grandson Wenguang were once famous guards in the Song Dynasty. Yang Jiajiang, a "group portrait" of a hero who resisted foreign aggression, was deduced by the northern people who had been harassed by foreigners since the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

The biggest difference between folk novels and operas and history is that many legendary characters and events do not exist. According to legend and romance, Yang Jiajiang's lineage is like this:

General of Men Yang: The first generation, Jin Daogong, had eight sons, the sixth son was Yang, also known as Liulang, Zongbao, Zongbao and so on.

Yangmen Female General: The main figures are She Taijun, Wang Huainv, Mu, etc.

The bloodline of Yangmen, especially the female generals of Yangmen, comes from two books, Biography of Yang Family's Loyalty and Bravery and Yang Jiajiang. Because of their good artistic images, these characters are deeply loved by ordinary people.

But in the official history, Yang Ye, Yang and Yang do exist, but their deeds are far less magical than those described in the novel. Other characters are hard to find or obscure.

Yang Ye is a real person, and there are other secrets about his death.

Yang Ye is the first generation of Yang Jiajiang, with the highest reputation and the most heroic sacrifice.

According to legend, in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Liao soldiers attacked, and the court sought to be handsome. Pan Bao, the son of the Taishi, wanted to be the commander-in-chief, and used his courage to kill many people. Later, he was hacked to death by Yang, and the Yang family got a handsome seal. Not long after, the old duke went out to express his personal grievances, failed to meet as planned, and killed Yang. The old duke was trapped in two wolf mountains and finally died because of touching the monument. Other Yang brothers were bleeding profusely on the battlefield. Dalang, Jiro and Saburo Sanying all died, while Shiro and Goro either became monks or lived in a foreign country, and only Shiro returned to his hometown. Yang Jiye's wife, She Taijun, wrote to the emperor, reprimanding Pan Renmei for staying put; With the help of the Eight Immortals and others, Pan Renmei was finally demoted. According to folklore, Yang Jiye has seven sons, eight sisters and nine sisters. After Yang Ye's death, Song Dimian comforted his family and gave Taijun a crutch, which can be used to beat kings and treacherous court officials.

There are some facts in the above legend, but not all of them.

Yang Ye's real name in history is Yang Chonggui, and his father Yang Xin is a local tyrant in Linzhou (Shenmu North, Shaanxi). He took advantage of the Five Dynasties rebellion to occupy Linzhou, claiming to be a secretariat, and later joined the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty. About the time when Yang Xin joined the Han Dynasty, he sent Yang Chonggui to Taiyuan in order to make friends with Liu Chong, our time in Hedong at that time. After Yang Xin took refuge in the Zhou Dynasty, Yang Chonggui stayed in Taiyuan. After the death of Yang Xin, Yang Ye's younger brother Yang Chongxun succeeded the secretariat and joined Liu Chong in the Northern Han Dynasty with Linzhou. Later Yang Chongxun joined the Zhou Dynasty.

Although Yang's family surrendered many times, Yang Chonggui's life in Taiyuan was not affected in this chaotic and special era of the Five Dynasties. Liu Chong attaches great importance to the young and brave Yang Chonggui. He recognized Yang Chonggui as his righteous grandson and changed his name to Liu. Liu, the first defense commander, was famous for his bravery and was promoted to the army for his merits. Because of Liu's outstanding military exploits and invincible, people in China call him "invincible".

Liu's main rival in the Northern Han Dynasty was Liao, which was recorded in Liao history. According to Liao history, after Liu surrendered to the Northern Song Dynasty, he confronted the Liao army. Liao general Ye Lvxie asked Liu, who had changed his name to Yang Ye, and said, "You have been at war with China for more than 30 years, and you have won many wars. How can you be today?"

Some people may have questions: The Northern Han Dynasty has always been the minister of Liao, so how could Yang Ye go to war with Liao? The reason is that Liao, which was in a strong position at that time, often invaded the northern Han border, and Liu Zhen defended the northern Han border, which inevitably led to confrontation with the invading Liao army. According to Ye Lvxie, it can be seen that Liu and Liao Army have not been at a disadvantage for more than 30 years. Although the scale is not large (just "competition"), it is enough to bear the title of "invincible". This experience has also enabled Liu to accumulate rich border defense experience.

After the demise of the Northern Han Dynasty, Liu surrendered to the Northern Song Dynasty, which was called Liu's prestige, and made him the left governor and Zhengzhou defense envoy. It is recorded in "Continuing the History as a Mirror" that Liu fought bloody battles in Taiyuan Chengtou, and even after Liu Jiyuan, the master of the Northern Han Dynasty, surrendered, he continued to fight. After sending Liu Jiyuan to surrender himself, Liu surrendered in tears.

After Liu returned to Song Dynasty, he took "Yang" as his surname and became a single name. Because of his rich experience in defending the Liao country, he was appointed by the court as the garrison of Daizhou (Daixian, Shanxi) and Sanjiao (Taiyuan North). In the second year of his reign, Yang Ye defeated the Liao army in Yanmen (Shanxi). In the third year of Yongxi (986), the Northern Expedition was carried out on a large scale, and Liao was attacked. Yang Ye and Pan Mei led marked troops to conquer Yun (Datong, Shanxi Province), Shuo (now Shuoxian County), Huan (northeast of Shuoxian County) and Ying (Yingxian County), and Cao Binke Zhuozhou, an Eastern Army. Liao's southward help. Soon, the Eastern Route Army of the Song Dynasty was defeated in Hebei. Yang Ye was ordered to escort the people of four states to retreat, and met the Liao army on the way. Head coach Pan Mei and producer Wang Shu forced Yang Ye to play. Yang Ye knew he was defeated, but he still fought alone. Finally, he was trapped in Chenjiagukou (south of Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province), was seriously injured and captured, and died of hunger strike at the age of 60. Yang Ye's deeds were told at that time, and then gradually developed into a story of "Yang Jiajiang".

According to the romance and novels, Yang Ye was killed by Pan Renmei. According to folklore, Pan Renmei was the head coach of the marked army and Yang Ye was his deputy during the Northern Expedition in Song Jun in the third year of Yongxi. Because Pan Mei was very jealous of Yang Ye's talent, he deliberately hoarded troops in the pursuit of Yang Ye and refused to provide food and grass, which eventually led to Yang Ye's defeat and death. It is also recorded in Yang Ye, History of the Song Dynasty: "The Lord will guard the border and avoid it. Some people will slander the book and accuse it of being short, but the emperor will not ask for it, so he will pay. " At that time, the commander-in-chief guarding the border was very jealous of Yang Ye and quietly wrote a letter to denigrate Yang Ye. After reading it, Emperor Song asked nothing, but sealed the book and gave it to Yang Ye. At that time, Yang Ye had not cut Liao, but was still stationed in Yanmenguan, where he was appointed as Daizhou and deployed. And who is the "Lord" above Yang Ye? It is agreed that it refers to Pan Renmei. However, the chief culprit of Yang's death was not Wang Shu, the minister of the army supervision.

It has also been suggested that the ultimate culprit of Yang Ye's death is not Wang Shu, but someone else. At that time, Liu Wenyu was also Wang Shu's mentor. Liu Wenyu's official position is higher than Wang Shu's (Yong ying is higher than secretariat), and he is a consort with certain battlefield experience. His power in the army should be no less than that of Wang Shu. Wang Shu can't be an absolute monarch, no matter how powerful he is in supervising the army. It follows that perhaps Liu Wenyu should be responsible for Yang Ye's death. Of course, in any case, the guilt of Wang Shu's decision-making mistakes is inescapable.

Yang Liulang should be Yang Dalang.

In China's traditional drama, Lao Yang Gong Ling and his wife She Taijun have seven sons. There is also a play that Yang Jiye has eight sons, called "Seven wolves and Eight tigers". The Biography of Yang Ye in the Song Dynasty recorded that Yang Ye had seven sons, while Zi Zhi Tong Jian by Li Tao in the Southern Song Dynasty said that Yang Ye had only five sons. As for "A Brief Introduction to the East" in the Southern Song Dynasty, only one son, Yang, was mentioned. Judging from various historical materials, it is still a mystery how many children there are in Yang Ye.

The seven sons recorded in Song history are: Yang Yanlang, Yang Yanpu, Yang Yanxun, Yang Yanhuan, Yang Yangui, Yang Yanbin and Yang Yanyu. Among them, Yang Yanyu fought side by side with Nye's father, and when he died in Chenjiagukou, the other six sons all died well. Yan Lang is the assistant envoy of Chongyi, Yan Pu and Yan Xun are both worshippers, and Yan Huan, Yan Gui and Yan Bin are all temple officials (official names). It can be seen that they did not say that they were living in the hands of dead traitors.

Yang Ye's four sons are controversial figures. The official history called Yang Silang Yang Yanhuan, and the folk opera called him Yang Yanhui. In Song Yuan, it is said that Yang Silang was lost after two battles of Langshan. The Ming Dynasty's "The Romance of Yangjiafu" said that Yang Silang was not lost in battle, but was captured by Liao soldiers. Xiao Taihou loved Kojiro's good martial arts and saw that Kojiro was handsome, so he betrothed Princess Qiong 'e to him, and Yang Silang became the husband of the Qidan people. In the eyes of future generations, he was a traitor who knelt down and begged for surrender, rebelled against the king and forgot his father. However, it is recorded in Biography of Yang Yechuan in Song Dynasty that after Yang Ye's death, Yang Silang was made a temple official by the court, and there was no defection. Therefore, it is unknown how Shiro ended up.

In addition, Yang Balang is also a mysterious figure, with and without.

In The Legend of Yang Jiajiang, apart from Yang Jiye, the most famous heroes are Yang Liulang and Yang Zongbao. However, these two figures are not the true face of history.

According to official records, Yang Liulang is the son of Yang Ye, Yang Yanlang (later renamed Yang). This is true, but he is not the sixth son of Yang Ye, but the eldest son, just called Liu Lang. Legend has it that he is also a prominent county horse owner, but judging from his life track in the official history, he has been guarding the border for many years, has no foundation in Beijing, and has never lived and worked in Beijing, so he is unlikely to be Chai's county horse.

According to historical records, Yang was taciturn when he was young, but he always liked to play marching games. Yang Ye read it and said, "This kind of son is me." I will take him with me when I go out in the future. After Yang Ye was killed, Yang continued to work in Hebei frontier. In the second year of Xianping in the Northern Song Dynasty (999), Liao invaded the south. At that time, Yang was in Suicheng. Due to the small size of Suicheng, it was not prepared for defense, and was besieged by the Liao army, which made the people in the city panic. Yang summoned the able-bodied men in the city, distributed weapons, cooperated with them, and stuck to it with all his might. At that time, it was the middle of winter, and Yang ordered people to carry water and pour it on the wall, which became solid ice overnight. The wall was smooth and difficult to climb, so the Liao army's fierce offensive could not continue and had to retreat. Song Jun seized the military equipment abandoned by the Liao army. Yang's clever plan saved the city and showed his military talent. Because of his work, he was awarded the Zhou Mo Secretariat.

During the Battle of Gezhou, Yang opposed the peace talks, and his ideas coincided with those of Kou Zhun, then prime minister. However, the Northern Song Dynasty imperial court did not respond to this. The army led by Yang entered the territory of Liao, breached the ancient city and achieved great success. Since then, Yang has been promoted many times because of his contribution to guarding the border, and was finally awarded the official team to deploy Levin. Later, Yang died in office at the age of 57. After hearing the news, Song Zhenzong was very sad and sent messengers to protect the gods. Heshuo people look forward to tears and cry for him.

Yang has been guarding the frontier fortress for more than 20 years, and the Liao state is very awed by him and calls him. So, why did Liao people call him Yang Liulang? There is a saying that this is because Liao people are superstitious and believe that the sixth star in the Big Dipper in the sky is dedicated to Liao countries. Because Yang was very intimidating to Liao people, Liao people thought he was the reincarnation of the sixth star, so they called him. According to the name of "Yang Liulang", future generations may regard Yang Zhuan as the sixth son of Yang Ye.

Yang Zongbao is nothing.

According to the genealogy of the novel, his son is Yang, and his grandson is Yang. However, according to Song History, Yang's third son is Yang, and this character does not exist.

At first, Yang was sealed as a pledge for his crusade against the traitor Zhang Haixiong. Later, I met Fan Zhongyan who appeased Shaanxi. Fan Zhongyan found that Yang was very talented and took him there. When the famous soldier Di Qingnan conquered Guangxi, Yang followed the army. At this time, Yang was still a nobody. Later, he thought that Yang was a famous star and made great contributions, so he was promoted to be the ambassador of Chengzhou (Chengxian area of Gansu Province), and the commander of the four compartments of Dragon Shenwei was moved to Xingzhou, and Qin Wei was the deputy commander. Therefore, he participated in the defensive action against Xixia.

At that time, the famous Han Qi sent Yang to the northwest (Tianshui City, Gansu Province) to build an infant city. Because Song Jun had built castles before, Xixia people would send troops to destroy them. So Yang made a diversion, threatening to build a pearl city somewhere and lead the Xixia army to destroy it. Then lead the army to quickly swaddle, build fortifications overnight, and prepare for battle. At dawn the next day, Xixia cavalry arrived. Seeing that Song Jun occupied favorable terrain, they were ready and had to retreat helplessly. Before leaving, the suicide note said that tens of thousands of cavalry would be invited to destroy it. Yang immediately sent his troops to attack and kill, and gained a lot. Someone asked him why he was chasing the enemy. Yang said to him, "This is sound, but it can destroy the arrogance of the enemy. Besides, this is a battlefield. If the Xixia people know and take it away, it will be difficult to get it back. " After this blow, Xixia people dare not make trouble again.

In September of that year, Gangu Castle and Baman Castle were completed. The emperor issued a letter of commendation and rewarded him, and appointed him as the Rongjun of Zhou Zhijing (Jingzhou, Gansu) Town, the deputy director of Dingzhou Road, the capital relocation army, and Hou Yu. Later, Liao State and Song Dynasty had a dispute on the boundary division of Daizhou. Yang presented the battle map and the strategy of capturing Youyan to the imperial court. Before the court replied, Yang died in office, and the Northern Song Dynasty court posthumously presented him as the secretariat of the same state.

The female general of Yangmen is puzzling.

The "Yang Family Male General" is already half-true, half-false, and confusing. What about the "Yang Family Female General"? The answer is still "confusing". There is neither She Taijun nor Mu in the official history, but clues can be found in some historical books.

Let's start with the official history. Some people will say that China has a tradition of "men are superior to women" in ancient times, so there is no record of female generals in Yangmen in the official history. But the flaw in this statement is that there are other records of female generals and beautiful women in the official history. For example, during the follwed period, there was a strange girl in Langya, Shandong Province, Lu Mu, who later became a female general in charge of one side (see Biography with Liu Penzi). After mother Lu, the famous female general in the late Sui and early Tang Dynasties was Princess Pingyang, the daughter of Li Yuan. Princess Pingyang and her husband, Chai Shao, recruited soldiers for the Li family when they rose up against the Sui Dynasty, and "70,000 troops were used to strengthen the customs". After Tang Gaozu crossed the Yellow River, Princess Pingyang led 10,000 chosen men to join forces with Li Shimin in the north of Weihe River and set up a shogunate, just like a marching coach. Her troops are also called "female soldiers".

These female heroes are well known in the history of faith, but the well-known "Yangmen female general" has no shadow in the official history. If the female generals in Yangmen do have them, it is impossible for the official history not to remember them. To take a step back, even if there is no record in the history of the Song Dynasty, the biography of a brave woman, which specifically records the deeds of a good wife and mother, should be recorded. It can be seen that the existence of female generals in Yangmen is questionable.

If Yangmen women only appear in novels, then we can be sure that they are artistic fiction. However, in some historical materials, we can vaguely see their shadows.

Let's start with the old lady. According to traditional Chinese opera legend, She Taijun, formerly known as She Saihua, was the wife of Yang Ye and the ancestor of yangfu. After his death, everyone except Yang became a heroine. At that time, how difficult the country was and how tight the borders were. Yang Lingbing went to Xixia and was besieged by heavy troops. North Korea has no generals. /kloc-at the age of 0/00, She Taijun led twelve widows to conquer Xixia, defeated Xixia and rescued Wenguang, which was admirable.

Some scholars believe that She Taijun did exist in history after textual research. In the Qing Dynasty, Guangxu's "Bao Dezhou Zhi" contained: "Yang Jiye ... celebrated the military history of Xiong Jun for the Northern Han Dynasty and married a woman." Zhe Deyi was the ambassador of Fuzhou in Yin Di period at the end of Han Dynasty. This "Zhejiang, Germany and Italy woman" is said to be She Saihua, with the title of Taijun. "She" is the myth of "Zhe".

"Baodezhou Zhi" also said that Zheshi had lived in Fugu, Shaanxi for many times. He has been a hereditary military post since his great-grandfather was broken, and has participated in the anti-Liao war many times. The Yang family also lived here and practiced martial arts for generations. Two are just right. Influenced by his father and brother, She Taijun loved studying the art of war. He mastered it well and helped his father and brother in training. After Yang's marriage, She Taijun went to Northern Han with her husband. My husband was fighting in the border area, and she organized servants and maids to practice martial arts in foreign clothes. Servants are no less martial arts and loyal than soldiers in border areas.

In addition, there are records of She Taijun in the genealogy of Yang in Daixian Temple.

Since She Taijun really exists and is so famous, why not spread it in the official history? Some people think that for a martial family like Yangmen, it is common for women to help their husbands train, so it is not surprising that there is no biography for She Taijun. This statement is a bit far-fetched In view of the fact that She Taijun's deeds are mostly found in the materials of Qing Dynasty, it is still difficult to determine whether the character She Taijun really exists.

Mu is another outstanding female general in Yangmen. She is called Yang Zongbao's wife in the opera, and her appearance is wonderful.

According to legend, after Yang Ye's death, he took the lead in fighting Liao and made great achievements. After being framed by a spy, his good friend ren died for him, and went to the north to sell cattle under an alias. After defeating Liao Bing, he resumed his real name Yang and took command of Liao Bing for the second time. At that time, Liao soldiers laid the Tianmen array, and Liulang could not break it. Some experts pointed out that only by finding Longmu can the array be broken. This dragon wood grows in Muke Village, the mountain king, and its owner is an 18-year-old female general Mu Guiying. Yang sent to borrow firewood, but Mu beat him to flee. On the way, they met Yang Zongbao, Marshal's 17-year-old son, and they dared Yang Zongbao to accompany them to Mu Guiying. As a result, all three were captured alive. Mu Guiying admires Yang Zongbao very much. After she said that she was Zhongliang, she was willing to offer the Dragon Wood and attack the Tianmen Array with the army, but she wanted Yang Zongbao to marry her. Yang Zongbao disagreed at first, but was moved by Mu Guiying's words and agreed to get married. Early the next morning, Yang Liulang saw that his three sons had not come back, and personally attacked the shanzhai. As a result, Mu Guiying captured them alive. Fortunately, Meng Liang heard the noise and cleared up the misunderstanding. Yang Liulang came back in shame, and Yang Zongbao and others were embarrassed.

When Yang Zongbao and his three men returned to Song Ying, Yang Liulang was going to get rid of his son. When he was about to be executed, Mu rushed into the camp, offered dragon wood, killed Liao Jiang, and helped the skyshatter gate array to protect his head. After many twists and turns, Yang Liulang finally realized Mu Guiying's ability, not only agreed to his son's marriage, but also recommended her as the guard of Tianmen Array. After more than a year's efforts, Mu led the crowd to finally break through the Liao people's hundred singles and eight arrays. When Mu shot the coach of Tianmen Array, his son Yang was born because of overexertion.

Later, Mu Guiying led troops for many times and acted as a general, frequently saving the day. But Mu Guiying, the commander-in-chief, is not recorded in the official history, and there is no Yang Zongbao in history, so many people think that Mu Guiying does not exist either. It is also said that although Mu is fictional, he can find the prototype from Yang's family. Yang's son Yang has a cousin named Yang Qi, who once married Mr. Murong. Mr. Murong was a Xianbei nationality at that time, and he also practiced martial arts for generations. Therefore, this Murong may be the prototype of Mu, and Mu may be the transliteration of Murong. "Guiying" is a popular name among the people, and opera novels were originally allowed to be adapted, so there was Mu Guiying based on Murong.

Of course, the above is speculation after all, and there is no real evidence.

Why did Yang Jiajiang become popular?

The story of Yang Jiajiang has been circulated for nearly a thousand years. So, how did the story of Yang Jiajiang become a household name? There is a historical evolution.

The story of "Yang Jiajiang" happened in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, and by the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, it had quickly spread all over the world. Ouyang Xiu, a famous writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, once wrote an article praising Yang Ye and Yang for their "great father and son, invincible wisdom and courage", and pointed out that the story was widely circulated at all levels of society at that time. This article was written in the sixty-fifth year after Yang Ye's death, and it is called "Epitaph of Yang Jun, Deputy Ambassador of Kubei". This is a descendant of the Yang family, named Yang Qi. Su Zhe, another great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, also wrote a poem "Crossing the Invincible Temple of Yang", which confirmed the influence of the story in the Song Dynasty from another side.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yang Jiajiang's story was scripted by folk artists, which became more and more popular. Because the Northern Song Dynasty was finally destroyed by foreign enemies, facing the humiliating and peaceful government of the Southern Song Dynasty, they admired and missed the generals who fought bloody battles to defend their country. Folk artists in the Southern Song Dynasty boldly imagined and artistically processed Yang Jiajiang's stories, and constantly added many magical stories and characters. The most representative work is Xu Dalong's "The Remains of Ember" in the Southern Song Dynasty. According to the general of Yang's contemporaries, this book created the characters "He" and "He", and also conceived the plot that the father and son gave their lives to save.

By the Yuan Dynasty, the form of Yang Jiajiang's story had been expanded, and a variety of dramas appeared, such as Haotian Tower Stealing Meng Liang Bone. In the Ming Dynasty, Yang Jiajiang's stories were further enriched, and The Romance of Yang Jiajiang and The Biography of Yang Jiajiang appeared. Yang Jiajiang's stories are widely circulated in the form of novels and storytelling. These stories reflect a growing time span, from Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin to Song Shenzong Zhao Yong, with a history of about one hundred years.

In the middle and late Ming dynasty, the imperial court was weak and foreign enemies were eyeing it. This situation is similar to that in the Song Dynasty, and Yang Jiajiang has become the best weapon for people to borrow Gu Yan today. On the other hand, the Ming government also highly praised Yang Jiajiang, hoping to promote the idea of loyalty to the monarch. In this atmosphere, Yang Jiajiang's story has been further developed and perfected. Ji Zhenlun's Popular Romance of Yang Jiajiang in Ming Dynasty and Xiong's Biography of Northern Song Dynasty in Qing Dynasty finally finalized the story. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were as many as 360 plays with Yang Jiajiang as the theme. To this day, Beijing Opera and other local operas often perform plays such as "Shiro Visiting Mother" and "Mu Commanding". These novels and operas are far from historical facts and have become heroic legends.

After a long period of development, Yang Jiajiang, which was originally only three generations, has been paved into five generations; Originally, it was just a bloody battlefield for men, and it was blended with vivid heroines such as She Taijun and Mu.