Dong-Tai Language and Wenzhou Dialect of Dong-Tai Language

Wenzhou is located at the southernmost tip of Wu dialect area, bordering on Min dialect area. Therefore, Wenzhou dialect retains many characteristics similar to Min dialect, but it has developed into modern Wu dialect with the development of Wu dialect area. This is because Wenzhou belonged to Huiji from the Eastern Han Dynasty, while Dongwu belonged to Linhai, and Yongjia was not divided into an independent county until 323. For a long time, Wenzhou was under the administrative jurisdiction of Huiji (now Shaoxing).

Wenzhou dialect in the Southern Song Dynasty is very distinctive, which can be seen from the opera Zhang Xie's Champion. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Yongjia Dai Dong collected a large number of folk words and sounds of Wenzhou dialect in his hometown, which fully showed that Wenzhou dialect at that time was very close to today's language.

Then, Baiyue people speak Baiyue language, which is Dong-Tai language. The ancestors of Wenzhou people are Baiyue people. How did Wenzhou dialect later evolve into Wu dialect, a branch of southern Chinese dialect? Baiyue people have been in contact with the Han nationality from the north for a long time. Baiyue people must learn Chinese if they want to learn the advanced technology and culture of the Han nationality. With the passage of time, there are more and more Chinese loanwords and Chinese components in these national languages, and finally Baiyue language disappears.

However, a considerable number of basic words will be preserved from the national language, and not using these words will not cause much obstacle in talking with Han people. This is the case in the southern dialect of modern Chinese.

In Wenzhou dialect, some words can be found more or less, such as "insect" and "field". Their pronunciations are similar to those of Dong-Tai dialect, but their origins can't be found in northern Chinese dialects and ancient documents. These words are not cultural words or core words, but they are basic words often used in spoken English.

Scholars believe that after the Han nationality in the north moved south, its language replaced Baiyue language in the south, but it also borrowed words such as "Zan" and "Tan" from Baiyue language. But there is always a reason for Han people to borrow Baiyue dialect. For example, "Grapefruit" says "pe" in Wu dialect of Wenzhou dialect, which may be the bottom word of Baiyue. There are no grapefruit in the north. When the Han people went to the place where Baiyue people lived, they saw this fruit, but they didn't know its name, so they copied the local Baiyue people's statement.

The word "Tan" is so important in rural areas. In the vast rural areas of southern Zhejiang, farmers say "go to Tan" and "come from Tan" all day long, and "Tan" refers to fields, while people in the same city rarely mention the word "Tan" when talking. At that time, Baiyue people were also in contact with the Han people, and they could still talk to the Han people without changing Baiyue language. This is the reason why the word "Tan" in Baiyue can remain unchanged for thousands of years.

Wenzhou is a multi-dialect area with many kinds and great differences, which can be called the highest in the country and the highest in the world. Wenzhou dialect mainly includes Ou dialect, Min dialect, Manchu and Manchu, She Hakka dialect and Jinxiang dialect.

Understand the evolution history of Vietnamese from ancient times to the present from Wenzhou dialect;

There is a beautiful Wenzhou city on the coast of the East China Sea, where the mountains and rivers are beautiful, the climate is mild, there is no cold in winter and no heat in summer. It is a modern commercial port city with prosperous economy and developed civilization. Wenzhou people who are brave in innovation and dare to be the first in the world travel around the world and are known as "Chinese Jews". But how unique is the language they communicate with each other? Our research team will lead you into this language. Wenzhou dialect has a long history. The most important Wenzhou dialect is Ou dialect, which is a branch of Wu dialect. Zhao Yuanren's Research on Modern Wu Dialect put forward a scientific definition of Wu Dialect, and since then Ou Dialect has been recognized as a branch of Wu Dialect. Wang Li's Introduction to China Language lists it as a warm Taiwanese language family of Wu dialect. The Atlas of Chinese Language, co-edited by China Academy of Social Sciences and australian academy of the humanities, divides Wu dialect into six pieces, and Ou dialect is Wu Oujiang piece. Wenzhou dialect is a representative dialect of southern Wu dialect, belonging to the "fossil" of orthodox ancient Chinese, retaining a large number of ancient sayings and sounds, which is very close to the language of Chinese ancestors. Mandarin is influenced by ancient nomadic people in the north, Wu dialect in the north is influenced by Yayin Mandarin, and Wu dialect in the south is the successor of ancient Wu dialect for geographical reasons. Wenzhou dialect is closely related to ancient Min dialect, ancient Chu dialect and ancient Jiangdong dialect, which is of special significance to the study of Chinese phonetic history and language history. Wenzhou is the birthplace of Southern Opera, and all the Southern Opera works handed down contain many Wenzhou dialects. Because of the far-reaching influence of Southern Opera on Yuan Qu and Yuan Ming novels, scholars need to quote Wenzhou dialect when they annotate and textual research these works. Ou Yue belonged to Yu Yue before Qin Dynasty, and the main body was Baiyue nationality. It is said that wuyue is associated with Guyue language (belonging to Dong-Tai language), but it cannot communicate with Chinese spoken by Qi and Chu. But it is homologous to today's Dong language, Zhuang language, Burmese language, Vietnamese language, Jing language and Thai language. In the common spoken language of modern Wenzhou dialect, there are still many traces of Dong-Tai dialect.

In 333 BC, the State of Chu destroyed Yue and strengthened its rule over wuyue. Until 22 1 year BC, Qin unified China, which lasted 1 12 years. Due to the influence and function of Chu people in wuyue, Dongchu dialect and ancient wuyue dialect merged to form a new Chinese-"Jiangdong dialect", which is the direct ancestor of Wu dialect. In the Tang Dynasty, "Hui Lin Yi Yin" collectively called the dialects spoken in Jiangdong as "the Voice of Wu Chu". Most of the old words in Wenzhou dialect can be traced back to Jiangdong dialect, which is also the main source of Wenzhou dialect white reading system.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Han people formally explored wuyue, but southern Zhejiang and Fujian were still under the control of the Yue people, and Dong 'ou and Fujian, which were established by the Yue people, were always in an independent state. Although during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong 'ou "moved to China all over the country, but noticed that many people lived between Jianghuai", only the royal family and strongmen of Ou and Yue moved away. During this period, there were more and more Chinese loanwords, but the main vocabulary of Ouyue dialect was still Dong-Tai.

During the Six Dynasties, Jiangdong dialect began to be divided into Wu dialect and Min dialect. Wenzhou belonged to Huiji County from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the founding of the county in 323 AD. According to the records of Guo Pu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Ouyue people should have spoken the ancient Wu language since the Six Dynasties. Because of its border with the Min dialect area, Wenzhou dialect still retains many of the same features as the ancient Min dialect.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were several large-scale immigration waves, especially after the capital was moved in the Southern Song Dynasty, the number of Han people in Wenzhou increased greatly. The orthodox Chinese culture brought by the Han people from the Central Plains to Ouyue assimilated the local Chinese dialect, and the Central Plains dialect left the characteristics of different pronunciations in Wenzhou dialect. Wenzhou dialect in Song Dynasty is very close to modern Chinese. After several changes in northern Chinese, Wenzhou dialect still maintains many ancient rhyme features of Chinese, so reading Tang poetry and Song poetry in Wenzhou dialect is more fluent than Mandarin.

Dialect story

I once read a story about a young man who went to Western Europe. He doesn't know any foreign languages, and he didn't bring an interpreter. Whenever he sees someone who looks like a China person at the airport, he will gather together and ask in Wenzhou dialect, Are you from Wenzhou? There must be several Wenzhou people out of ten China people. In this way, he made a smooth transition abroad and returned home safely. To exaggerate, Wenzhou dialect can be heard all over the world! Wenzhou dialect is also very successful. It's true. During the war, our army first went to the battlefield and was unfamiliar with the situation. The jungle terrain is complex, the wind is high and the moon is dark, and the camp is touched by the Vietnamese army. Even the pot end and the military password book were copied away. War is imminent! How does the headquarters contact the front line? Telegrams are dying out, and the Vietnamese army can understand Mandarin and local vernacular. A chief of staff at the headquarters used his quick wits and even shouted "Yes!" ! There is a way! Wenzhou soldiers in the participating troops were mobilized urgently, and the operational orders were directly conveyed in Wenzhou dialect. This strange soldier who fell from the sky made our army suddenly appear on the battlefield and turned the fighter plane around with strange words that military experts could not decipher.

Wenzhou dialect is concise. In the street, a group of people walked in front and a bicycle rode behind. Get out of the way without talking to the person in front. If you don't talk, please get out of the way. The cyclist will call: Man! People! There are many overlapping words in Wenzhou dialect. Go to the market to buy hairtail, look at the eyes, cheeks and scales of hairtail, and say: fresh. If it is extremely fresh, say: fresh is fresh. This is a special format with overlap. Cool is cool, but extremely comfortable. If you are smart, you are extremely smart. Bitterness is bitterness, and it is extremely painful.

Wenzhou people who speak Wenzhou dialect can be bosses and sleep on the floor. You can enjoy the best or suffer the worst. Look at so many famous brands, clothes, shoes and cars on the streets of Wenzhou. They really keep up with the world trend and Wenzhou people like them. But these Wenzhou people who wear brand-name clothes and shoes and drive brand-name cars are very hard-working. In order to invest and start a business, they work overtime and never stop running around. Enjoy, work hard, and at the same time reflect on the individual. Wenzhou dialect conveys the distinctive cultural character of Wenzhou people: smart, pragmatic and rebellious. Grammatical features of Wenzhou dialect;

morphology

1. The word formation of Wenzhou dialect is very distinctive. With a prefix, most kinship terms can be prefixed with a, such as ABBA, uncle, brother, sister, etc. Nicknames and siblings can also be used as prefixes, such as Aya and Ada.

Prefixes can always be added before monosyllabic surnames and ordinal numbers to indicate seniority, such as Lao Chen, Lao Li and Raul.

In addition to prefix A and foreigner, suffixes A, Zi, Er and Tou are also well developed. Using head as suffix is more widely used than Mandarin, such as paper head, brick, old man and so on.

There are a large number of suffix words in Wenzhou dialect. Suffixed words indicate preference or light colors, such as water blue, epigenetic essence and rabbit.

There are also suffixes, such as disgusting, stupid and beautiful.

2. Wenzhou dialect has a special word order. For example, adverbs expressing dynamics in Beijing dialect are generally placed before verbs, while adverbs expressing dynamics in Wenzhou dialect are generally placed after verbs.

Adverbs are put in verbs one after another, indicating that the action takes place first, for example, I will go first. You sing first. Take a bath first, and then walk out of the play. Make a phone call and ask Chixian. Wenzhou dialect says you go first, which is precisely the word order of Dong-Tai language, so this special word order may also be left over from ancient Baiyue language. We can infer from this that the ancient Baiyue people kept this special word order in Baiyue when learning Chinese.

As you said, start with adverbs, and then put them in verbs as complement symbols. Colour it black. Push the crab juice up.

Add adverbs and put them in verbs to indicate repetition of actions, for example, buying an apple. Sit down, Tim.

Use adverbs and put them in verbs, such as get well. Let the rain fall.

Verbs such as "quick", "road" and "tight" indicate that an action is about to happen, for example, the door will close soon. You want to come. Fall and climb the road. The makeup is very tight.

This special word order phenomenon is often manifested in sentences containing verbs and patients, such as: When are you going to Hong Kong? Did you have breakfast? Lend me an English dictionary! In Wenzhou dialect, how many energy circles did you go to Hong Kong? Why don't you eat, Wei? Lend me an English dictionary!

3. Adverbs are placed after adjectives to indicate the deepening of the degree. For example: good display, thermal display, hard display. This character display structure can overlap, for example, good display, hot display, hard display and hard display. You can also only overlap the adjectives in front to show the great enhancement of the degree. For example, good shows good, hot shows heat, and hard shows hard.

Adverbs that can be placed after adjectives to indicate the degree of deepening include stubbornness, inversion, death and even. However, this adjective+adverb format generally has no overlapping form. For example: bitter, smelly, salty and soft.

4. Wenzhou adjectives can follow disyllabic descriptive elements or monosyllabic descriptive elements, just like other dialects; However, monosyllabic descriptive elements can be added later, which are relatively rare, such as deep, shallow, sharp, elegant, hard, thin, dry, horizontal, slippery, clear, mottled, white and twisted. Just like reverse order, this is the heritage of the characteristics of ancient Vietnamese.

5. Verbs and adjectives have special overlapping ways. Wenzhou dialect pays special attention to the expression of word types in word formation, and uses different means such as overlap, addition, insertion, description morpheme and dual morpheme to change word formation to achieve rhetorical effect. Therefore, these words can have different forms of morphological changes, as an emphasis different from the basic words, such as:

Right away.-Right away

1February-12 Leng Yue-12 busy months.

Light-light flicker-light flicker

Crooked-crooked-crooked-crooked-crooked

When verbs overlap, it sometimes means that an action has been going on before it happens, such as climbing for a long time.

Some monosyllabic verbs or adjectives overlap with suffix verbs to express vivid modality, such as dizziness. Run away

6. Monosyllabic verbs can also use the numerals three, four or seven, eight to form a three × four× or seven × eight× format, indicating the return of action. Such as: three turns and four answers, seven rides and eight rides, and seven discounts and eight buckles.

7. Directional verbs are monosyllabic, such as upper. Let go. Stand up.

(2) Syntax

1. Wenzhou dialect has a function equivalent to "can't come" in Mandarin, but "Fulai" always comes after the verb or verb-object structure in the sentence. If you don't understand. Can't sing.

2. There are no useful conjunctions in Wenzhou dialect, only the structural form of "Ye" ... ",such as the beautiful and virtuous Wenzhou dialect, which is said to be" Ye Jian Ye Xian De ".

3. The sentence pattern of verb+object+complement in Putonghua is either active complement or verb-object complement in Wenzhou dialect. The former is like: you can't eat enough (you can't eat enough) and you can't count well (wrong). Like the latter, sorry about the canal.

4. A common format of repeating questions is: move+also+no, for example, isn't the ship sailing? Are you coming?

5. The possible complement is placed directly after the verb. Like eating. Walk around. The complement symbols of Beijing dialect have to be used in Wenzhou dialect.

Lexical Features of Wenzhou Dialect

In the vocabulary system of Wenzhou dialect, there are a large number of words with special forms and meanings, which are described as follows:

There are great differences between Wenzhou dialect vocabulary and Putonghua vocabulary.

1. In Wenzhou dialect, more formal compound words are followed by modifiers, that is, modifiers are placed behind the central morpheme. The morpheme order of these disyllabic words is just the opposite of that of Mandarin.

Some morphemes have parallel parts of speech, but the word order of Mandarin and Wenzhou dialect is opposite, such as: guest, arm and hoof, title, waist, anvil, strength, prison and music.

Some modify morphemes in the reverse order of Mandarin, such as: broken rice, burnt rice, green rice, soft tofu, cowgirl, rat yellow, shoe mop, paper tent, wine sweat, pavilions and pavilions.

Some morphemes are very productive, such as dried vegetables, dried bamboo shoots, dried shrimps, dried moths, salted fish, pickles and raw fish.

Others move verbs after nouns, such as: high tide, low tide, getting hot.

In Wenzhou dialect, there are quite a number of words, some of which are different from Beijing dialect, such as: today (that day), tomorrow (Ming Dynasty), yesterday (last night), the day before yesterday (the day before yesterday), morning (dawn), noon (day and night), girl (Yuan advocate), wife (old man), and so on.

Some compound words have the same meaning, but their expressions are only partially the same. For example: typhoon (hurricane), company (team), getting up (getting up), static (old).

Some words are different from disyllabic words in form, which are disyllabic words in Mandarin and Wenzhou dialect. Such as: naughty (skin), cough (cough), narrow (narrow), cold (cold).

The vocabulary of Wenzhou dialect retains the ancient meanings of many ancient words.

1. Both Putonghua and Wenzhou originated from ancient Chinese, and both developed with ancient Chinese as the main body. A large number of words in Wenzhou dialect are inherited from ancient Chinese, and many ancient words are preserved. However, many words in ancient Chinese have died in Putonghua and are no longer used, but they are still alive and widely used in Wenzhou dialect.

Wenzhou dialect still retains ancient meanings, such as "Duan" means mentioning, "Wen dun" means neither too hot nor too cold, "chopsticks" means "soup" means hot water, "earning" means wrong, and "stupid" means stupid.

Or retain the ancient meaning of the ancient sound, such as: "sparrow" sound "general", indicating a bird; "V" sound "catch", indicating hatching; The voice of "no" and "axe world" is endless.

With the passage of time, the etymology of many Wenzhou dialects has been hard to find. If a child is called "Ai" and an earthworm is called "Kang?" Axillary and diaphragmatic fossa are called "Lazhaxia (la22 za2 13 hho35)" and so on. These all need further study.

Wenzhou dialect still retains the bottom words left by the ancient Ou Yue people, such as: a small one is called "Li Er", a shoe is called "Force" and a light one is called "Le", all of which are languages such as Dong, Shui, Zhuang and Dai, which are descendants of Baiyue; Addiction is called "thinking", and struggling is called "sighing", just like Vietnamese.

Wenzhou dialect retains a large number of ancient words with ancient meanings, which plays an important role in studying ancient Chinese vocabulary, understanding ancient written language, and explaining some rare words in poetry and ancient vernacular novels.

There are many special words in Sanwenzhou dialect.

Wenzhou dialect vocabulary has its own characteristics in Wu dialect vocabulary. Some words have the same saying, but their meanings are different or not exactly the same. For example, "steamed bread" in Wenzhou dialect refers to stuffed buns, while "solid buns" in Wenzhou dialect refers to buns without stuffing. Wenzhou people say "Sophora japonica" refers to broad beans, and Wenzhou people say "broad beans" refers to peas.

There are abundant synonyms in Wenzhou dialect, such as "washing, shaking" means washing, "impatience, fear, rushing and losing one's temper" means being angry, and "array, spectrum, strategy, method and practice" means scheming. Some synonyms are generated by escape, such as "Yong" with boiling water for losing one's temper, "You" and "Tong" for wealth and poverty, and "Lu Hang, a lawyer" as the beginning.

Some synonyms are produced out of the need of modesty and taboo, such as avoiding customs and saying that shit is "pit" and diarrhea is "pit"; Afraid of bad luck, tight mouth, unhealthy illness, acne is a guest.

3. There is a very interesting phenomenon in Wenzhou dialect, that is, some taboo and unlucky words are used to modify adjectives instead of "hen", which is extremely harsh and generally used to deny meaning. Such as "the dead", "coffin", "short life" and "long life", such as "the dead are hot, the dead are salty, the dead are far away, and it is difficult for individuals to put on makeup", "the coffin is expensive, the coffin is hard and the coffin is heavy", "short life is good, short life is long and the coffin is heavy".

There are some idioms in Wenzhou dialect, such as "scalp swelling (terrible)" and "rotten food (loafer)" For example, there are "the ability to beat crab sauce", "the ability to talk about flowers" and "the color in dreams".

⒌ The northern dialect calls "this" this, "there" and "he"; Wenzhou dialect refers to this as this (this-this), that as Xu (Xu-that) and that as why. These words are not found in ancient Chinese. Data show that Wenzhou dialect is the most difficult to understand.

The Ten Most Difficult Dialects to Learn in China

Ranked tenth: northeast dialect difficulty index 2, catchy index 9.

Ranked ninth: Tianjin dialect difficult to understand index 3, catchy index 7.

Ranked eighth: Shandong dialect difficult to understand index 4, catchy index 7.

Ranked seventh: Sichuanese incomprehensible index 5, catchy index 6.

Ranked sixth: Changsha dialect difficulty index 6, catchy index 6.

Ranked fifth: the incomprehensible index of Shaanxi dialect is 6.5, and the catchy index is 6.

Ranked fourth: Shanghai dialect incomprehensible index 7.5, catchy index 6.

Ranked third: Suzhou dialect incomprehensible index 8, catchy index 4.

Tied for the third place: Minnan dialect difficult to understand index 9, catchy index 3.

Ranked second: Cantonese incomprehensible index 9.5, catchy index 3.

Ranked first: Wenzhou dialect

I don't know if you have heard the saying that Wenzhou people are not afraid of anything, but they are afraid of their nonsense. The nonsense here does not mean insulting Wenzhou people. It is said that War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Central and Eighth Route Army troops need to contact each other because of confidentiality, and they all send two Wenzhou people to contact each other by telephone or walkie-talkie. However, Japanese intelligence agencies have been unable to translate this extremely complicated Wenzhou dialect. It can be said that Wenzhou people at that time played a considerable role in the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, just like the speakers in American movies. So lying doesn't mean that Wenzhou people are lying, but that the Japanese can't understand it. Through this, we can understand how difficult Wenzhou dialect is.

Therefore, Wenzhou dialect ranks first among the top ten difficult dialects, with index 10 and catchy index 1!

Japanese Dialect and Wenzhou Dialect

In last century, there was a joke. At the climax of going to the countryside, a person in charge of a unit in Wenzhou led a group of educated youth to stay in Heilongjiang. After they settled down, they hung up a long distance at the front desk of the hotel and naturally spoke their hometown dialect. Hearing this, the waiter thought it was a Japanese spy, which was terrible. He immediately reported to the above, and later on, everyone felt naught.

According to overseas Chinese, Wenzhou people are not big, and they are often regarded as Japanese by foreigners in foreign countries and receive special courtesy. But now that China's national strength is getting stronger and stronger, foreigners can't look down on us. It can be seen that Wenzhou people and Japanese people not only look alike, but also talk alike.

In fact, this makes sense. Japanese speech can be divided into training reading and pronunciation reading. Training reading is the original sound of local aborigines in Japan, and pronunciation reading is the pronunciation from Chinese studies. Phonetic reading is divided into five tones, Chinese tones and Tang tones, which refer to the pronunciations from Chinese studies in different periods. Wu Yin was first introduced to Japan. Wu refers to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. There were frequent exchanges between Japan and this region around the 5th and 6th centuries, when the pronunciation and reading of Chinese characters were mainly influenced by this region. Now Wenzhou people speak a Wu language; During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Hanyin was introduced into Japan through various classics of Confucianism and China, which was mainly influenced by the pronunciation of northern China and Chang 'an. Nowadays, most Chinese characters in Japanese are pronounced in Chinese. Tangyin was introduced into Japan from China in Song Dynasty, which was mainly influenced by the southern pronunciation of China. Tangyin plays a very small role in the pronunciation of Japanese characters, mainly in Zen. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the political and cultural centers of China were in Luoyang and Kaifeng in the Central Plains, and Heluo dialect was spoken. Historically, due to the southward migration of the Song Dynasty, a large number of Central Plains people fled to Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and Wenzhou culture and language were deeply influenced by Heluo culture and Heluo dialect. Since the Song Dynasty, northern minorities have entered China one after another, and the northern dialect gradually evolved into Mandarin, which was then replaced by Mandarin. But this does not affect Japan, because since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Sino-Japanese relations have deteriorated, and the two countries have never been in contact with each other. So the Japanese still kept the accent of our ancestors in China.

Mandarin is like running water, Wenzhou people speak in an orderly way, and Japanese people speak in a cadence. Northerners just don't understand how I can spread my voice when I speak. In fact, the rising tone of Japanese is the entering tone in our Wenzhou dialect. What's so hard about that? Isn't it natural?

Every tone of the Japanese pentasyllables can be found in the phonemes of Wenzhou dialect, so Wenzhou people learn Japanese pronunciation more accurately. Moreover, some basic terms and vocabulary we use now, such as "service, organization, discipline, politics, revolution, principles, policies, economy, science, cadres, health, law, republicanism and socialism", are not orthodox Chinese, but "export to domestic sales" from Japan. So their pronunciation is also very familiar to us. For example, the word "world" is spelled as "せかぃ" in Japanese, sekai in Mandarin, shi4 jie4 and sei42 ga42 in Wenzhou dialect. Do you think Japanese is like Wenzhou dialect or Mandarin?