The Life of Characters in Huang Xing's Works

In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), 10/October 25th, Huang Xing was born in a landlord family on the outskirts of Changsha, and his father Huang Xiaocun was a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty. Huang Xing's childhood thoughts were deeply influenced by Wang Fuzhi, a Hunan scholar in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. In the 19th year of Guangxu (1893), Huang Xing entered Changsha Chengnan Academy to study. In the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), he was admitted to Jinshi. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), Huang Xing was a freshman in Xiangshui School in Changsha, and was sent to Wuhu Lianghu Academy for further study. At that time, the two lakes academy was a relatively new school, and its courses included astronomy, geography, mathematics, surveying, chemistry, natural history and military exercises. When Huang Xing went to school, he was "determined to study, especially geography and gymnastics". In his spare time, he also contacted the democratic theory of the western bourgeoisie, learned about the history of the western revolution and Rousseau's On Civil Contract, and read it day and night. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), he graduated from Wuhan Lianghu Academy.

In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), after graduating from Tribal Tiger College, Huang Xing went to Japan to study in the Teachers' Department of Hong Wen College in Tokyo. After Huang Xing arrived in Japan, he was quickly attracted by the bourgeois democratic revolution prevailing in the field of international students at that time. 65438+ February of the same year, He, Yang Dusheng, Fan Zui, Cai E, etc. The magazine "Translation and Compilation for Studying Abroad" was founded, focusing on translation, introducing the social and political theory and revolutionary history of the western bourgeoisie, and publicizing the democratic revolution and national independence. In order to expand its influence, Huang Xing, together with Cai E, Zhang Xiaozhun and Yang Dusheng, organized the "Hunan Compilation Society" at the end of the year to engage in translation work and introduce western bourgeois science and culture. Huang Xing also supported Hubei students to establish "Hubei Student World", exposed the imperialist plot to carve up China, and publicized "full" nationalism. He also led the Hunan students of Hong Wen College to set up the "Local Yao Society", encouraging them to stand up and kill the enemy, "taking destroying the status quo as the way out".

The emergence of Huang Xing's democratic revolutionary thought is very different from that of Sun Yat-sen and Song Dynasty. Sun Yat-sen was educated by the West since childhood and inspired by the bourgeois democratic revolutionary thought, and finally gradually embarked on the revolutionary road from improvement; In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), Song entered the new Wuchang General School from Zhangjiang Academy and gradually embarked on the revolutionary road. Huang Xing took a tortuous road of literati rebellion. Like many traditional intellectuals in China, his thoughts have gone through the process from improvement to revolution. Huang Xing was born in a noble family in Changsha, Hunan. There have been officials in the clan for generations. In the Qing Dynasty, Huang Xing's ancestral teachings were never to be an official in the Qing Dynasty. However, most members are still learned and learned. Under such a family background, Huang Xing received systematic traditional Confucian education in his early years. By 1896, while studying in Chengnan College, Huang Xing successfully passed the county, government and college examinations and was admitted as a scholar. However, Huang Xing himself is not keen on becoming famous. At that time, before Huang Xing went to test the scholar, relatives and friends wanted to buy wine in advance to congratulate him. Huang Xing immediately said that reading requires real knowledge and taking the exam only because the mother's life is inviolable. Huang Xing was a traditional intellectual in this period, although he had strong patriotic feelings and was dissatisfied with the imperial examination system. He likes the military. After class, he invited Japanese officers to teach military courses. He practiced riding and shooting every morning, which prepared the conditions for leading armed uprisings in the future. In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), in protest against the Russian occupation of northeast China, Huang Xing and more than 200 students organized a volunteer group (later changed to the Student Army and the Army National Education Association) that rejected Russia. He saw clearly the corruption and reaction of the Qing court in the anti-Russian movement, and pointed out indignantly: "The overall situation of China has been destroyed to the extreme. Only by carrying out revolution from time to time can we save endangered ears. " Return to China in the same year. After returning to China, Huang Xing first went to Shanghai to meet Zhang, the editor-in-chief of Su Bao at that time, and met some people in Shanghai and Nanjing. In the same year1October 4th, 165438, Huang Xing invited Chen Tianhua, Liu, Song, Zhang and others to hold a secret meeting, and agreed to establish the Huaxing Association. They all elected Huang Xing as chairman. In order to avoid the attention of the Qing court, the name of "Huaxing Company" was used, and its business was "mining". Later, he contacted the Hui people's party and decided to celebrate Cixi's 70th birthday in Changsha the following autumn. After the incident, Huang Xing fled to Japan. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Huang Xing met Sun Yat-sen in Japan and strongly supported Sun to form a revolutionary organization alliance, becoming the leader of the alliance after Sun. Later, he focused on developing revolutionaries and organizing armed uprisings.

In August of the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), China Alliance was founded. When electing the prime minister, Huang Xing proposed: "Mr. Sun Yat-sen was elected as the party's prime minister without going through the election procedure." The proposal was unanimously adopted. Huang Xing also proposed to use the 20th century zhina as the organ newspaper of the League (later renamed People's Daily), which was approved by the participants. Huang Xing was elected as the general manager (equivalent to assistant manager) and became an important leader of the League after Sun Yat-sen. Huang Xing played an important role in the process of establishing an alliance with Sun Yat-sen. It can be said that the alliance was established with Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing as the axis. The establishment of the League strengthened the unity and unification of revolutionary forces and brought the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China into a new stage. Since then, he devoted his main energy to the armed uprising, personally mastered the work of students studying in Japan to join the army, and selected some determined elements from it to form a strict group "Zhang Futuan" to prepare for the armed struggle. In the winter of the same year, Huang Xing returned to China under the pseudonym of Zhang Shouzheng, and toured the camp in Guilin, Guangxi, leading Guo's army to carry out rebellion, developing officials, and assisting many people to join the League. Because Guo hesitated, Huang Xing returned to Japan the following autumn. That is, he sent Cai back to China to join the party and plan the uprising. Before leaving, "today's righteousness is a national revolution, not an ancient heroic revolution." Nationalism and nationalism should be guided in many ways. It is pointed out that the purpose of the revolution is not simply to overthrow the Qing Dynasty, but to establish the Republic of China and strive for civil rights. The "nationalism" mentioned here is Sun Yat-sen's democracy. After Liu Daoyi arrived in Changsha, he invited dozens of revolutionary comrades to a secret meeting to convey the opinions of Huang Xing. After the meeting, stay in Changsha to control the overall situation, and Cai, others went to Pingxiang to contact the party's work. On February 4, 65438, the Pingyi Uprising broke out, and the rebels issued the slogan of "Republic of China" for the first time. Although the uprising failed, it had a positive impact.

In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), he went to Hanoi and successively participated in or directed the Qinzhou and Fangcheng Uprising, the Zhennanguan Uprising, the Qinzhou, Lianzhou and Shangsi Uprising, and the Yunnan Hekou Uprising, all of which failed. In the autumn of Xuantongyuan (1909), Sun Yat-sen appointed him to set up the Southern Branch of the League in Hong Kong to plan the uprising of Guangzhou New Army. In the second year of Xuantong (19 10),13 years 10, Huang Xing went to Penang to attend the secret meeting convened by Sun Yat-sen and decided to organize the Guangzhou Uprising. In the third year of Xuantong (191year), 65438+1October, 18, Huang Xing returned to Hong Kong and presided over the preparations for the Guangzhou Uprising. It is agreed to set up the coordination department, with Huang Xing as minister and Zhao Sheng as deputy minister. On April 23rd, Huang Qixin wrote a farewell letter to Sun Yat-sen and Comrade Nanyang. The letter said, "Today, I rushed to the front line and vowed to take the lead and try my best to kill thieves. Books are the last word. " That night, Hong Kong sneaked into Guangzhou by ship and set up an uprising headquarters at No.5, Ying Xiaodong, Yuehua Street. Because of twists and turns, the uprising was rescheduled again and again, which disrupted the original deployment, so the attack plan was changed from the original ten-way to four-way. He himself served as the commander of the attack on the Governor's Office of Guangdong and Guangxi. At 5: 30 pm on April 27th, Guangzhou Uprising broke out. Lin Juemin and Fang Shengdong led 100 people to attack the Governor's Office, but the other three roads did not take action. After he broke into the governor's yamen, he found that Governor Zhang had escaped and set fire to the governor's yamen. When the rebel army retreated, it was stopped by the patrol battalion. Many revolutionary troops died and Huang Xing fractured two fingers in his right hand. But he held back the pain and continued shooting with the second wrench of his broken finger. Seeing that the Qing army was gradually surrounded, Huang Xingsui ordered three ways to break through and led his troops to fight all the way. In the breakout, the team scattered, leaving only Huang Xing. After dressing up in disguise, he fled to Xu, a lesbian in the revolutionary organ of Henan, Guangzhou, and was escorted by her to Hong Kong for medical treatment. Guangzhou uprising failed. After receiving the martyrs, they got 72 bodies and buried them together in Huanghuagang, known as the "Seventy-two Martyrs of Huanghuagang" in history. Although the uprising failed again, it played a great revolutionary incentive role in the whole country. Huang Xing was the commander-in-chief of the uprising. He is fearless and brave. He has won a high reputation among overseas Chinese at home and abroad.

After the failure of Huanghuagang Uprising, Huang Xing was recuperating in Hong Kong. He was once discouraged. He wanted to take the risk of assassinating Lee Joon and other Qing officials and avenge the martyrs, but he was dissuaded by Tan Renfeng and others. July 3 1 day, Song, Chen, etc. The Central General Association of the League was established in Shanghai. In view of the repeated failures of the southern uprising, they advocated shifting the revolutionary focus to the Yangtze River basin and preparing to launch an uprising in the central region. Huang Xing supported their plan, assuming that "it is not difficult to take Wuchang as the center, Hunan and Guangdong as the stamina, and Nanjing, Anhui, Shaanxi and Shu also respond to contain them at the same time, so as to make great things at one stroke". This prediction was proved to be basically correct by later revolutionary practice. He also promised to go to Wuhan to preside over the uprising at the invitation of Hubei revolutionaries, but before he left, an uprising broke out in Wuchang.

10 June 10, Wuchang Uprising broke out and Huang Xing arrived in Wuhan on 28th. As the wartime commander-in-chief of the revolutionary army, he led the people's army to fight the Qing army in Hanyang front for more than 20 days. Huang Xing went from Shanghai to Hankou, and the Hubei military government held a grand ceremony for Huang Xing in Wuchang cavalry training ground. As the wartime commander-in-chief, he personally went to the front line to direct the battle to defend Hanyang and counterattack Hankou. In the battle of Yang Xia, he fought fiercely with the Qing army for a month, which was extremely difficult to prepare and made outstanding achievements, winning precious time for the independence of the provinces. After the fall of Hanyang, Huang Xing resigned and went to Shanghai to plan the Northern Expedition and organize the central interim government. In Wuchang Uprising, Huang Xing supervised the war in Wuhan and made great contributions to defending the victory of the revolution. In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1 year), Huang Xing returned to Shanghai from Wuchang. The next day, Jiangsu and Zhejiang allied forces captured Nanjing. Representatives from various provinces in Shanghai met and decided to temporarily set up Nanjing in the interim government, and elected Huang Xing as the Grand Marshal to be responsible for organizing the interim government. Because of Li's opposition, the provincial representatives changed Li to marshal, and Huang Xing will be the deputy marshal and exercise the functions and powers of marshal. On February 23, 65438, Huang Xing learned that Sun Yat-sen was about to return to China, so he refused to go to Nanjing to form an interim government and explained to everyone: "Mr. Sun is the prime minister of the League. If he does not return to China, I can represent the League; Now he is on his way back to China. If I take office in Nanjing without waiting for him to arrive in Shanghai, it will make him unhappy and make comrades in the party suspicious. At first, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom won one after another and developed rapidly, but in the end it failed because several leaders competed for power. We must take a warning. " On 25th, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Shanghai and was greeted by Huang Xing and Chen.

In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), in June of 5438+0, the Nanjing Provisional Government was established, and Huang Xing was appointed as the chief of the army. After Yuan Shikai became the interim president of the Republic of China, he reorganized his cabinet. Southern provinces and many organizations have called Yuan Shikai, asking Huang Xing to remain as the army chief. However, Yuan Shikai didn't want to relax his control over the army, so he appointed his cronies Duan as the commander-in-chief and Huang Xing as the aide, with no real power. Huang Xingci will not take office. Yuan Shikai appointed Huang Xing to stay in Nanjing to deal with the closure of government agencies and take over the management of the Nanjing Garrison. On June 30th, he attended the summer meeting of the Shanghai branch of the League, and expressed his political views, saying that the Republic of China had been established for half a year, but everything was not ready yet. "The reason is that there is no political party", emphasizing the implementation of the Three People's Principles, especially the People's Livelihood Principles. In August, the League and other organizations were reorganized into the Kuomintang and served as directors. In order to paralyze and win over revolutionaries, Yuan Shikai invited Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing to Beijing for talks that month. After Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing arrived in Beijing on September 1 1, and Yuan Shikai gave him a grand reception. Blinded by Yuan Shikai, Huang Xing expressed his deep trust in Yuan, claiming that he was "indeed a hero and a first-rate figure in the Republic of China". In February, 65438, he accepted the post of Sichuan-Han Railway Supervisor appointed by Yuan Shikai and resigned soon.

19 12 In August, he wrote in the preface of Railway Magazine: "Today, the founding of the Republic requires Su Min to be trapped and its national strength is strong, so it cannot give up its industry." It is advocated that "the railway should be the first strategy to save the country, and it should catch up quickly to follow the footsteps of advanced countries and make the industry flourish!" Due to the political turmoil and changes, Huang Xing's idea of developing industry and education has largely failed to come true. This gave him a clearer understanding of the relationship between industry, education and politics. He once said: "I think that in the future, China people should have their own sense of responsibility. If they have a sense of responsibility, they should take the country as the premise and be selfish." The so-called responsible person has a wide range of ways, except politics, especially industry as the mother of developing national strength. "1965438+In March 2003, Yuan Shikai sent someone to assassinate Song, the acting chairman of the Kuomintang. Sun Yat-sen advocated the immediate recruitment of Yuan, while Huang Xing advocated that the southern provinces were not unified, the army was weak, and he lacked confidence in the pursuit of Yuan, and advocated a legal solution. In July, Sun Yat-sen mobilized troops to discuss Yuan, and the second revolution broke out. /kloc-in 0/4, Huang Xing went from Shanghai to Nanjing, forcing Cheng Dequan, the governor of Jiangsu Province, to declare independence, and Huang Xing was promoted to commander-in-chief of Yuan Jun, Jiangsu Province.

After the Yuan War began, because some troops were bought by Yuan, Nanjing changed internally. As the basic team, the eighth division allocated two regiments, leaving only about 2000 people; Most of the other troops are untrained and have weak combat effectiveness. On July 22nd, Xuzhou fell. On 25th, Hukou, Jiangxi Province was occupied by Yuan Jun, and Li Liejun was defeated. Shanghai implored Yuan Jun to attack the Manufacturing Bureau for a long time. Hunan Arsenal, Nanjing begging for Yuan Jun's rear area, was set on fire by Yuan Shikai's spies and its support was cut off. Seeing that the tide had gone, Huang Xing had to leave Nanjing on the 29th by a Japanese coal ship and go into exile in Japan. Subsequently, Anhui also disintegrated on its own due to internal discord and left for nothing. Fujian, Hunan and Sichuan have successively declared the abolition of independence. The "second revolution" ended in failure. Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and many Kuomintang officials once again went into exile in Japan. The Kuomintang, which defeated Yuan in China, also came to Tokyo one after another. Dr. Sun Yat-sen summed up the reasons for the failure of the "Second Revolution" and thought that Yuan An should be recruited after the Song case. However, many party member did not listen to his command and missed the opportunity, which led to Yuan Shikai getting a "large loan" and being able to arrange it calmly. Therefore, he criticized Huang Xing a lot. Regarding the main reasons for the failure of the "Second Revolution", Huang Xing thinks: "Justice has been destroyed by money and power for a period of time, which is not a real failure. Try to turn over Chinese and foreign history and give examples of natural expression. There is no justice that does not extend. The final victory is ultimately our party. "

19 14, Sun Yat-sen reorganized the Kuomintang into the China Revolutionary Party in Japan, and asked party member to follow Sun Yat-sen's orders according to his fingerprints when he joined the Party. Huang Xing disagreed with Sun's party and refused to join. 1965438+arrived in the United States in July 2004. In autumn, Huang Xing also launched a campaign to boycott Yuan Shikai's borrowing from the US government, which had a certain impact on the suspension of contact between the US government and Yuan Shikai's representative on the terms of borrowing. He also started fund-raising work in the United States, and wrote in a letter to his domestic friends: "As for fund-raising and other matters here, whatever I can, I should try my best to help the public. Overseas Chinese fundraising has been initiated and should be remitted with the money. " 19 15 years, Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor. At the end of September, Cai E sent someone to send a secret letter to Huang Xing, in which he talked about the domestic situation and Yuan Shikai's activities of plotting to proclaim himself emperor, and put forward his own secret plan to attack the southwest, soliciting Huang Xing's opinions. After receiving the letter, Huang Xing immediately ordered his son Huang Yiou and his secretary Shi to leave the United States and return to China to participate in the battle to defend the country. With the help of Shi and Zhang Xiaozhun sent by Huang Xing, Cai E secretly arrived in Kunming from Tianjin via Japan, Shanghai and Hong Kong, and organized and led the national defense war in Yunnan. In order to expand Yuan's sphere of influence, on the eve of the Yunnan Uprising, Huang Xing wrote to Zhang Jian, Tang Shouqian, Tang and other celebrities who were unwilling to submit. And local generals that can be won, such as Lu Rongting in Guangxi, mobilize them to oppose Yuan Shikai as emperor.

1916 65438+10. In October, Huang Xingdian urged Bai and others to raise money in Nanyang to support the Yunnan Defence Force. Liu also ordered to unite with comrades in the north to "plan a direct and Shandong revolution to respond to the south." The war to protect the country went smoothly, Yuan Jun was defeated, and Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Shaanxi successively declared their independence. Since then, Huang Xing has been running around in many ways and has been doing business with Sun Yat-sen for this matter. By the end of May, Japan had allowed to borrow 5 million yen. Yuan Shikai returned to China after his death.

He returned to Shanghai in July 19 16, and resumed his previous close relationship with sun yat-sen ... because of his long-term running for the revolutionary cause, he broke down from constant overwork. In June 19 16, 10, 10, Huang Xing was admitted to the hospital for gastric bleeding, and in June 10, 3 1, the esophageal and gastric veins finally ruptured and bled (caused by hepatic portal hypertension; According to his life, he vomited a lot of blood and had hepatomegaly, and died in Shanghai at the age of 42. Sun Yat-sen personally presided over the funeral. In April of the following year, 15, Huang Xing's state funeral was held in Xiaoyueping at the foot of Yuelu Mountain in Changsha.