Taoist culture in Wudang Mountain

Before the appearance of Xuanwu myth in the Northern Song Dynasty, Wudang Mountain had become a famous Taoist mountain.

The name of Wudang Mountain existed in the later Han Dynasty (126-22 1).

The Book of the Later Han Dynasty records that Zhu Mu lived in seclusion in Wudang Mountain.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties (386-582), Li Daoyuan (? -527) wrote Notes on Water Classics, which recorded Wudang Mountain, also known as Taihe Mountain, Shenshan Mountain, Shixian Mountain and Xieluo Mountain.

Taoism calls the place where immortals live paradise, which has ten holes, thirty-six holes and seventy-two days.

The book Paradise on Earth compiled by Sima Chengzhen (647-735 AD), a famous Taoist in the Tang Dynasty, did not include Wudang Mountain.

In Du Guangting (850-933), in 90 1 year, Wudang Mountain was listed as the ninth among the 72 blessed places.

This shows that Wudang Mountain has become one of the holy places of Taoism at the latest in the late ninth century and early tenth century.

There were few documents about Wudang Mountain before the Song Dynasty.

In addition to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Notes on Water Classics and Notes on Famous Mountains in Du Yue, there is also the Map of Yuanhe County written by Li Jifu (758-8 14) in the Tang Dynasty, but there is no mention of Xuanwu.

In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Yun (925-996) compiled 43 articles of Wudang Mountain in Taiping Magnolia, citing Wudang Mountain, Nan Yongzhou, Yin Jun Biography, Yizhenzhuan and other materials, and recorded that Yin, Yin Changsheng, Dai Sheng and others had cultivated immortals in Wudang Mountain in previous dynasties.

Shi Yue (925- 1002) wrote 143 "Wudang Mountain" in Taiping Universe, and there is no record of basalt.

This can be used as evidence that Wudang Mountain and Xuanwu were not connected in the early Northern Song Dynasty.

Wudang Mountain should become a sacred place to worship Xuanwu after the appearance of "Yuan Shi Tian honored the northern Zhenwu Miao Jing".

During the reign of Xuanhe in Song Huizong (1119-125), Zixiao Palace was built in Dading North of Wudang Mountain to worship Xuanwu, which may be the earliest palace view on Wudang Mountain.

By the Southern Song Dynasty, Xuanwu belief had become very common, and the legend of Xuanwu practicing Wudang Mountain had been deeply rooted in people's hearts.

Dong's A Record of Xuan Di has a detailed description of Taihe Mountain, namely Wudang Mountain, which shows that Wudang Mountain is located overseas and under two stars.

In addition, it also adds the plot that Yuan Jun, the son of Jade Qing's sage, teaches Xuanwu Road and orders him to practice in Wudang Mountain.

The Record of Xuan Di records: "The Prince (Xuanwu) resigned from his parents at the age of fifteen and went out to visit the valley.

So I was moved by Yu Qing's sage son Yuan Jun, who agreed to this road.

Yuan Jun said: Zi can cross the sea east, and there are mountains under his wings ... Zi can enter the mountains, and choose the one among the peaks that flies in the purple sky and live in it.

..... The prince is in accordance with the teacher's language, the more Haidong, if you see the teacher's mountain.

The mountains and rivers are deep, with 72 peaks, one of which is green, the sky is high and the clouds are light, and the sky is empty.

So I listened to my teacher's instructions. The mountain is called Taihe Mountain and the peak is called Zixiao Peak.

This rock is called Zixiaoyan because of divination.

Forty-two years is true. It's great on the road.

"……

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zhou Jun suffered a military disaster and the Wudang Mountain Temple in Zhou Jun was severely damaged.

For example, the Zixiao Palace has been deserted since 1260.

1267 Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan made Yanjing its capital.

1269 In the winter, a tortoise and snake appeared in the Gaoliang River in the western suburbs of Yanjing. Everyone thinks that this is a manifestation of Xuanwu, symbolizing the prosperity of the Yuan Dynasty, so Yuan Di Palace worships Xuanwu.

1270, Zhao Ying Palace was built on the banks of the Gaoliang River to worship Xuanwu.

Taoist Wang Zhen often entered Wudang Mountain and led his disciples Lu Dayou and others to rebuild the Wulong Temple on 1275.

1278, Taoist Zhao Shoujie, who is famous for Taoism, led his disciples to rebuild Wudang's concept of protecting the saints.

1286, the ancestor Kublai Khan ordered the appointment of masters Ye Xizhen, Liu and Hua Dongzhen as Wudang Mountain, and sent Yuxiang to Wudang Mountain for blessing many times.

By the Yuan Dynasty, Wudang Mountain was more prosperous because of the worship of the emperor and the management of Taoist priests, and the legend of the relationship between Xuanwu and Wudang Mountain also had new development.

Liu's Collection of Wudang Blessed Land puts forward a new view on the origin of the name of Wudang Mountain.

He believes that Wudang Mountain was originally named Taihe Mountain and renamed Wudang because Xuanwu successfully cultivated here. After soaring, it is not enough for Xuanwu.

His books are full of relics of Wudang Mountain's Xuanwu practice.

Taking Wulongguan as an example, this paper explains that Wudang Mountain belonged to Xuanwu in Yuan Dynasty.

According to Dong, the Monument to the Five Dragons was probably written. The reason why the Five Dragons Temple was built was to go to Wudang Mountain for rain. This supernatural story was heard by Emperor Taizong (reigned from 627 to 649).

Emperor Taizong issued a decree to build Wudang Mountain View to show the holy land.

At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Wang Xiangzhi and others regarded Wulong Temple as a secluded place of Xuanwu.

Based on this, when Liu Faming saw Xuanwu Road soaring, five dragons rode up, so he built a Five Dragons Temple in his original hiding place to worship it.

Later, this book was written into "Mysterious Heaven Revelation" in "Wudang Blessed Land Collection". The story of monasticism in Wudang Mountain is embellished with tried and tested plots, which makes Xuanwu Biography more in line with the usual structure of Taoist immortal biography, that is, monks begin to practice, pass the test, and finally ascend to heaven and become immortals.

Moreover, the newly added plots are marked with relics.

Taoist music is used in the ritual activities such as celebrating the immortal's birthday, praying for heaven, exorcising demons and turning over the undead in Taoist fasting ceremony.

Taoist music is an indispensable part of Taoist fasting ceremony, which plays a role in setting off and rendering religious atmosphere, and enhances believers' yearning for the immortal world and reverence for the gods.

Taoist music, as an ancient religious music, is permeated with Taoist basic beliefs and aesthetic thoughts in form and tone, forming its own unique mode.

The aesthetic thought of Daole reflects the Taoist pursuit of longevity and tranquility.

The melody is solemn and solemn, and there is no lack of peace.

When summoning a general, he is majestic, when exorcising demons, he is strong and resolute, when praying and celebrating, he is cheerful and brisk, when singing immortals, he is beautiful and quiet, and when praying and practicing, he is melodious and ethereal.

Through the comparison and rendering of music, the fasting ceremony of Taoism is more solemn, solemn, sacred and mysterious; In music, all kinds of immortal artistic conception can be reproduced harmoniously and vividly, bringing people's emotions into the mysterious immortal world.

Taoist music consists of vocal music and instrumental music, and its performance forms are various, including solo, chorus, solo, ensemble and accompaniment.

Vocal music is the main part of Taoist ritual music, and the tunes (that is, scriptures) are always very specific, expressing the wishes and entreaties of practitioners, or asking for help from gods, or praising immortals.

Melody and lyrics are harmonious and unified, and various musical forms are connected with each other, which constitutes the whole sacrifice activity.

The musical instruments in Daole include almost all the national musical instruments in China, and percussion instruments such as bell, drum, chime, cymbal, clank and wooden fish are widely used. Sheng, wind, flute, flute and other wind music; Guqin, Ruan and other plucked music.

Main entrance: Wudang Mountain Ancient Architecture Complex

Wudang Mountain Ancient Architecture Complex was built in Zhenguan period of Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in Ming Dynasty. All the emperors built Wudang Mountain into a royal temple.

During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, "the Forbidden City was built in the north and Wudang was built in the south".

Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, spent a million dollars and employed 300,000 military and civilian craftsmen. It took 12 years to build 33 buildings, including 9 palaces, 8 temples, 36 antelopes, 72 rock temples, 39 bridges and 2 pavilions, which were further rebuilt and expanded during Jiajing period.

The whole building complex is in strict accordance with the story of Zhenwu's cultivation of immortals, with a unified layout and the adoption of royal building regulations, forming the artistic conception of "Fairy Mountain Qiongge", which is the largest religious building complex in the world today, with a distance of 140 Li.

It has mysterious, transcendental and natural artistic effects, which fully embodies the Taoist thought of "harmony between man and nature". It is a wonder in the history of ancient architecture in China, and is known as "China Ancient Architecture Achievement Museum" and "Forbidden City hanging on a cliff".

imperial capital

Jin Dian is the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

This Ming Dynasty bronze palace building is located in the center of the stone platform at the top of Tianzhu Peak, covering an area of about 160 square meters, facing south by 8 degrees east.

The main hall is three rooms wide and deep, with a width of 4.4m, a depth of 3. 15m and a height of 5.54m ..

There are 65,438+02 columns around, with overlapping frames and foreheads. There are double-inclined and single-inclined double arch arches on the columns, which support the upper and lower eaves respectively, forming a double-eaves basement roof.

Dragons cast at both ends of the main ridge face each other.

Four doors plastered with plaster, with four walls installed between columns.

The ceiling of the hall adopts a flat chess ceiling with soft and smooth lines.

The ground is covered with purple stone, washed and polished.

The characteristic of the roof is "pushing the mountain".

There is an altar in front of the screen on the back wall of the temple, carved with a statue of the great warrior. On the left, the golden boy holds a book, and on the right, the jade girl holds a treasure. Fire and water will hold a flag and hold a sword to guard the hatchback.

There is a Xuanwu statue under the altar, which is a combination of gold and ten thousand.

In front of the altar, there is an incense table and an offering.

Above the altar, a goldsmith's forehead hung high, on which were cast the words "golden light and wonderful phase" written by the holy father, Michelle Ye.

Outside the eaves of the temple, there is a golden plate on the edge of Yi Long's bucket, on which the word "Golden Hall" is vertically cast.

All parts of the temple were cast by lost wax method and covered with gold. Whether it is ceramic tile or wood, the structure is rigorous and the joints are precise. After more than 500 years of cold and hot changes, it is still as brilliant as ever, showing the high level of development of China foundry industry.

Wulong square

Wulong Palace is located at the foot of Wulong Peak to the west of Tianzhu Peak in Wudang Mountain, under Lingying Peak, with Jinsuo Peak in front and Mozhenxi on the right.

There are 850 temples in Wulong Palace in Wudang Mountain, which was once huge and was listed as one of the earliest eight palaces in Wudang Mountain.

There were frequent wars in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Taoist architecture of Wulong Palace was "three wars in a hundred years". In the wars of past dynasties, most of Wulong Palace was burned down.

Wulong Palace is the ground floor building of Baiyun Temple, which consists of the main hall, two corridors and Guanyin Building. It's magnificent.

Fuzhengguan

Fu Daxiong Hall, also known as "Ancestral Temple", is the main building in Fushen District and the * * * part of the whole building complex.

Through the paving and rendering of Jiuqu Yellow River Wall, Zhaobi, Longhutang and other buildings, a high platform is highlighted in the Second Hospital, which is the Fuguantang. The resplendent hall makes people feel mighty, solemn and solemn, and suddenly feels pious.

Fuzhen Museum was built in the tenth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty and expanded in Jiajing period, but it was not seriously damaged in Ming Dynasty. It was rebuilt in the twenty-fifth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty.

Because the maintenance of the Qing Dynasty was donated by local officials and folk believers, although it was difficult to maintain the royal grade of the original buildings, many folk buildings were added.

Therefore, through the main hall, we can see the remains of architectural technology and art in Ming and Qing dynasties at the same time.

Zixiaotang

The Zixiao Temple in Wudang Mountain, located at the foot of the Zhanqi Peak in the southeast of Wudang Mountain, was built in the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty (119-1125) and in the 11th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (141).

There are 29 existing buildings with a building area of 6,854 square meters.

There are five terraces on the central axis. Longhutang, Beiting, Tang Shifang, Zixiaotang and Shengwenmutang were built from top to bottom, and the two sides were divided into three courtyards by buildings such as houses, forming a group of halls and buildings with clear priorities.

The middle wings of the palace are quadrangle-style Taoist houses.

Main entrance: Wudang Wushu

Wudang Wushu is a profound school with a long history in Chinese Wushu.

Zhang Sanfeng, a Taoist priest of Wudang in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, is considered as the founder of Wudang Wushu.

Wudang Sanfeng Taiji Sword

Wudang Sanfeng Taiji Sword is the same as Taiji Biography. After Zhang Sanfeng, the founder of Wu Tangzong founded Tai Ji Chuan, he absorbed the skills of hundreds of swordsmanship and incorporated them into the Taoist family training method to create Taiji sword.

Wudang Sanfeng Taiji Sword absorbs Taoist culture and thoughts, and has Taoist qigong skills of refining qi, invigorating qi, tonifying deficiency and tonifying deficiency. It also has the functions of strengthening body constitution, self-defense and prolonging life. This is a kind of fencing that combines martial arts and fitness.

complete

Fu Hu Boxing, also known as Dragon-lowering Fu Hu Boxing, is one of the outstanding boxing types of Han Wushu, belonging to the Wudang Mountain Zhenshan Boxing, which is used by Wudang Mountain Wushu practitioners to increase their skills.

Manipulation is the main method, supplemented by leg method.

The main practice methods are: holding hands, boxing, anti-leg, three hands and so on.

The style is characterized by combining rigidity with softness and aggressive style, which not only has the function of strengthening the body, but also has the function of defending against the enemy and self-defense.

Wudang sword of Dan Sect

Wudang sword of Dan school is a kind of swordsmanship of Wutang school, which is characterized by the fact that kendo is based on God first, God's will and God's feet, and requires the unity of "God, sword and body".

Wudang swordsmanship of Dan Sect is famous for its ingenious and changeable swordsmanship, which combines the strengths of various sects, not only changing back and forth, but also fighting and flying. The whole set of single sword practice is 132 style, which can be practiced separately or continuously. Kendo can be long or short, with precise style, no tricks and repetitive style. It can be regarded as the treasure of Wulin and the essence of martial arts.

Twenty-four Tai Ji Chuan

Twenty-four-style Tai Ji Chuan is a simplified Tai Ji Chuan, one of the traditional boxing methods of the Han nationality, which belongs to the simple Tai Ji Chuan routine implemented after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

In order to facilitate the popularization of Tai Ji Chuan among the masses, 1956 edited Simplified Tai Ji Chuan by deleting complicated and repetitive movements and selecting 24 styles on the basis of Tai Ji Chuan in Yang Tai.

In order to meet the needs of the masses to practice boxing, the Sports Committee of the People's Republic of China absorbed the strengths of Chen, Yang, Wu and Wu Tai Ji Chuan in 1979, and compiled "Simplified 48 Styles of Tai Ji Chuan".

Main terms: Wudang Mountain Taoist medicine

The theoretical core of Wudang Taoist medicine is to take "Qi" as the foundation and protect "Qi" first.

Wudang Taoist medicine was influenced by Chu-Han culture and absorbed the theory of "nourishing qi" in Chu-Han culture. Medical theory is based on qi, and preserving qi is the first.

Laozi and Zhuangzi's masterpiece "Journey to the North" said: "People are born together, live together, and die when they are scattered ... So, it is all over the world.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, Shitai's Return to the Source said: "Qi is the life in the form, and the heart is the god in the nature", and Sanfeng's On the Avenue said: "Qi pulse is static and contains Yuan Shen, which is true, while Shen is static and has long vitality, which is true."

As can be seen from the above literature, "Qi" is the key to human life. Life is alive, but death is lifeless.

Therefore, Wudang Taoist medicine pays special attention to the maintenance of "Qi".

Since the establishment of Taoism in Wudang Mountain, Taoist doctors in Wudang Mountain have continuously absorbed nutrition from the people, introduced technology, integrated various popular methods of body-building and qi-nourishing into Taoism, carried out religious reform, and incorporated them into Taoist medical system, which has become the criterion of "qi-nourishing" methods in Wudang Taoist medical system.

In terms of medical treatment, Taoist doctors also take supplementing qi, regulating qi, breaking qi and regulating qi as the main treatment methods.

A stroke by Wang Wen

One of Wang Wen's pens is Agkistrodon, a lepidoptera plant.

Height 5- 15cm.

Because its inflorescence is shaped like a thick brush, it is said that Zhou Wenwang used it as a pen to write poems, draw pictures and read official documents after passing through Shennongjia, hence the name.

Because this plant is a parasitic plant, it often grows in the roots of other plants, so it is also called "borrowing children from mothers".

One of Wang Wen's pens mainly grows in Wudang Mountain Scenic Area, and one of Wang Wen's pens also grows in Shenlong shelf in the south of Wudang Mountain.

Wang Wen's brush mainly grows in the hillside forest at an altitude of1000-2500m, and parasitizes the roots of woody plants.

glossy ganoderma

Ganoderma lucidum, also known as Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum, Cao Xian and Cao Rui, is the whole grass of Ganoderma lucidum or Ganoderma lucidum of Polyporaceae.

Ganoderma lucidum has the best effect. Ganoderma lucidum is native to eastern Asia, and Jiangxi is the most widely distributed in China. Ganoderma lucidum, as a traditional precious medicinal material in China, has thousands of years of medicinal history and high medicinal value.

polygonum multiflorum

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb is a perennial twining vine of Polygonaceae.

The root is slender, with a big root at the end, and its appearance is reddish brown to dark brown.

Materia Medica: "Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Today is everywhere.

The winners are Xiluo Songshan and Zhecheng counties in Nanjing.

The leaves of spring seedlings are relatively dark, like sweet potatoes.

Its stems spread between bamboo and wood walls.

The seeds are as small as buckwheat and as big as millet.

Take the roots of autumn and winter as an example. They are as big as fists, and each has pentagonal petals, like small melons.

The tuberous roots, rattan stems and leaves of plants can all be used as medicine. The traditional Chinese medicines are Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, Polygonum multiflorum Thunb and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb leaves.

Sanfeng Dingshen Decoction

Pharmaceutical composition: Radix Asparagi, Radix Ginseng, Poria each 35g, Rhizoma Acori Graminei 1 8g, Rhizoma Coptidis 6g, Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata10g, Juncus Juncus 5g, Cinnabar1g, and Moschus 0.5g.

Press: This prescription is contained in the Complete Works of Zhang Sanfeng, which has the effects of nourishing the heart, nourishing the brain, calming the heart and calming the nerves.

Zhang Sanfeng was a famous Taoist priest in Wudang Mountain in Ming Dynasty, the founder of Wudang Neijia Boxing, and he was known as "Mr. Bi Zhen" because of his excellent medical skills.

Because cinnabar is poisonous and musk is rare and expensive, these two drugs can be omitted. Mother-of-pearl, magnet, dragon's teeth and Albizia Albizia bark can be added for patients with deficiency of both heart and brain, disturbance of mind by heart fire, irritability and insomnia.

Tian Xuan Shenrui Yingtu Road

Taoist painting in Ming dynasty.

It mainly records the good omen of the appearance of Zhenwu Emperor, the main god of Wudang Mountain, which is divided into two parts: heaven and underground.

Wudang Mountain is auspicious.

Paintings of Ming Dynasty.

It mainly depicts the auspicious landscape in the sky after the overhaul of Wudang Mountain in Ming Dynasty and the completion of temples.

The picture is full of beautiful mountains, white clouds and colorful clouds, full of magical colors.

Its composition is rigorous and colorful, which has high artistic value.

According to legend, there was a Taoist named Zhang Sanfeng in Liaodong in Ming Dynasty who went to Fangcheng, Henan Province to become a monk.

Zhang Sanfeng is poor and dirty. He doesn't wash his face in the morning and his feet at night. He doesn't change clothes all the year round, and he doesn't stay in bask in the quilt for two years. People say he is sloppy.

Although he is sloppy, he is good at martial arts, and he knows both big tricks (acrobatics) and small tricks (magic).

Everything you say and do is crazy, so it's hard to understand.

Therefore, some people call Zhang Sanfeng, while others say that sloppy Zhang is a demigod.

That winter, the owner of Lian Zhen Palace fell ill. Taoist priests, big and small, all went to Master's bed to offer their condolences, and sloppy Zhang also came.

The master looked down at him, turned over and twisted his face to the bed. He asked slowly, "Master, Master, are you better?"

Master just pretended to be asleep, and Zhang shouted loudly, "Master, master, are you better?" He shouted again and again, making the master impatient, and snorted, meaning: Go away quickly!

"Well, the host wants to eat' Hum (Apricot)' (Zhou Jun dialect,' Hum' is homophonic with' Apricot'). I'll pick it for you up the hill.

"Sloppy zhang said as he walked out of his door.

At this time, the snow is pouring down, the north wind is whistling, and everything can't be seen clearly all over the mountains. He played in the snow for a while and really picked up two apricots with two green leaves on the fruit handle.

Husband sees apricots half good, but eats apricots all good.

From then on, everyone admired Zhang Sanfeng's method.

A few days later, Sloppy Zhang said to the master, "Emperor Yongle is practicing martial arts and becoming a mountain. I'm going to help Zhenwu."

The master said, "You cured my illness, and I can't bear to let you go."

"I will take off your sandals. When you miss me, you will come to me in sandals.

"Zhang sloppy said," put the straw sandals in the incense burner on the table.

The next day, the Taoist baby came to burn incense and saw a pair of dirty and smelly straw sandals in the incense burner, so he told the master.

When my husband came to see it, it smelled bad. He reached out and pulled it out and threw it into the yard. The rotten straw sandals turned into a pair of white doves, which flew into the sky and landed in the clouds.

The master was remorseful and shouted, "Sloppy Zhang is playing tricks again. It turned out to be a pair of' walking boots'! "