The three Mohist schools are those three. What are their ideas?

All the cultures we have learned are left over by the ancients. Different dynasties have different cultures, and different thinkers have different ideas. Do you know the Mozi culture in China? There are three schools of Mohism. Do you know which three schools? What do the three Mohist schools advocate? If you want to know, then come with me and see the relevant introduction!

Secret: Three Mohist schools are those three schools. What are their ideas?

Richter ink: Richter ink in Qin Mo, focusing on scientific and technological research, is very pragmatic. They helped Qin because they saw that only the system of Qin at that time was the closest to their Mohist school's final vision, so they were willing to help Qin complete the war of reunification. This school is also called "You's School".

The ink of Deng Ling's family: Deng Ling's son of Chu Mo, this school is more like a knight-errant, who is brave everywhere. They oppose the wars of various countries, believing that these wars are launched by powerful countries for their own interests and are not conducive to the people. They use their own values to measure the world, which is also known as the "Ranger School".

Xiang Fu Mo: Xiang Fu, a master of Qi Mo, is a school that focuses on scholars' arguments. They traveled around the world and taught Mohism's idea of universal love. They are opposed to solving problems by violence (even uprising) and hope to achieve peace by soft means. It is also the most imaginative school of thought. This school is called Debate School.

This is the thought and proposition of the three Mohist schools. On the view of nature, they gave a materialistic explanation of the relationship between matter, movement and time and space, abandoned Mozi's view of heaven and ghosts, and closely linked materialistic philosophy with science. In epistemology, they inherited Mozi's characteristic of attaching importance to practice, acknowledged the knowability of the material world, and overcame the mistakes of narrow empiricism. In political thought, they put forward the famous judgment of "righteousness and benefit", which highlighted interests and used it as the standard and basis for explaining various social problems and moral categories.

First of all, ranger school

It is Mozi's basic style and tradition to be diligent, work hard and complain, sacrifice one's life for justice and benefit the world. During the Warring States period, the turbulent situation and complicated political struggle made the chivalrous man who died for his bosom friend become a special talent needed by governors and officials. Nie Zheng and Jing Ke were once famous in the world. Gu Jiegang once pointed out, "However, during the most intense attack, the Warring States not only failed to abolish the martial arts, but also had more spirit of generous death than during the Spring and Autumn Period. Therefore, the good soldiers of scholars are recovering a lot. They form their own school and don't mix with the scribes. Writers call it' Confucianism' and fighters call it' Xia'. Confucianism values reputation, chivalry values loyalty. " The opposition between Confucianism and chivalry, if divided by Jing and Wei, lasted nearly 500 years from the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty. "

(1) "Everything is wrong" says: "Confucianism violates the law by writing, and chivalry by force is forbidden." Confucianism is in opposition to chivalry, and chivalry should refer to Moxia. "Huai Nan Zi Mao Xun" said: "Eighty people in Mozi's service can go through fire and water and jump under the sword without dying immediately." Lu Jia's Xin Yu Si Wu said, "There are many warriors under Mozi." The characteristics of Mohism can also be seen from the deeds of Mohist disciples Bird Lili, Mohist Giant Belly and Meng Sheng. The bird followed Mozi, split his skirt and wrapped his feet, and traveled long distances to the Song State, leading 300 disciples of Mozi to help the Song State defend the city and prevent the Chu State from attacking the Song State.

(2) The bird has been in Mozi for three years, and his hands and feet are callused, and he is afraid to ask.

(3) When the son of Mohist Giant Belly killed a man, King Hui of Qin ordered the officials not to be punished, but Giant Belly insisted on the Mohist law of "the murderer dies and the injured person is punished", and finally killed his son.

(4) Meng Sheng, a giant of Mohism, defended Chu Yangcheng and died in the line of duty. His disciples Xu Wei and others 183 people were martyred.

(5) "Historical Records Biography of the Ranger" said, "Today's Rangers, although they are unjust, will keep their words and do what they say. They have promised to be sincere and will be trapped by their bodies. " It is essentially the same as Moxia. Mozi advocated and insisted that "words must be kept, actions must bear fruit, and words and deeds should be combined, which is still in line with Jeff's, and words are not feasible."

⑥ "What you say, what you do"

All landowners and other creeds are Moxia's basic creeds.

As can be seen from the above literature, there is no doubt about the existence of Mohist Ranger School. Moreover, the existence of mohists can be further confirmed by the transfer of the activity center of the Ranger School. Meng Sheng, the giant, led his disciples to guard Chuyang City, taking the giant as the center. It can be said that Moxia's activity center is in Chu. After Meng's death, he passed the throne to Tian Xiangzi, who lived in the Song Dynasty, and the activity center of Moxia School moved to the Song Dynasty. Gota Hatoyama (1) led his disciples into the State of Qin again. "MoManYou Tian dove people want to see qin, he will stay in qin for three years. If the guest has something to say to the king of Chu, he will go to see the king of Chu, and the king of Chu will be happy, and the festival with the generals will be like Qin. " I'm sorry to see Hui Wang. "(2) After living in Qin, Mohist giants were highly valued by King Hui of Qin. This record can explain that Tian dove passed the giant position to her abdomen when she entered Qin. Mohist school is mostly a warrior with many skills in guarding the city, which not only satisfied the warriors needed for the expansion of the Central Plains, but also resisted the invasion of northern minorities for the Qin State at that time.

The strength of Mohist school in Qin dynasty can also be proved by its words and deeds against Mohist school.

"Everything is done by Han Feizi, and the foreign reserve says left" records Tianjiu's rebuttal to the argumentative school: "All arguments in this world are based on rhetoric, and people forget their use when reading the text." Mozi's words first spread in Wang Zhidao, and the sage's words were discussed to announce people. If you argue with him, you will be afraid that you will forget their purpose instead of thinking about them, and you will use them to harm others. Lu Chunqiu Qu Si recorded the deeds of Tang Jiaguo, a non-Mohist. "Xie Zi, east Mohism, west will see qin. King Hui asked the Qin Mohist Tang Guguo, fearing that Wang Qin Xie Zixian would feel ashamed. He said:' Xie Zi, an Oriental debater, is a very dangerous person. In order to get the young master, he will try his best to say it.' The king waited in anger. Xie Zizhi, say Wang, Wang Fu listens. See you the day after tomorrow and listen. Xie Zi resigned without saying anything. "These records show that the school from Bird Slipping Li, Meng Sheng, Tian to Dantian mainly inherited the spiritual tradition of' keeping the ink straight and preparing for the emergency of the world', which was in line with the martial arts of' being a confidant when a scholar died' at that time. They are what Mozi called righteous actors.

With brave spirit and firm dedication, they opposed empty talk and worked hard to realize Mozi's ideal in the struggle of lotus flower and sword shadow. Another objective existence of Mohism and its being called Ranger School are credible.

Second, the debate faction.

Mozi attached great importance to the study of thinking form and argumentation skills in Mojing and Daxiaoqu. Because Mozi knew that in the debate with different schools, in order to convince others of their own views and make their ideas accepted by the society, we should first pay attention to making our theories and arguments more convincing and flawless in form. Therefore, we attach great importance to the corresponding relationship between concepts and cognitive objects, the accuracy of words, the clarity of concepts, and the rigor and consistency of arguments. The logical method was consciously used by Mozi as a powerful tool to "distinguish right from wrong", "distinguish similarities and differences" and examine the truth of names, and was applied by Mozi to the construction of his own theory. At the same time, logical method is also a powerful weapon for Mozi to refute the enemy. For example, when Mozi refuted the argument of Confucian Wu Mazi that "I don't love the world, but I don't love the world, and I don't love the world", he used analogy reasoning to make Wu Mazi have to admit that Mozi's thought of loving the world is popular. Mozi also used analogy when persuading Gong Songpan and the King of Chu not to attack the Song Dynasty again. On the premise that both Gong Songpan and the King of Chu admitted that killing people was unjust and that the rich were not good at stealing from the poor, he further explained that attacking the Song Dynasty would kill more people and be more unjust. Chu and Han fought against each other, attacking the Song Dynasty. Therefore, the losers and the king of Chu had to admit that attacking Song was unreasonable and unfair.

Mozi's debate and some specific ideas developed in the opposition debate of Confucianism were in the trend of Ming debate in the middle and late Warring States period. Disciples justified by Mohism have made great progress in their later studies. Zhuangzi said: "If you are obsessed with debaters, you will wander between hard and white, and what is wrong with our useless words?" ? "Yang and Mo are already."

He also said, "We should argue our differences, and we should respond with words we disagree with." .

These records show that the Mohist Debate School really insists on Mozi's materialistic views on the existence of feelings between things and people, the structure and attributes of things, the infinity and finiteness of the universe, the movement and time and space of things, while the two famous Debate Schools, Gong Sunlong and Hui Shi, revolve around the separation of white stones, with similarities and differences, endless fire, cold eyes, invisible birds and shadows, white horses but not horses, and heavy feet. In the discussion, Mozi's related thoughts were developed, and the Mohist school of post-school debate was formed.

In the ideological trend of the Ming debate, the views of the two famous schools are inconsistent. The reunion school talks about "harmony but difference" from the perspective of "combination". They pay more attention to the general commonness of things, ignoring and ignoring the differences of things. GongSunLong School talks about "harmony but difference" from the perspective of "division". They pay more attention to the independent existence of individuals and deny the universal connection of things. Although they are different from each other, these two famous schools take Mohism as their opponents in the debate. The debating school of Mohism insists on Mozi's point of view and refutes the views of two famous schools.

These two famous schools have been influenced by Mozi's thought. For example, Hui Shi's thought of "loving all things and melting heaven and earth" is full of Mozi's ideological color of loving Datong, and once "wanted to be on an equal footing with Qi Jing". Gong Sunlong once discussed the problem of restraining soldiers with Yue Wangwen. Gong Sunlong replied in the article "Lv Chunqiu": "The meaning of restraining soldiers lies in loving the heart of the world. Love for the world cannot be hollow, but must be true." He also suggested that Yan Zhaowang stop fighting and urged Mozi's non-attack thought.

Therefore, Lu Sheng said: "Mozi wrote books and argued classics to make a name for himself, and Hui Shi and Gongsun Longzu described their studies with positive aliases and were known to the world."

Hui Shi and GongSunLong may be famous for transforming Mozi's thoughts or arguments into non-Mohist ones. For example, Hui Shi put forward the viewpoint of contract difference from universal love, and Gong Sunlong put forward the proposition that a white horse is not a horse from universal love.

The article Gongsun Zongfu once said: "Fu is a person who is different from the Chu people in China, not a horse different from a white horse." This kind of analogical reasoning is based on the premise that people who love Chu people can't be said to be lovers, and it is concluded that a white horse can't be said to have a horse. So I put forward the proposition that a white horse is not a horse. Starting from Mozi's thought of universal love, opposing Mozi's epistemology combining empiricism with rationalism can be said to be the basic way for famous scholars to learn ink but not ink, just as Mozi's study of Zhou Li is anti-Confucianism but not Confucianism.

Mohist criticism of famous artists is also out of ink rather than ink's criticism of famous artists. This can also show that the Mohist school insists on Mozi's thought, but they mainly pay attention to the debate of epistemological propositions. (fortune telling)

The existence of Mohist Debate School can be proved by the debate of Ming Debate. The development of the ideological trend of Ming Debate made Mohist Debate School flourish for a while. The existence of Mohist school of debate can also be disproved by the ink of the above-mentioned ranger school's exclusion of debate.

Three. Youshi school

According to Lu Chunqiu, of course, "learning to reply to the ritual ink has won the honor of countless people in the world." It is an honor to be an official in a vassal, and most of Mozi's disciples who write books into righteousness use Mozi's theory as a weapon to be an official in various countries. Mozi himself regards being an official apprentice to a vassal as a basic purpose of apprenticeship, and some disciples learn from Mozi for the purpose of being an official.

For example, the article "Meng Gong" records: "Those who swim in Mozi Gate are strong and considerate, and want to learn from them. Zi Mozi said,' So if I study, I will be an official.' Good advice, but be responsible for being an official. "Mohist official school is to lobby the monarch, be an official, and implement Mozi's political views.

Now, in the book Mozi, the records of Mozi's disciples entering the official position are as follows:

Mozi swam Chu Geng Jing Zhu, and the second son and the third son passed it, eating three liters, and the guests were not thick. Second, the third son replied to Mozi: "It's no use plowing the pillars." If the second and third sons pass, they will eat three liters, and the guests are not thick. "Mozi said," You can't be wise. "Without geometry, leave ten pieces of gold for Zi Mozi, saying," Future generations dare not die. Here are ten gold coins, I hope the owner can use them. "Mozi said," If you don't succeed, you will be unwise. "

Mozi still has too many vagrants. The public merchant said the King of Yue, and the King of Yue said that the public merchant said, "Sir, if you can make Mozi cross, please divide the land of Wu, square 500 miles, and seal Mozi." The public has promised. So for the public, I rode fifty times to welcome Mozi to Lu and said, "I said the King of Yue is the master's way. The King of Yue said that if I crossed the road, I would teach you how to make Mozi walk down the aisle. Please divide the land of Wu, and you will be sealed for 500 miles. " Zi Mozi's words are still fair: "Where does Zi Guan want to be the king's ambition?" The Italian king will listen to my words, and if he uses my words, he will go, feed on his stomach, clothe himself with clothes, and compare himself with a minister. Xi, can it be printed? "Don't listen to me, don't need my words, but I do what I want, and I am righteous."

When Mozi traveled, Yue Wei said, "Since we have seen gentlemen from all directions, let's talk about it first." Zi Mozi said, "When you enter China, you must choose your profession and engage in it. If the country is in chaos, then the language is Shang Xian and Monk Tong; If the country is poor, the language will be used sparingly and buried sparingly; If the country is full of sounds, then language is unhappy and fatal; If the country is immoral and rude, then language respects heaven and ghosts; State affairs seize aggression, that is, love without attack. So, you have to choose your career and do nothing. "

Mozi left Cao Gongzi and entered the Song Dynasty. After three years of rebellion, I met Mozi and said, "When I first swam in the gate of Zi, my clothes were short and brown, and it was Chenopodium soup. If I get it, I'll get it at night and sacrifice it to the gods. Now, with the teacher's teaching, the family is thicker than before. I would like to sacrifice to ghosts and gods, but many people died, and six animals are not uncommon. I don't know what a master can do. " Mozi said, "Otherwise! There are many people who want their husbands' things, ghosts and gods. When they want something from others, Gao Juelu gives way to kind people. When they have more money, they distribute it to the poor. Do ghosts and gods just want to blow their lungs in the season? It is an ominous sign that this son is in a high position and does not give up his position; It is ominous to have more money instead of sharing poverty. Today, ghosts and gods only offer sacrifices. He said, "Why are you sick?" "It's still a matter of closing the door.

Mozi made victory more than success. Xiangzi Niu invaded Shandong three times and won all three times. Mozi heard that it was left by Gao Made's grandson. He said, "If I use a lot, I will be arrogant and correct myself. Now Chu is also generous and respectful to his master, who invaded Lu three times, and Chu has always been obedient to Ma Jin. Zhai Wenzhi's words refer to what he did, which is a crime. This is not Buddha's knowledge. "Lu Shengyi."

Mozi made Guan Qian wander in Wei Gaoshi, and the gentleman was very thick and decided to be in Qing Dynasty. Gao Shi's three dynasties kept their words, but there were no walkers. Go together? Zi Mozi said, calling Zi Bird Zi to say, "Listen to this, Gu! I often hear that there are people in my hometown who are benevolent and enrich the people. Those who are loyal to their hometown can't be seen on high stones.

These records show that Mohist disciples were mostly promoted by Mohist when they were officials. The official land is Chu, Yue, Song, Qi, Wei and other countries. Mozi himself is going to be a scholar of the Quartet. The main purpose of Mozi's Wandering Disciple is to publicize Mozi's political opinions in front of monarchs of various countries and ask them to practice them concretely. Mozi condemned those disciples who violated Mozi's way of being an official, such as Sheng Chuo and Cao Gongzi, and praised those who adhered to Mohist teachings, such as Gao Shizi, saying that he was "loyal to his hometown". Mohism entered the official position mainly to implement Mohism, not to pursue nobility. As long as you can listen to the words of the ink maker, measure your stomach and eat. The Mohist inspector was really prominent for a while, with a wide range of activities and wide influence.

The above-mentioned documents, records, analysis and argumentation show that the three schools of Mohism, namely, Rangers, Arguments and Youshi, did exist in the society at that time and had a wide influence. Although the activities of the three Mohist schools are different, they are engaged in, debated, or wrote books, but the purpose is the same, all of which are to adhere to Mozi's basic ideas and implement Mozi's way.

Summary: There are many sects in China culture, and different sects advocate ideology and culture. These are the introductions of Mohist schools, hoping to help you understand China culture!