The funeral mode of Manchu nationality

Manchu Funeral Customs In Manchu funerals, there is a so-called "cooking" custom. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, Nuzhen had the custom of "burning up sacrifices to eat and drink". Shenyang Manchu people followed this custom, and some wealthy families burned their dogs and horses before they died. Later, Nuerhachi, Huang Taiji and other rulers repeatedly warned to save tableware. They no longer burn dogs and horses except cooking. They only led the dogs and horses they had used before their death to the fire in front of the grave and urged them to jump over the fire with whips and sticks. During the period of Nurhachi and Huang Taiji, there was still the bad habit of offering sacrifices to people. This custom is also inherited from the custom of Nuzhen slave owners and nobles in Liao and Jin Dynasties that they "burned the slaves they loved and rode on the pommel horse to die" (Volume III of Three Dynasties North Alliance). When Nurhachi died, three people were martyred, namely princess royal Ulanala, ordinary princess Dai Yincha and Azigen. Although there is no need for political struggle, it reflects the common custom of martyrdom. When Huang Taiji died, two bodyguards also died. This bad custom gradually disappeared after Manchu entered the customs, and Shenyang Manchu no longer kept this custom. After burial, there is no funeral list outside the funeral home. The so-called disaster list is a list made by the teacher of Yin and Yang, including the date of death, birthday, the day to ward off evil spirits and the day of death. After three days, I will not return to China and send it to the Land Temple. During the mourning period, both men and women who lost their homes wore white robes as mourning clothes. Before burial, the belt hangs to the chest; After the burial, the man hugged his waist and the woman wore "Baotou". Within a hundred days, the day will not let go, and the man will not be crowned; Women cut their hair without wearing hairpin flowers. Due to the busy government affairs and the influence of the Han nationality, the funeral of the Qing emperor stipulated that "the day will be changed to the moon and the funeral will be held on the 27th". After the death of the old emperor, the new emperor succeeded to the throne. Although he was wearing mourning clothes, officials were still asked to "wear crowns and tassels" when approaching the ceremony. Generally speaking, Manchu families can't live for a hundred days. To a hundred days, prepare incense sacrifices to the grave to pay homage, and take off mourning clothes, which is called "clothing release". For three years, men did not wear red clothes and women did not wear hairpin flowers, which kept the ancient Manchu system. Manchu people have the custom of Tomb-Sweeping Day's offering "Buddha's support" to the grave. This kind of "Buddha's support" is mostly willow branches with corn kernels, which are pasted with colored paper and inserted in front of the grave, meaning "grave flowers" to express grief. In the 20th century, the old funeral system was reformed. Once, the custom of China was copied, but the mourning system still existed. After liberation, it can be further changed. Now the old funeral system has disappeared, replaced by cremation and memorial service. Daughters and granddaughters who have never been married or combed their hair, wrap a wide hoop with a long filial belt, tie it behind their heads, and hang their backs. As for the filial piety, it is roughly the same as the flag. The funeral of the flag bearer is different from the funeral of the Han people in Beijing, and the funeral is also different. Manchu mourning is the lightest (the three flags of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are particularly light), the Han army is heavier, and the Han people are the heaviest. I used to know that it belonged to a certain ethnic group. In recent years, it is not easy to distinguish standard-bearer from Han Li. Because of the size, there were official positions for the mourners in the Qing Dynasty. Although they are just a "vest" with only two taels of grain, it is inevitable that there are some official factions, and the funeral is also official. Man in Manchu Banner is dressed in pima Dai Xiao and "four-opening mourning clothes" (pronounced "Qi Er", the so-called robe in ceremony). The small collar button is the same as the gown, except for the left and right openings, and there are two robes with the same openings as the gown before and after. Parents, even ancestors, once waited for their immediate family members to wear "Da Zhuang coarse cloth" robes and spit outside their clothes, which is called "spitting filial piety". No buttons, only cloth, coarse cloth, filial piety. Wearing a small blue cloth hat, only a blue thread hat, without a white hat knot, are all blue cloth boots (later changed to blue cloth shoes), and the shoes are not covered with white cloth. Filial piety, except mourning, can hardly be seen as a funeral. The mourning clothes of our people are made of "velvet coarse cloth", and only my nephew should wear the coarse cloth robe of Dazhuang when mourning for his uncle. Everything is the same as when his son mourned for his parents, only in the collar. The son uses a white collar and the nephew uses a green cloth collar. Anyone who wears a velvet coarse gown can nail a button ring without tying a strip of cloth. Nephews are uncles and aunts, parents-in-law, parents-in-law, parents-in-law should wear bleached foreign cloth robes, which is the lightest filial piety. But if nephews and uncles and Weng Xu have no respect for their elders in their own homes, they can also wear woolen robes. People who used to wear bleached foreign clothes used to wear wide buttons and copper buttons. The son-in-law offered condolences to her parents-in-law, wearing a blue coat (both silk and silk are acceptable) and a cool belt around her waist, and went to work (i.e. "slapping the child", "showing the silk" and "fanning the cover"). The foreign cloth clothes worn by nephews and son-in-law are all rolled up with blue silk. The only difference between a nephew and a son-in-law is whether there is a jacket or not. In the past, there was no way to send paper flowers to funerals. They were all sent with filial piety. Close relatives send woolen mourning ribbons, while distant relatives or friends send bleached foreign mourning ribbons. So in the early years, when you go to someone's house to mourn, you should wear a mourning robe and not tie your waist. After the funeral, you must use a copper tea tray, send a mourning belt with both hands, and say "exemption from sin". This is called "filial piety". Friends who don't wear mourning clothes also send mourning belts, and those who visited their relatives before their death all send mourning belts. There are also ways to show filial piety when close relatives and friends are bereaved and rich. There are no certain rules for friends to wear mourning clothes. They only look at their feelings. Among them, the adopted sons are mostly adoptive parents wearing velvet robes. In recent years, the mourning of Manchu and Mongolian women is particularly rare. There is not much difference between mourning clothes and men, except that mourning clothes have no placket, and mourning clothes are tied around the waist and carried on the back from the shoulders (according to the gender of the deceased, male left and female right). Women in the State of Qi comb their hair at both ends, so they can be divided into "split braids" and "no split braids", as well as "split braids" and "split braids". The heaviest mourning for a woman is to wear mourning for her husband. When the husband dies, the wife should take off two heads, disassemble the head and dovetail, tie another one, tie it with a piece of green silk, divide it into two strands, braid two braids, and the ends of the braids will be scattered without tying braid rope. Put a white bone square on the handle (copper square is used in the office), which is only three or four inches long. Wrap the braid around the back of your head with your hair, then wrap it around your head with a strong coarse cloth headband and tie it behind your head with a needle. The rest of the tie head is hung behind your back. If it is too long, you can tie it on your belt. This is the so-called "double editing". Daughter-in-law's mourning for Weng Gu is the same, only wearing a braid. You can tie the braid tip with green rope, the left braid of Weng butterfly and the right braid of Gu butterfly. This is called "splitting the head and laying a single braid". The flat square can be made of silver or copper, which is longer (the flat square is filial to the bone, and the silver copper is filial to the short). Nephews and female relatives use two long flat heads and can wear ear-digging spoon jewelry. Earrings are also different: the wife has bare ears, the daughter-in-law wears a blue thread, and the niece can wear a silver ring. All the people who cut their heads and put down their braids will wait here on the third day. After sending them away, they will comb their braids for them. On the third day, they will put their braids down again. Only the wife will not put down the double braid, only the single braid on the left. The rest will stay until the day of funeral and burial, waiting for a hundred days of mourning (ranging from 60 days to 57 days and 37 days). Far away daughter-in-law does not make up at the beginning, but still combs two heads, and combs a pigtail according to the left or right (referring to the two ends of hair) of the deceased. The head is made of velvet coarse cloth, and jewelry is worn on the head. In-laws and nephews and daughters-in-law make two double crosses out of bleached foreign cloth and cross them on their heads. They don't wear hoops on their foreheads, Dai Yupei. They can also wrap yellow jewelry with green cloth. My niece doesn't take off her head or braid it, but wraps her head in a cross with woolen cloth and ties it on her forehead to show the difference between braiding hair and foreign cloth. Anyone who has a broken head and pigtails has the obligation to kneel down and even go back to his home to wear mourning after the funeral, according to the custom. After the middle of Qing Dynasty, Miracle's funeral was all ostentation and extravagance. Although the ceremony was extremely grand, the expression of grief was much thinner than that of Han people. In addition to filial piety, the dutiful son does not pay attention to the replacement of underwear. Filial piety is the loss of mother for three years and father for twenty-seven months. Only wear mourning clothes for 100 days, change to Tsing Yi after 100 days, or even take off your clothes. There is no mourning system of wearing white clothes for one year and gray clothes for another. In particular, married daughters are less filial, just like nieces, and grandchildren don't kneel. This reason is based on the fact that the Qing emperor's office "respects his consorts rather than kisses them". The composition of the Eight Banners of the Han Army is very complicated. Most of them were Han Chinese who lived in Manchuria in the Ming Dynasty and merged into Hebei and Shandong after entering the customs. In addition, Puritans (such as Huang, Ma, Jin, Deng and other eight Hui people) entered the Han flag, and Russian Alabajin, Koreans, Annan, Jinchuan and others all entered the Han flag. Therefore, the funeral of the flag bearer in the early Qing Dynasty was different. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, except for returning to Bajia to observe Arabic religious ceremonies, Russian cattle recorded that the flag people also observed orthodox ceremonies, and the rest were basically the same as Manchu and Mongolian flags. In Shenyang, there is a banquet in Manchu and Han, and there are sacrificial or festive activities. If you want to kill animals and eat meat, you should invite your relatives and friends to be guests and let them sit on Nankang. Family members should give meat to their elders. The meat is boiled in white, and salt is not allowed. Especially tender and delicious. Guests eat with a blade, with salt, sauerkraut and sauce. Guests kowtow to the host when they enter the door, turn around and sit down to eat meat, and are not allowed to thank and wipe their mouths after eating, otherwise it is disrespectful to the host. In rural areas, there is a habit of killing animals to worship ancestors and inviting relatives and friends to eat meat. The meat of the donor is auspicious all the year round; The supply of fish is more auspicious; Pink flowers are to bless the younger generation to make a fortune; Green onions should be cut off and tied into a handful, which means that our younger generation is smart and proud of our ancestors.