Is prophecy a language? What influence did it have on the politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty?

Divination prophecy and other nonsense are not credible, but divination prevailed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and "Liu Xiuying was the son of heaven" did come true again. What happened?

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, images were flying all over the sky, some attached to people, and some attached to people. The divination truth related to Wang Mang was finally revealed, which was formed by collusion between Wang Mang and his men, and some people used it to obtain official titles. However, it is difficult to test the historical authenticity of divination related to Liu Xiu. However, according to analysis, Liu Xin is most qualified to engage in these tricks for the following reasons:

First, Liu Xin is the greatest authority of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty, a master of astronomical calendar calculation, and an official of Confucian scholars' divination. He is most qualified to do this kind of divination in ancient Chinese. Liu Xin was renamed Liu Xiu as early as the first year of Jianping (6 BC).

Secondly, Wang Mang usurped the throne and used a lot of tricks such as good omen, fortune telling and divination. Liu Xin was so impressed that he even participated in it. He understands the power of these things and knows how to spread and "discover" these tricks.

Third, Liu Xin has a large number of disciples who know all kinds of things, and it is convenient for them to spread these things.

Li Shou is thomas lee's father, "Liu Xin is a beginner and a teacher of Wang Mang Zongqing". "Liu Fuxing, Li Weifu" is just a prophet of Li Tong, which is too strange. When Li Tong really wanted to help Liu, Li Shou turned himself in, which only made people suspect that "this Liu is not Liu", so he had to turn himself in.

It is also recorded in the biography of Han Wang Mang: "Simon Junhui, a Taoist priest, said to General Wei according to astronomical predictions:" Sweeping the palace, Liu Weiguo, is also the name of the national teacher. "Collaborate with Fu to find Liu Xin rebellion. These are all suspicious things about Liu Xin.

Fourth, the most important thing is that Liu Xin has the ambition to fight against the headstrong and restore the Han Dynasty, and he has been hiding it. Until the end, he had to launch a coup, but it was too late.

Fifth, the most suspicious thing is the time and content of these images. When the news of Wang Mang's downfall was revealed, images about Liu Xiu began to spread. The image of "Liu Xiu should be the emperor" was announced in the third year of the emperor. After being discovered, people immediately thought of the simultaneous appearance of Buddhist Liu Xin and Li Shou. Later, after the Liu Xiu brothers started fighting, although their reputation had far-reaching influence. However, in the fourth year of the Emperor, the new divination clearly confirmed that it refers to national teachers, not martial arts. This series of coincidences makes people wonder whether Liu Xin is up to something.

Sixth, The Book of Prophecy had nothing to do with Liu Xiu, and the relationship between Liu Xiu and prophecy was not taken seriously at that time.

Liu Xiu was not famous when he was in Chang 'an, and the friends he made were not celebrities at that time. I'm afraid he has no eyes for Liu Xin. Liu Xin won't stand up for this young man. Before going to Chang 'an, Liu Xiu didn't know this scene herself. At that time, his life goal was: "be an official as a golden servant and marry a wife as a pear flower." At the turn of the Han Dynasty, predictions were flying all over the sky. The prediction that "Liu Xiu will be emperor" has not attracted people's attention. If it is well known that everyone believes this, Liu Xuan and others will never dare to reuse Liu Xiu.

The most intriguing thing is that, as a student of Liu Xin, Xiao Wei was one of the few separatist forces who didn't believe in divination at that time. Liu Xin, this is "intentional planting trees is not alive, unintentional planting willows." Finally, I made a wedding dress for others.

When Emperor Guangwu ascended the throne, he used a spell, which was the "red spell" that Liu Xiu and his roommate Huaqiang brought from Guanzhong when they were born in Chang 'an. He said: "Liu Xiu sent his troops to drive the way, and the four barbarians gathered in the wild. In April and July, fire was the main thing." This is the strangest thing. Only Deng Yu, You Zhu and Liu Xiu can lead Huaqiang. You Zhu said that Liu Xiu had "the phase of the sun and the angle, which is also the destiny", and was stopped by Liu Xiu at that time. You Zhu once worked with Liu Xiu in Chang 'an and had business dealings with him. You Zhu is very likely. Deng Yu advocates the throne, and Liu Xiu will certainly ask his advice on the throne. Deng Yu is the closest to Chang 'an. He used to be Liu Xiu's classmate, so he should also know Huaqiang. It is also possible.

Of course, it is not impossible for Liu Xiu to divine himself, but from the different attitudes of Liu Xiu and Wang Mang towards divination, it can be seen that Liu Xiu is really superstitious, and divination has become his spiritual weapon and source of strength. And Wang Mang's divination is a trick, which is used to deceive people. Wang Mang dismissed all the unfavorable predictions as witches, while Liu Xiu argued irrationally and misinterpreted the unfavorable predictions. Zhu fu didn't do much, but he did more, but he was rewarded. Although Guangwu was dissatisfied with him many times, he didn't deal with him in the end and raised him generously. Guangwu became more and more superstitious in his later years. For those who don't believe in divination, those who don't.

Prediction of Korean struggle

Guangwu became more superstitious in his later years. This doesn't look like a sign of fear after fraud, unlike Wang Mang. After Wang Mang came to power, he hated and feared that he would never use it again and opposed others' use. Guangwu is afraid that others will not believe him. In his later years, he also announced that he was going to see the world. Once people show that they don't believe him, they will fly into a rage. Just deliberately find fault and punish.

Emperor Guangwu once asked (Zheng) about the advocacy of suburban worship and said, "I want to judge by prophecy, so what?" Zheng Xing replied, "I don't care." Guangwu flew into a rage and said, "What's the matter with you? Is it evil? " Zheng Xing replied in fear, "I didn't learn anything from books, but I have nothing to do." Guangwu just softened a little. Zheng Xing spoke a few words about politics, followed the classics and kept righteousness, and wrote about Wen Ya, but he couldn't reuse them because he was not good at predicting things. The most unfortunate thing is Huan Tan, Huan Tan trusted Guangwudi, and his decision was doubted. Huan Tan complex hydrophobic yue:

"View the first king's account, salty based on righteousness and the right path, not blame virtual Christmas. A saint can't cover his life. Since Zigong, I can't hear it. Later generations are shallow Confucianism, and I can understand it! Today's people, smart and talented, get books and pretend to remember, so as to deceive greed and mislead others, how can they be far away! Minister Tan Wenfu, your majesty's skill of folding alchemist Huang Bai is very clear; But I want to hear the prophecy, what's wrong! Although they sometimes overlap, it's like counting only occasionally. Your Majesty should listen carefully, show his holy will, sift through a small group of songs to explain the meaning of the Five Classics, and know people's elegant plans in detail according to common sayings. "

Huan Tan is outspoken, saying that the use of divination in Guangwu is a "song of small groups". The more unhappy Guangwu is when he studies and plays books, the more so he will find fault.

Later, there was an imperial edict discussing where the gv 10 should be built. The emperor said to Huan Tan, "I want to make a decision, so what?" Huan Tan was silent for a long time and said, "I don't read prophecy." Guangwu deliberately asked him why, but Huan Tan rephrased his lies. Guangwu attacked on a large scale and roared, "Huan Tan will be beheaded unless he is sanctified." Huan Tan kowtowed and bled for half a day. Out of Lu' an county; I was suddenly unhappy and died of illness. At that time, I was over 70 years old.

Things like divination cannot be argued with courtiers, let alone with courtiers. Detainees also dare not refute Huan Tan's prediction. This matter is also related to the memorabilia of Guangwu's "winning the world and securing the world". If Huan Tan denies it, wouldn't it tell the world that Jiangshan has been cheated? This is really the biggest pain of Guangwu. No matter how self-restraint and tolerance, Guangwudi, who knows judo, can't help it. It can be seen that there is no Maitreya Buddha in the world that can tolerate everything, but it does not touch people's suffering. Yin Minbo's "The Classic Record", Guangwudi ordered him to look up the book, and went to Cui Fa to write for Wang Mang. Yin Min also opposed divination. He said: "Divination books are not written by saints, and many of them are close to vulgar characters, which are quite secular characters, lest they be mistaken for later generations." Regardless of Guangwu, Yin Min actually played a big joke on Guangwu. He added a sentence "You have no mouth, it's Hanfu" in the missing text. This sentence is wonderful, punning, expressing contempt for prophecy. Guangwu was surprised when he saw it and asked him why. Yin Min replied: "I dare not measure my books when I see that my predecessors are increasing." It is not easy to attack, although it is not guilty, but it is also stagnant. At the beginning of Emperor Guangwu's accession to the throne, Wang Liang was appointed as a general by divination. At that time, Chi Fuxi said that "it was always for Xuanwu", Guangwu took the wild king as the place where Wei moved, Xuanwu was the name of the water god, and it was also the official in charge of water and soil, so he made an exception and worshipped it as a general and sealed it as a strong marquis. Wang Liang is the general in charge of water conservancy. As a result, there are no engineering talents in Wang Liang. In the seventh year of Jianwu, Wang Liang drained the valley water into Luoyang City and Gongchuan to the east, and the canal was built without running water. A company illegally broadcast it.

Guangwu was transferred to Wang Liang as the prefect of Jinan in the name of "the beauty of a gentleman's adult", knowing that his appointment was improper. One thing still needs to be affirmed. Guangwudi didn't believe in alchemist Huang Bai's medical skills like Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, nor did he seek immortality, and he was not cheated. In particular, he strictly distinguished the use of divination and never missed military affairs because of divination.

For example, the generals in Hebei did not believe in divination when they ascended the throne. They did not put Guangwu on the throne with ready-made divination, but they did not accept divination. Guangwudi used General Pingdi as Fu's agent, and everyone was unhappy. Guangwu was very frank, so he asked who could be Fu. As a result, Hailing Wu was widely expected, and Guangwudi appointed Hailing Wu as Fu until his death. Guo Xian is also from Runan. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty listed it in the Biography of Fang Shu. He knows astrology and fortune telling. Guangwu finds someone who understands the world. Here he comes. He has been recruited as a doctor. Seven years after Jianwu, he replaced Zhang Kan as Guanglu Xun. This is a man of God. Once from the southern suburbs, when Guo Xian was in office, he suddenly returned to the northeast with three sprays of wine. The magistrate said it was disrespectful and asked him why. Guo Xian said to him, "Qi is on fire, so I hate it." Qi was on fire, the same day as the suburbs.

In the eighth year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu wanted to explore Xiao Wei in the west, and Guo Xian remonstrated: "The world is decided at the beginning, and the drivers can't move." Guo Xiannai blocked the car, drew his sword and cut the belt. Guangwu still didn't listen and went to Gansu. Later, Yingchuan soldiers rose up, but they drove back. The emperor sighed and said, "I hate it." That's true, but Guangwu still doesn't use witchcraft to plan military affairs.

At that time, the Huns committed several crimes, and Wu Zong called hundreds of courtiers to discuss. Guo Xian believes that the world has dried up and is not suitable for moving people. If you don't agree, say that you are deaf, dizzy, and stop talking. Guangwudi ordered Liang Langfu Hall, but Guo Xian did not worship. The emperor said, "I really often hear about' Guo Ziheng of Kanto'." Guo Xiansui was dismissed due to illness and died at home. The last time Guangwu used divination was to worship Mount Tai.

At first, the ministers talked about Zen, and all kinds of martial arts were not allowed, claiming to be virtuous. In February of the 30th year of Jianwu, the ministers said that it was appropriate to worship Mount Tai after 30 years on the throne, and Guangwu issued a letter saying: "After 30 years on the throne, the people were full of injustice. Who can bully me and bully the sky? " It is said that Mount Tai is not as good as Fang Lin, so why pollute the 72nd generation directory! Huan Gong wants to seal it, but Guan Zhong doesn't. If the county magistrate lives to be a hundred years old, he will be satisfied and order the land to be settled. "

Guangwudi quoted the Analects of Confucius as a comparison with Fang Lin, and flattered the person who proposed the meditation ceremony as a villain. He will be punished (shaved his head) and cultivated the land. From then on, ministers were afraid to speak again. But in March this year, Guangwu went to Mount Tai. When Song Liang, commander of the samurai corps, talked about it, he thought the emperor was interested.

In the first month of the thirty-second year of Jianwu, after fasting in Guangwu, I read "River Map Huichang Fu" at night, engraved with the words "Nine of the Red Liu, who will be the generation of the Sect. If you use it carelessly, how can you benefit from it Make good use of it, traitors are not cute. " Sensing this prophecy, he wrote a letter to Song Liang and others, asking them to worship the Zen priest according to the ancient language "IX" in China.

In February this year, Guangwu led the ministers to finally fulfill their long-cherished wish of worshipping Mount Tai, and declared Guangwu's rejuvenation successful. This year, in the first year of Yuan Dynasty, he announced his divination to the world, which was of great positive significance to the whole generation of Emperor Guangwu. The aftermath is hard to calm down.

Uncle Tu is Guangwu's amulet, which helped Guangwu create the foundation of fighting the world and has been with him all his life. If divination is of positive significance to Guangwu era, it will only have bad consequences for his next generation. His sons are going to rebel, and they all need help. Among the eleven sons, there are Jinan An, Yan, Ying and Guangling Jing, all of whom are up to no good. It is still inevitable that Liu Xiu's benevolence, Liu Yang's filial piety, flesh and blood cannibalism and brothers cannibalism. Liu Xiu's family management of the elderly also has problems. The children Liu Xiu likes are virtuous, while the children who fall out of favor are surly. Later, the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising and so on all used the superstition of prophecy.

Guangwudi has eleven sons: Guo was born in Donghai Gong, Fu, Jinan An, Yan, Zhongshan Yan, born in Chu, and Yin Empress was born in Xianzong, Dongping Wang Xiancang, Guangling Temple Wang Jing, Linhuai Huaigong Heng and Lang Xie Xiao Wang. The mother of Liu Ying, the king of Chu, was not favored by Xu, so Liu Ying was the poorest and youngest in Britain. Liu Ying is always attached to the Prince alone, and the Prince is particularly close. Acceded to the throne again, several rewards. When Liu Ying was young, he was a good ranger and a traffic passenger. In his later years, he even liked Huang Lao, learned to fast and sacrificed for the stupa. This pagoda comes from the western regions. One day, Ming Di dreamed that the golden man had grown up and there was moonlight. Some people said it was a pagoda, so they sent messengers to Tianzhu to ask him about Taoism. Buddhists built the White Horse Temple in Luoyang. Liu Ying, the king of Chu, soon became a believer in Buddhism. Later, he became a great traffic alchemist, made a scarab and a jade crane, and carved the words that Fu Rui.

In the 13th year of Yongping, Liu Ying, Yuyang, Wang Ping, Zhong Yan and others were accused of writing books, and they conspired against them. Liu Ying, a company player, recruits cunning people, creates illusions and is good at ranking officials. He bought two thousand stones from princes and princes, which was a big mistake. Please punish him. Ming Di couldn't bear it, so he abolished the king of Chu. The king of Chu moved to Jingxian County, Danyang, and still treated the prince, but Liu Ying committed suicide after arriving in Danyang.

Chuwang Prison has been uneven for many years, involving thousands of immigrants who died. Fifteen years, Ming Di went to Pengcheng, and saw Queen Mother Xu and Liu Yingzhi's wife in the hall, sobbing and tossing and turning. After Su Zong, the King of Chu was reinstated. King Liu Kang of Jinan is a big country. Besides Jin 'an County, there are six counties in Pingyuan County: Grasping County, Ande County, Chaoyang County, Pingchang County, Yin Ji County and Chongqiu County. Liu Kang has ambitions, too. He doesn't obey the laws of his own country and picks up guests. Recruited cunning Yuyang and Liu Zichan in counties and counties. , but also left his own silk, case book, plotting against the plan. Ming Di could not bear to be poor, but laid off five counties: A, Yin Ji, East Chaoyang, Ande and Xipingchang. Liu Kang is slightly restrained. Liu Yan, the king of Fuling, enjoys the four counties of Changping, Xihua, Xinyang and Fule in Runan except Huaiyang. Ada was arrogant and met Yan Lie. Yongping wrote to Princess Tao, his younger brother and sister, son-in-law Xu, and a captain Han Guang, saying that they had been tricked, made prophecies, and offered a shrine curse. After investigation, Hanbitsoft and Xie Jian were killed, and many immigrants died. A minister asked Ada to be punished. Ada's sin was thinner than that of Chu Wangying, so he was particularly grateful. He moved to Wang Fuling and ate two counties. Ada refused to mend his ways and rebelled against the junior high school under construction. Emperor Zhang was demoted to Fuling Hou and ate a county. Emperor Zhang Hou resumed his knighthood and died.

Liu Jing, the king of Guangling, is Ming Di's mother's younger brother, but he is impatient, likes to plot against people and has the worst behavior. When Guangwu died, Liu Jing cried, but wrote an anonymous letter, arguing with Liu Jiangshu in the name of Guo Kuang, and encouraging Liu Jiangshu to rebel with astrology. Liu Qiang was scared to death, and he immediately reported it to Ming Di. Ming Di found out the truth, and because of the secret treatment with his mother and brother, he sent Liu Jing out of Henan Palace. Liu Jing still refused to give up and said to Xianggong, "I am like an emperor." The first emperor was thirty years old, and I am thirty now. Can I form my army now? "The fortuneteller reported the matter to the officials. Liu Jing is in prison. Ming Di again generous, also don't pursue. However, Liu Jing was really stubborn and asked the witch to sacrifice to curse. Be exposed again. Liu Jing couldn't live any longer and committed suicide.

The evaluation of prophecy in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty is that "people who believe in prophecy and go to interesting times are all relished. Therefore, Wang Liang and Sun Xianming should be famous for their paintings, and the more they become pregnant, Zheng Xing and Jia Kui are famous for their attachment, while Huan Tan and Yin Min are defeated with good manners. They naturally learned to learn from the inside and learn from the outside, and they respected writing odd numbers and did not lack time. Therefore, they learn from Confucianism, complain about its treachery, and make a generous statement, so as to see what is right and hide it, and exclude it. The eldest son also said,' reading books of yin and yang makes people more taboo.' Beggars are also for this reason. "