Fortune teller in Paris _ Who is the fortune teller in Paris?

Paris sewer: the most powerful sewer in the world

Urban underground space is an important part of the city. Scientific and rational planning and utilization of underground space can not only provide great convenience for the life of urban residents, but also effectively reduce urban problems such as pollution and congestion. The sewer in Paris was planned and built more than 100 years ago. Its grand engineering and exquisite design are miracles, and it still plays an indispensable role in the bustling city of Paris.

As a famous European city with a long history, the sewer system in Paris, like the pyramids in Egypt, is an unparalleled great project. There is no garbage with black water flowing, and there is no rotten thing with foul smell. Since Hugo introduced Jean Valjean's future son-in-law through a dangerous and deep sewer quicksand mud in Les Miserables, the sewer system in Paris has been improved countless times, and the Parisians even developed it into a sewer museum to introduce their achievements to the world.

Paris Sewer Museum (Musée des? Gouts) is the world's first sewer-themed museum, which was rebuilt from the sewer from Concorde Square to Alma Bridge and officially opened to the public from 1889. The sewer in Paris has complex structure and complete functions, which has improved the water quality and sewage treatment problems that have plagued Paris citizens since the Middle Ages.

The sewer walls are neat, the pipes are unobstructed, and the space is spacious for tourists to use. Rainwater and sewage treatment are integrated. There are about 26,000 manhole covers, more than 6,000 underground reservoirs, and more than 300 professional maintenance workers/kloc-0 ... There are criss-crossing sewers in Paris, and the total length of underground water treatment system pipes is 2,400 kilometers, of which the total length of sewage treatment pipes is 1425 kilometers, which is more than that of the Paris subway extending in all directions.

Sewers are the underground "big reservoirs" in Paris. Even if it rains cats and dogs, the rain will drain quickly and there will be no water on the road. Walking in the street, you won't think that there is a "Wang Yang" underground. Paris has the only sewer museum in the world. Through pictures, equipment and real drainage pipes, this paper introduces the history of water treatment in Paris, the description of drainage technology and the source of drinking water, and receives 654.38+million tourists every year.

1

history

During the Middle Ages, most of the sewage in Paris was directly discharged into the Seine River, which was the main source of urban domestic water, and the backward drainage system became a hotbed of epidemics. In order to alleviate this situation, as early as the 3rd century, King Philip II ordered the construction of drainage ditches on roads. 1370, the first sewer in Paris was built. Since then, the drainage system in Paris has developed slowly, and these early measures can no longer meet the actual needs.

Paris Sewerage 1820

/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Baron Haussmann, the governor of Seine Province, organized a new water supply and sewage system in Paris. French engineer Eugene Belgrande designed and rebuilt the sewers in Paris, forming a modern sewer network.

Paris Sewerage 1854

1867 During the Paris World Expo, government officials and engineers from other countries were invited to visit the sewers in Paris.

Modern Paris sewer system

1889, the sewer area from Place de la Concorde to Alma Bridge was converted into the Paris Sewer Museum and officially opened to the public.

Paris Sewerage 1890

At the beginning of the opening, visitors can only visit by car or boat. From 1975, they can visit on foot. 20 18 museum closed for renovation, built barrier-free access, and reopened in 2020.

Inside the Paris Sewer Museum

2

Paris sewer, a great contribution.

Sewers play a role in preventing water accumulation in rainy days in Paris, ensuring people's normal life and work. In the sewer network of Paris, there are two computer-controlled sewage booster devices, which can accelerate the flow of wastewater and remove a lot of garbage and sediments; 1 1 specially designed "flood station" and safety valve for the Seine River in rainy season to ensure the quality of the river water flowing back to the Seine River after crossing the road; 50 specially designed roadside sewers to ensure the drainage effect during heavy rain.

Paris Sewerage 1930

Paris sewers treat10.5 million cubic meters of urban sewage every day. At the same time, 50% of Parisians' drinking water is imported through underground pipelines. In fact, the sewer in Paris is not just a sewer, but a complete drainage system. In addition to the drainage ditch, it also has two sets of water supply systems, one for drinking water and the other for non-drinking water, and a pneumatic conveying pipeline. The underground drainage system in Paris is basically built along the roads in the city, which means that each road has a drainage ditch parallel to it, and the whole drainage system is like a complete human body. It delivers tap water to every household in the city through water supply pipes extending in all directions; Next to the water supply pipeline is the same thick drainage pipeline, which is responsible for transporting all kinds of domestic sewage out of Paris.

In addition, members of Congress also use two special pipes erected in sewers to connect the Parliament and the official document publishing house, and send the laws passed by the Parliament to the publishing house for printing and publication. The pneumatic transmission pipeline is 3 kilometers long, so it takes 3 minutes to transmit files. This method used to be the fastest, but in such a developed modern society, the French still keep this ancient method.

three

Advanced cleaning and maintenance

The sewer management in Paris is also impressive. Each section of sewer has a name, and its name corresponds to the name of the road above. Maintenance workers can go anywhere along the narrow sidewalks on both sides of the sewer.

The ancient Paris drainage channel

The method of sewer maintenance basically follows the method invented by Belgrand more than 100 years ago. The velocity of most sections of the sewer is above 0.3 meters per second, but there is still a lot of sediment entering the sewer. This is because the water supply system in Paris is divided into drinking water and non-drinking water. Non-drinking water is mainly used for washing roads and watering flowers. If the sediment contained in sewage is not removed, the drainage channel will be blocked. Therefore, the sewer is equipped with a sand cleaning boat, which is more than ten meters long and operated by several people. The whole steel structure of the hull is as flat as a tugboat. Small sand cleaning captain 1 meter, single operator.

Service channel

In addition, a huge wooden ball with a diameter of about 1 m and an appearance like a barrel was put into a sewer with a wide cross section and a slow flow rate. It seems simple but conforms to the principle of fluid mechanics. The introduction of wooden balls reduced the width of water flow, increased the pressure, accelerated the velocity and washed away the sediment. The big wooden ball walks on the main road, and it takes seven days to drift 17 km.

In recent years, the Paris municipal government has actively adopted new technologies, including siphon pipes, high-pressure water columns and professional trucks for sand and gravel treatment, and at the same time used a lot of modern technologies to manage drainage channels, including regularly observing the status of groundwater pipelines with geographic information systems, tracking whether they have reached the level that they need to be demolished, regularly inspecting each section of pipelines twice a year, and establishing a database for reference when formulating maintenance policies for pipeline systems.

At the bottom of the Seine River across the city, there are seven automatic siphon channels, which lead sewage from the south to the north. There are 26,000 manhole covers in Paris, of which 1.8 million are barrier-free. In order to ensure public health and safety, the Paris municipal government recently decided to launch a plan to completely replace lead-containing pipelines to prevent metal lead from infiltrating into water.

/kloc-sewer workers in Paris at the end of 0/9

In Paris, there are more than 1300 sewer maintenance workers, who are responsible for cleaning tunnels, maintaining pipelines, finding people lost in sewers, rescuing people who fall into drains, killing rats and supervising purification stations. Cleaners are also tour guides. They are dressed in green overalls, their hair is neat and shiny, and their manners are no less than those of museum guides.

It is difficult to keep the drainage system clean and running normally. Most underground drainage system workers have been engaged in this work for generations. Because of the heavy workload, many people have to retire at the age of 50 because of various diseases. Of course, high intensity means high income, so there are still many people willing to do this job. Another important job of the staff is to find all kinds of lost items, including criminal weapons and valuables that people accidentally dropped in the drainage ditch. The staff receives about 3,000 such calls for help every year, and the probability of finding the lost property is as high as 80%. People working here are vaccinated as much as possible and wear special boots when they go to work. Because explosive gas is easy to gather in the drainage channel, they carry gas detectors at work to ensure maximum safety.

If you accidentally drop your key or valuable ring into the sewer, you can get it back according to your geographical location. Streets and house numbers will also be marked in sewers. All you need is a phone call. This service is free! Behind the complete facilities and humanized design, the painstaking efforts and wisdom of several generations have been condensed.

four

Underground part of municipal engineering

In fact, the sewers in Paris are not sewers in the traditional sense, but "underground parts of municipal engineering". Paris sewer, which is called "underground city" by the French, also has various other functions.

Old shadows of Paris sewers

It took Parisians 1.26 years to build the sewer. According to the size of channels, they can be divided into three types: small sewers, medium sewers and drains. Every day,1.200 million cubic meters of water is purified and discharged. Interestingly, sewage flows in the lower part of the sewer, and pipes with different thicknesses are arranged in the upper part, including drinking water, non-drinking water and even communication facilities.

The sewers in Paris are generally under the road, basically stone or brick-concrete structure, which is very strong. The interior of the main body is very spacious, with an average width of more than three meters and a height of more than two meters. It is actually a spacious underground tunnel. Now, sewers can sail like rivers. Bright lights day and night, it is a good place to travel.

At the bottom of the sewer is an underground river (canal) extending in all directions, which mainly discharges rainwater and treated sewage, so the sewers in France generally have no odor. There are various pipelines in the upper part, with a total length of 2100km. On both sides of the sewer, there is an aisle higher than the canal and not less than one meter wide for maintenance personnel to walk. Above the aisle, various municipal pipelines are laid along the pipe wall. Now, not only tap water pipelines and sewage pipelines are tested, but also heating pipelines and gas pipelines are tested. Now laying all kinds of cable trays, such as lighting cables and communication cables, can be easily laid inside.

There is a valve room or maintenance room at intervals along the corridor, which contains various valves, switches, measuring instruments and maintenance tools. Small boats in underground rivers are for maintenance workers to patrol and repair pipelines and cables. There are exits on the upper part of the sewer at regular intervals, and maintenance personnel can go in and out along the ladder.

French sewers also have independent lighting systems and ventilation systems. As long as the lighting of the sewer is turned on, maintenance work can be carried out even at night. Although this kind of municipal engineering has a huge investment in the early stage, it can save a lot of manpower and material resources in the later stage. In this "underground part of municipal engineering", if there is any pipeline leakage, cable short circuit or other faults, workers can directly go underground for maintenance without digging the ground and cutting off traffic like other countries.

five

From "Sewers" to "Tourist Attractions"

Paris sewer is the only underground water supply and drainage system that can be visited in the world. Since the World Expo 1867, foreign heads of state have visited one after another, and now more than100000 people come here to study every year. Here, people can enjoy a completely different world, which is full of art and culture, but it can rival the beautiful city scenery of Paris.

Paris Sewage Museum next to Alma Bridge on the Seine.

Paris sewer walls are neat, there is no dirt on the ground, and the cleanliness can be comparable to that of Paris streets. In it, people will not smell the expected fishy smell, but will only feel a faint earthy smell. It is no exaggeration to say that a lady will not get dirty even if she walks in a clean and beautiful skirt, which is no different from walking in the Louvre.

The entrance of the sewer in Paris is on the east side of the Eiffel Tower, which is located in the center of Paris. Before officially entering the sewer, visitors can visit the "Paris Sewer Museum" at the entrance to learn about the changes and general situation of the sewer in Paris through words, pictures, images and real scenes. After that, visitors can walk along the spiral iron ladder, then cross a narrow lane and come to the sewer.

Become a city monument and tell history.

The sewers in Paris are very spacious, with a drainage channel about 3 meters wide in the middle and a service road about 1 meter wide on both sides. Tourists take a modified sewage ship and enter the underground world of Paris along the drainage channel. Every other way, they will see an iron ladder leading to the ground, all leading to the sewer cover on the street. There are also many pipelines with different thicknesses and different uses neatly arranged on the wall.

Drainage channels have good lighting facilities, smooth road conditions, barrier-free and quiet. Many related pictures are posted on both sides of each sewer to indicate the path, much like the route map of the subway station. Every time you pass a "post station", the staff will stamp the tickets of tourists. There are also some souvenir shops on both sides of the drainage channel, which form the exhibition hall of the "Sewer Museum" in the form of objects and photos.

Modern sewer museum

six

Exhibition halls and collections

The main exhibition hall of the museum consists of a pedestrian platform and a 3-meter wide waterway. This paper introduces the development history of Paris sewer system through photo exhibition boards. At the same time, photos and models of sewers from Gaul, Rome to modern Paris, tools used in the process of cleaning waterways, such as sand dredgers and a large wooden ball with a diameter slightly smaller than the drainage pipe, are displayed.

Sewer development history exhibition hall

Two huge posters with the theme of "19 10 Paris flood" were posted in the exhibition hall, emphasizing the importance of sewage treatment. 1909 Paris was hit by continuous rainstorm in summer. After winter, the sewer was saturated and could not store water, which led to the flood of the Seine the following year, which was the worst flood in the history of Paris.

The most special thing about Paris sewers is that the road name or house number will be marked on the wall of each passage, so that you can even determine where you are underground. In Paris, if valuables slip into the sewer accidentally, you can contact sewer workers to get them back through geographical location. Unclaimed items are also on display in the museum, including rings, knives and pistols.

19 10 Paris flood poster picture

Sewer museum entrance

Nowadays, underground space is also a gathering place of Paris culture and creativity, and has become the backbone of promoting urban development. Mass entertainment facilities, such as cinemas, bars, aquariums and closed-circuit television, are camped in the underground world. The great masterpiece of Paris sewer is not only a combination of engineering technology and French culture, but also an organic part of modern Paris as a "charming capital". The "Paris Sewer Museum" has now become one of the must-see attractions recommended by all travel guides in Paris. In recent years, most people who come to Paris will visit here.

Lan Yu Cultural Industry Tourism Development and Design Institute believes that the sewers in Paris are mixed with various colorful contents, and the works such as sewage disposal, drinking water transportation, natural gas transportation, lost property search and urban sewer history exhibition are amazing. The once-in-a-century heavy rain, without floods, contributed to the sewers in Paris.