This paper briefly introduces the understanding of social customs, bridge construction and road traffic in Song Dynasty.

Customs and human feelings in Song Dynasty

I. Preparing luggage and raising travel expenses

(1) Preparation of packaging

In Song Dynasty, luggage was called luggage or luggage. For example, Su Shi wrote in a letter "Escort with Cheng Deru": "At the end of April, when I went to Zhou Zhen to send my son to Yixing to pick up my luggage, I was caught, and the servants and birds scattered, and my luggage was already in the afternoon." Fu Lin, the first volume of Zhou Mi's History of Dong Qiye, said: "Search his luggage and you will find bamboo chairs, yellow curtains and other things that cover the temple." It's also called Hangbi or Nabi. For example, there is a sentence in Lu You's poem "Morning Walk in Quzhou" that "lines and pens are staggered, looking forward to the previous meal". Ye Mengde's "Postscript of Plants in Pingquan" also contains the sentence "I am sick on the boat, so I walk slowly". For another example, Zhang Huizhong said to the tiger in Volume XII of Yi Jian Zhiyi: "When the horse landed, it still did not move, so when riding, the police were all in the body, and the bag was the soldier's back."

The items in the luggage are mainly clothes changed during the trip. For example, Xiao Wen Lu has been published for ten years: "Sima Wengong made deep clothes, crowns, towels and towels according to the Book of Rites. Belt. " Every time I go out, I take a horse from the royal court, store my deep clothes in a suitcase, and then wear them when I enter Xanadu alone. "

Besides the clothes you changed on the way, umbrellas and medicines are also essential. Pedestrians take umbrellas to protect themselves from rain or sun. For example, Hong Mai's "Yi Jian Zhiyi" Volume 12 "The Old Man in the Big Three Pass" contains: "At the end of Zheng He, Zhang Weigong entered Beijing from Hanzhou with his fellow countryman Wu Ding." When we walked out of the third grade on foot, we were caught in a rainstorm, but the servants put up their umbrellas first, so there was no obstacle. They all rushed into the whitewashed house to avoid it. Zhou Mi's "Return to the Heart and Miscellaneous Knowledge" continued with Fan Hu's saying: "Quiet words are all hidden, and hundreds of guest monks cross the river to return to eastern Zhejiang." The four monks occasionally left their disciples behind, but they forgot to bring rain gear on the way and took it back. When they got to Jianggan, they crossed the boat to save their lives. Umbrella was also called rain cover in Song Dynasty. For example, York's "Wood History" Volume 11 "Panyu Seawall" contains: "Give it a board, cover it with two rains, and remove its handle." When I got it, I waited for the strong wind in the sky and flapped my wings, but I was on the flat ground and didn't hurt. "For those who use umbrellas to protect themselves from the sun, there is a record in Memories of Time Past:" In the last years of Yuanfeng, Wang was crossing the donkey and Chiang Kai-shek. It was the summer heat, but Li Mao went straight to see him, that is, he met him on the left. ..... For a long time, the sky turned to the west, Mao Zhi made an umbrella, but the sun leaked on Gong Jing. Mao Zhi talked about it and made an umbrella. Gong said,' No need. If you want future generations to be cattle, you should try to plough the fields on other days. ""In addition, medicine is also essential when people go out. This can be seen from the first volume of Qi Dong Yu Ye's Fu Lin: "Fu Lin ... its sunrise meets all roads. They searched their luggage and found Zhu chairs, yellow curtains and other things, which were used in Gailinshan Temple, but were lost in Monk Temple. Lin Zhi can't help but want to see his family say goodbye. When you enter the room, you need to explore Chinese medicine urgently and drink in wine ... "Dong Ji, a person at that time, also wrote" Hostel Tips ". In the preface, the author said: "When I was young, I got sick. Because I studied medicine, I often thought about the honor and disgrace of the world. I was impetuous, my diet was irregular, and I was indecisive. All of a sudden, you are ill and forced to rush. Officials travel north and south, and guests are involved in the road. Most of them are exposed to contact, and pathogens are easy to enter. Prescriptions and medicines are urgent, especially when touching the heart. It is safe to drink when you have fever, cough, cholera and acute illness. By analogy, we can't do it all. Since I became a doctor, I have collected more than 100 prescriptions and treated them with simple methods, so that people who saw them suddenly used them. The purpose is called "Hostel Preparation", which is a volume. There are several diseases, and treatment pays off. Don't dare to be private, write it down with the left. Preface to the East Pole. " Its medicines include fairy Zi Xue for treating macula, Xiao Banxia decoction and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus pill for treating phlegm syndrome, pills for treating cholera, Houpu decoction, keel soup decoction and Dachi decoction, medicinal chess pieces and Shen Gong pills for treating lumbago, Wan 'an pills for treating gynecological diseases, musk ointment, Quyan powder and Asarum powder for treating ears, mouth and teeth.

(2) the increase in travel expenses

In the Song Dynasty, travel expenses were also called travel expenses, travel expenses, meals, foot-binding expenses, travel expenses, parcel expenses, etc. For example, the seventh volume of Yi Jian Zhiyi Buzhangjia said: "Zhang Weng is a rich man in Xingzhou. He was originally engaged in receiving goods from small enterprises. ..... Zhang accepted the travelling expenses again. Before dawn, he personally escorted him out of the city and laughed. The third volume of Qingping Shantang Dialect and Yang Wenchuan said, "I want to go back to Beijing without travelling expenses." "Ghost Cave in Xishan, a popular novel in Beijing": "Wu Xiucai is bored and has no travelling expenses, so he is ashamed to return to his hometown." In addition, the book "History of the Five Dynasties, Liang Shi" said: "I hope my hometown is thousands of miles away, and I don't have any money on me." "Zhu lei" volume 130: "(Tang) Dong Chuyan borrowed three thousand yuan from Lu Gong. If you are honest with what you say, you will see it. Poverty is foot-binding. " "Zhang Xie Champion" said: "Don't wrap your feet less, take expenses on the way, but look around and don't grab it." Nine out: "Zhang Xie has some money, spends money, and is afraid to send it all the way." Another 19: "It's a long way, as long as you have money." Article 2 of the Criminal Law of the Song Dynasty: "To prevent officials from going back and forth on business trips, they often give up one or two hundred people and stop on the road." Although the soldiers gave them two liters of food, the packing fee was not enough. "In the Song Dynasty, the plate fee also meant travel expenses. For example, Ma Duanlin's General Examination of Literature (volume 160, soldier 12) records the fifteenth year of filial piety in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1 188). In order to improve the system of "taking the horse" every year, the military and political departments are ordered to work together, and it is clear that "the board fee is paid by each department" to ensure the income of the detainees. The name of the coating fee is contained in the first volume of the second volume of He Lu by Luo Dajing in the Southern Song Dynasty: "When Yang Chengzhai set up the dynasty, he calculated the coating fee for his return from Beijing and put it in a basket and key."

Because of the long distance, the amount of travel expenses required is also large, and some preparations need to be made. Or after long-term preparation, or sell land and real estate, or ask for help from relatives and friends, or borrow usury from the rich. Among them, lending was quite common at that time. For example, "Prime Minister (in charge of middle school) Jinyun was poor when he made clothes. He paid tribute in advance and would invest, so he didn't expect to make a fake loan. " (5) For example, Zhang Xie's champion said, "Your way out is just around the corner. I've been thinking all night, but I have no money. I quickly went to Dagong's house to borrow some classics. " "The" volume seven "ding? The name of the theme contains: "? "Fake loans to the clan, travel expenses, entering the capital, making up for imperial academy, and paying tribute in advance." Cheng is really unkind. Book 2 of Three Knows: "I want the right to send you to the grave keeper's house for a few days, but I have to travel to take you to a foreign country to settle down and reunite. What do you think? "

Second, worship the gods.

Song people have the custom of offering sacrifices to gods before going, such as Su Shi's poem "Sinha Pagoda in Sizhou": "I once sailed south, and the wind and sand blew my face against the wind for three days. The boat people advised to pray for the stupa, but the incense did not turn. Looking back, I lost the long bridge in an instant, but I didn't go to Kameyama for dinner. Even if people don't care about the thickness, I will be happy. Farming pays attention to after a storm comes a calm, and people who go with the wind complain. If everyone prays, creation should change every day. " This custom of offering sacrifices to the gods before leaving was called the ancestral road in ancient times, and it was vividly described in Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival: between the Pingqiao bridge in the middle of Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival and the tall Drum Tower, there was a heavy unicycle with two people pulling forward and pushing back, and a thin donkey was pulling hard in front. There is a wide-brimmed cloth on the car to cover the full load of goods. This cloth is covered with words and patterns. There is also a big umbrella hanging on this car. This kind of car is a common series of cars in cities in Song Dynasty. This car is followed by a group of people, one holding a donkey; A servant followed him and helped him with his luggage. In order to keep out the rain, he hung an umbrella at one end of his shoulder, which was similar in shape to an umbrella hung by a train. Behind the donkey rider, there are three people wearing soap robes, two of whom stand straight and open their hands to make farewell gestures; Another man knelt down on one knee, and an antelope lay across in front of him. The man kneeling on the ground looked back at the donkey rider, as if he were still mumbling something, and the donkey rider also looked back around, with a feeling of farewell in his eyes. Their behavior and words attracted the attention of people around them. Behind them, two people looked back at them, two others were talking to them, and two others were watching what they were whispering. According to Mr. Kong Qingzan's textual research, this is a typical "ancestor worship" scene. First of all, Zu's position is just outside the gate, just like Fujian today; Secondly, the sacrifices used are antelopes or yellow dogs commonly used in ancient ancestor worship; Moreover, the person kneeling on the ground is a blessing, and the person riding a donkey is looking back and listening, showing a farewell mood; It is particularly noteworthy that the donkey rider is a typical image of a distant scholar called by the Song people. (6)

According to documents, there were two kinds of gods in Song Dynasty: the land god was Zitongjun, Wu Tong, Zitong, and the water god was Tian Fei.

Zitongjun is a Taoist immortal in Shu. According to the book "Taiping Universe" in the Northern Song Dynasty, this deity is surnamed Zhang, and his name is evil (one is the Asian deity). He lived in Qiqu Mountain in Shu, and later "died in battle and lived in a temple". According to legend, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was blessed by him when he went to Shu, so he was named "King Jishun". In the Song Dynasty, because of its legend, it helped Song Jun put down the rebellion between Wang Jun and Li Shun, so it was called "the hero king" by Song Zhenzong in the Xianping period. At the same time, Taoism regards him as the emperor of Wenchang Lu Si and the god who dominates fame and fortune. Therefore, literati and scholars worship at home. For example, "Tieweishan Congtan" was published in four years: "Those who go to Shu Road in Chang 'an West have Zitong Temple with very different names. If the scholar-bureaucrat passes it, he will be sent by the wind and rain as the prime minister; Getting into the Jinshi, getting wind and rain, is the length of the temple. Since ancient times, there have been no mistakes. "

The Five Gods were also regarded as absent-minded by some Song people. For example, "Elder Wu" in Volume 5 of "Three" said: "Leping is old, filial piety is important, and purity is heavy, and the inner society calls the elder. I tried to park an umbrella outside my foreign house, but I lost it. I came to see Wu and said,' I don't cherish small things, but I have saved five gods and served for many years. Once I belong to someone else, I have nothing to rely on. Know the elder, can you visit for me?' "

There are many records about the custom of worshipping gods in Jianghu in Lu You's Book of Entering Shu, such as "On 13th, I went to Zhao Yong Temple in Fuchi to pay tribute to Zhao Yi, Wu Hui and Aileen to show the god of kings. ..... Sacrifices are enjoyed day and night, and the temple lost 1,200 Jin of official money, and the spirit of God is well known. The boatman said,' If you sincerely pray, then God can separate the wind to cope with the coming and going ships.' ""On the fourth day, Ping Dan began to untie the boat. The boatman said,' Since then, the slope has been blocked and tigers and wolves have appeared. If you don't know what to do, you will get hurt. It was early in the morning, only to see the boat people burning incense and praying to God. The cloud said,' If you sue the red head, you will make it old all year round. Don't dial the wrong number. What is a three-year-old man? Yunjian is also a long-term student. I know what Lao Du said,' In Long song, people are three years old, money is spread during the day, and the waves are high', which is the way it is. On the 22nd, after midnight, the boat people paid homage to Yi Tu, the god of the gorge? 。” "26th, ... offering sacrifices to the blasphemous temple in the river with a pot of wine. This temple is located in Lisan, east of Shashi. God said that Zhao would benefit King Guangyuan and cover one of the four blasphemies, which is the most upright one. "In addition, the dragon king is also a god that poets often worship. Fang Shao's "Ship Letter" records the cloud of "Longwang Temple" on the bank of Poyang Lake: "Scholars and business travelers all kill sacrifices. The big one is a sheep, the small one is a chicken and goose, and there is almost no virtual day. " In addition, Hui Zhou's Qingbo Magazine, Volume II, Small Ancestral Temple: "Hui once lived in four rivers, prepared for difficulties and obstacles, and carried life and death together, tied between ups and downs. Every time I pass the Dragon Palace, I will smoke in the furnace. " Fan Chengda's Lu Luan Lu: "On the first day of leap month, I stayed at Wuzikou. The Wuzi at the end of Poyang Lake is called the pirate area. Unless you sail and have a boat companion, you can't cross it. Snow, boating Dragon King Temple. The next day, it snowed heavily and prayed to the dragon god. Wu Ji, send a boat to Wuzi. " Hong Mai's "Yi Jian Zhi Ding" Volume 7 "Five Lakes Dragon Palace" contains: "In the spring of the fifth year of Shao Xi, yu zhang Migang, the general of Jiangxi appeasement department, just went to Jinling. When I arrived in Wuhu, the ship was the largest, carrying thousands of guests. Suddenly, water leaked in the middle of the night, and the water flooded in, making everyone on board very embarrassed. In addition, Volume 8 "Tanzhou Dujian" contains: "All the military and horses in Tanzhou are in charge of a certain department, leaving Tianma Wei and leaving the army to obtain official positions. When the rank was full, Doudufu sent mangshi to Ezhu for a family trip. Passing through the grass Dongting Lake and parking under the Longwang Temple is a gift to pay homage to the prison. "In addition, there are some other gods who are regarded as walking gods on the rivers and lakes. For example, Fang Shao's "Bo Zhai Bian" has been published for three years: "The danger of a hundred miles in Jiangxi is well known in the world. If there is little rain and the stream is shallow, the boats are all waiting for nothing, and some stay for months. There is a temple in Shuidong, Ganzhou, which is very spiritual, or sincerely pray that it will grow a few feet a night and send a boat out of the stone. So it rises without rain, which scholars call qingsheng. Before that, the literati learned about the temple court through prayer and stone carving. Zhao Fan's poem "Journey to the Boat" also reflects the scene when the Song people sailed to worship the river god: "Sleeping in the garden, so far dawn has come first. The waves are unstoppable, and my boat is really like mustard. At that time, first frost was very powerful, and fighting was unbearable. Moisten the lungs and liver with warm and turbid wine bubbles, and the cold people will feel at ease. Self-pity is no more moral than building a building, and you can't lightly violate the precepts. Search for bitterness and thank God for ginger. Don't blame me for not daring to drag out an ignoble existence. " (7)?

There were many protectors of maritime navigation in the Song Dynasty, such as Shangtingbao in Linhai County, Taizhou, and a small temple called Xinyi. Dongguan turns to hide, god is the body, and it often works. When the sea merchants come, the days of praying and giving will not be empty. (8) There are many sea gods in Fujian coastal areas, such as Dongou Goddess in Xianyou, Lingxian Hou in Hanjiang River, Daguan God in the north of the county, Fuyu God in Fuzhou, and "Tongyuan King God" in Quanzhou. They have great influence in various places, such as the Xiang Ying Temple God in the north of Xinghua Army, which was also converted by maritime merchants. " Merchants travel far, so they come to pray. (9) Another example is "Tong Yuan Wang Shen" in Enbukuji, Quanzhou, which has a wide influence in the local area. According to the literature, "every spring and winter, businessmen and foreigners in the South China Sea will pray for gratitude here. "(10) The local shipping company will hold a grand ceremony of praying for the wind in Jiuri Mountain, when all officials of civil and military affairs will attend and win a great victory. Zhen, a former Quanzhou magistrate, said in his essay "Pray for the Wind": "Only the spring is a country, used by people, used by public and private, and is also a foreign ship. ... is a state-owned ceremony ... and then pray at the age of one. " He also said, "No family is rich or poor, and we have to sacrifice for the sake of image, so as not to happen in the future. "But later, with the rise of Tian Fei's belief in Mazu, this ceremony was replaced by it.

According to literature and folklore, Tian Fei was originally the sixth daughter of Lin Yuan, a native of Meizhou, Putian, who was born in the first year of Stegosaurus in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 960). Few people can tell misfortune and happiness, and they can travel across the ocean and sit around the island, so they are called dragon girls. In the 4th year of Emperor Yongxi (AD 987), after the emperor was promoted, he often flew across the sea in Zhuyi, so a folk temple was built to offer sacrifices, and it was named Tongxian Goddess. In the second year of Qingyuan (A.D. 1 196), Tianfei Palace (Mazu Tempel) was built for the first time in Quanzhou. During the reign of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty, he was ordered to go to North Korea, and encountered a strong wind on the way. Seven of the eight boats are addicted, and her boat is intact because of the "Meizhou Goddess". So, after Lu came back from missionary work, he visited North Korea, and the court gave the temple the title of "Shunzhi", which was officially included in the national festival. In the 26th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 156), the ruler named her "Mrs. Hui Ling". In the third year of Shao Xi (A.D. 1 192), it was renamed Linghuifei. (1 1) So Tian Fei belief became popular among the people. Officials were ordered to go overseas, businessmen went abroad to do business, and fishermen went out to sea to fish. Before the ship broke down, they always went to the Tian Fei Temple to offer sacrifices, praying for Tian Fei's blessing for the downwind and safety. "A thousand miles of danger is a sign of the wind." Liu Kezhuang (12) said that "there are princess temples everywhere in Putian, with big markets and small settlements". (13) In addition, Tiansi Temple has been established in other coastal areas. ( 14)

Mrs. Chongfu is also regarded as a sea god in Fujian and Lingnan. For example, in the second volume of "The Story of the Magic Lady of the Shenfu House" after "Huhai News", it was written: "In the south of Guangzhou, there is the Temple of the Infinite Lady of Chongfu, which is magnificent in appearance, and there are ships in the south, all of which are begging for souls here. There are paintings of ladies in the temple and harem, such as mirror, phoenix hairpin, dragon towel, elephant comb, bedspread, clothes, gold and silver utensils, pearl jade articles, etc., which are all presented before the sea merchants are full, and each has its own collection. Can anyone who sells the sea go to the temple to pray? Borrowers who promise to borrow money will not be hurt by the wind and waves, nor will they make profits. There is a cashier in the temple. If the ship is in danger, call God from a distance. If there is a ship around the ship, you don't have to worry about longitudinal danger. " Everyone who goes to the temple to pray is respectful. In addition, "Jian Yi Wu Zhi Fu Xi Fei Ci" volume 1: "Shao Xi three years, Zheng Lizhi, Fuzhou people, returned from Panyu. The ship drifted in the west bay in Putian, but before it left the port, someone came to tell me,' There are six thief boats near the ocean, trying to escape?' So the owner went to Chongfu Temple for help. "In addition, there are people who worship King Guangli, such as Zhao Shizao, Volume 4 of Yi Jian Zhiyi:" Zhao Shizao, a tax collector in southeastern Guangdong, is in Shaoxing. After all, my colleagues Liu Ling and Sun Wei and I bought a boat to sail like Lin 'an. Shi Zao's wife has gone down to six people and arrived at Guangliwang Temple for the first time. The boatman said,' The Dharma should be offered by offering wine. Seaweed wanted to leave, but neither the commander nor the captain could stop him. In the evening, Zhao Mengfu and his wife entered the temple. They were furious and scolded, "If Cao is a scholar, you should go. I am proud that I have been to a county and a city, but I still have the respect of the landlord. I'm not proud of my desire to sail in great immersion. What a nice gift! ……"

In addition to protecting people's traffic safety, daydreaming and Daoism often have other functions. For example, Song Cai's "Talk about Tiewei Mountain" has been published for four years: "There is Zitong Temple in Chang 'an to the west of Shu Road, with different names. If the scholar-bureaucrat passes it, he will be sent by the wind and rain as the prime minister; Getting into the Jinshi, getting wind and rain, is the length of the temple. Since ancient times, there have been no mistakes. "In addition, Liu Changshi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, has a story in Volume 4 called The Story of the King of Straw Shoes. It is said that there is a thousand-year-old tree on Shu Road, with lush foliage and one acre of shade. Travelers often have to rest under this tree. During the break, some pedestrians should put on new straw sandals here, discard worn-out old straw sandals here, or hang old straw sandals on branches as playthings. Over time, this tree is covered with thousands of pairs of old straw sandals. Later, some people asked questions under this tree, which were often answered, so they worshipped God. One day, a scholar passed by here on his way to the city to take the elevator. He carved the words "the king of straw sandals, day after day" on the tree with a saber. When he came back from his activities, he found that a four-poster temple had been set up here. After reading it, the scholar walked away with a smile. Three years later, when he passed by here again, the small temple had become a magnificent shrine where many families lived. He was greatly surprised after reading it and asked the people around him what the reason was. Everyone says it's the king of sandals. So, on this day, the scholar stayed here. In the evening, he asked the god in his dream: "The name of God is only a play for a period of time. Why is it so prosperous today?" "Who the hell are you?" God told him, "I am a veteran of the nearby post office system." I dare not lie to my heart in my life. After I was laid off, I often helped passers-by who were burdened and had difficulty walking here. " Unexpectedly, the Emperor of Heaven remembered this feat of mine, but he still failed to arrange a place to live, and he was also named' King of Straw Shoes', so he was sealed and enjoyed the sacrifice. "The scholar asked again," So, why is divination always effective? "God replied," This is not my God's ability. I just beat the emperor in time. The emperor felt sincere and gave an answer. Finally, the scholars asked God to predict their future. The next night, the scholar saw God in his dream and said to him, "You will be the first in a certain year, and your official position will reach a certain level in the future." "Sure enough, fulfilled one by one. From this story, we can clearly understand the worship of gods in Song Dynasty. ( 15)

In addition, businessmen have the custom of praying for the wind when they go out to sea by boat. Ship wind is a kind of trade wind. With this wind, the ship can ride the wind and waves and reach its destination quickly. Chen's poem "Geng" says: "Every time in Xia Yue, there is a southeast wind for several days or even more than ten days. Wu people call it' boat wind'. As the cloud says, overseas ships pray for God and take this wind to Jiangsu and Zhejiang. " (16) Su Shi's poem "Ship Wind" says: "After thirty years in Huang Meiyu, Wan Li just came to ship wind; A few haunting folk songs filled Jiangdong for a while; Starts up the autumn leaves and wakes up the sleepy Weng; " I want to write a poem about the happiness of Lantai, but I don't want to ask men and women separately. In the preface of the poem, the author also said: "The plum rain in Wuzhong has passed, the breeze is full moon, and the years are like this. Wu people call it the foreign wind, which is the first time that a seagoing ship has returned. "

Third, choose the right time.

Song people had the custom of choosing a day when they traveled, which can be seen from the literature records at that time. For example, Lu Yong's "Wu Xia Tian Jia Zhi" contains: "When entering or leaving, avoid the moon." In addition, Bo 3403 "Calendar of the Third Year of Yongxi (AD 986)" unearthed in Dunhuang also records: "On the twentieth day of the first month, the ugly fire started, and when I was nine years old, I treated my illness, married and traveled happily." The Travels of Marco Polo recorded the custom of Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and said, "People here have the following habits ... If a person wants to travel, he will go to idolize and tell him the date of birth and whether it is beneficial to travel. If the star occasionally answers inappropriately, he will stop and wait until the right day. " People who believe in the stars are very faithful to what they say, and those who are close to the stars are skilled and always keep their word. "(17) but some people don't believe it, such as" (Shao) before the Kang Festival, the public line does not choose a day, or it is unfavorable to tell it. Gai said:' People don't know what they say, but they know what they say, and they know what they do, and they are enemies of ghosts and gods '..."( 18)

Fourth, the custom of separation

According to scholars' research, there are three kinds of parting customs in Song Dynasty: farewell, gift of gold and farewell.

(1) Farewell

Farewell, also known as farewell and seeing off, was quite popular in the Song Dynasty. According to the literature, when Chinese and foreign merchant ships go to sea, the Municipal Shipping Department will "send wine and vegetables" as usual; Sometimes a farewell dinner is held, and all businessmen, sailors and handymen can attend. ( 19)

When people send relatives and friends on friendly trips, they often set up farewell banquets outside the city gate or in the suburbs. For example, "Stories of Surabaya" contains: "At the beginning, Fan Wenzheng publicly demoted Raozhou, and the court ruled the clique, and the literati dared not leave." The king tried to cure the disease and died at home. "Wu Tong Zhi" said: "Cai Yuanchang called Luo back from Chengdu, and Chen and his uncle stayed, and Wen went to Baima Temple as the emperor's father. "Lu You's" Journey to the Middle of Shu "contains:" (Trunk Road) On May 18, leap six years, I went out at night, arrived at Fayun Temple at night, and the brothers bid farewell, and the five drums will be fixed. " "History of Dong Qiye" contains eight poems by Cao Climbing Pole: "Zhao Nanzhong ... The courtiers bought wine to entertain him on the day he entered the city." With volume 20, Poems of Liu Changqing: "Liu Hou was recalled and Wu Hao was in the suburbs. Su Xiaoqing, a lost article in A Drunken Man's Drinks, said: "When Ren Mei returns to Beijing, officials will send him to the post office for a farewell dinner. "Qingping Shantang Dialect Book" Volume 1 "Liu Restaurant Poetry": "Liu poetry is more literary and less talented. Therefore, be close to bureaucrats who like to respect them, and pay more attention to filial piety to ensure that the Qing Dynasty was slaughtered in Yuhang County under the control of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Roads. " Liu Wanyan declined the bureaucrat and bid farewell to the three leaders, each of whom was reluctant to part. So he bid farewell to his relatives and friends, and will take a servant, a piano, a sword and a bookcase on the road. The first volume of Qing Suo Gao Yi, Biography of Wang Youyu, also recorded the farewell scene when a couple broke up. The story tells that Liu Fu, a scholar in Dongdu, fell in love with Wang Youyu, a famous prostitute. "Ricky has been traveling for a long time, and his relatives urged him to go back. Young Jed dived into the wild store to drink. Jade said,' I am talented, beautiful and lustful. It is natural to refuse to give up. My heart, the meaning of my son, and the nature of God are clear, and the knot has been loose for a long time. I will definitely travel to Xiaoxiang another day, and I will wait for you. So they made an alliance to burn incense and drink together. It's night, and we live by the river together. The next day, Fu wrote a poem to bid farewell to You Yu, entitled "Drunk Tall Buildings". Between the lines:' The most bitter thing in the world is separation. Yi loves me, and I pity Yi. The people on the grass embankment are independent, but the owner of the painting is slow to paddle. Chutian lower the head, looking back, is two Iraq. After the meeting, everyone knows what he wants. I don't know when is a good time. My mind is like silk. Good days and good nights are still empty, and we all know that we have failed me. May the Yi family, heart to heart, fly together. Rich in singing his songs and selling wine, the tone is lamentable, the song is endless, and the drinking is great. Money is a boat. The second volume of Qingsuo Gaoyi, Biography of Tan Yige, also records the story that Tan Yige, a famous prostitute, fell in love with Tan's tea official Zhang Zhengzi, and later Zhang was transferred to other places. Tan Yige "is a cure and a suburb. "Zhang Dengtu took his arm and said,' I am a famous son and I am a prostitute. Cheap and expensive is not a good marriage. There is no pastor's wife in the room, but there is a white relative in the hall. There is no end to this parting. Zhang Yue said, "Vows are as bright as the sun and the moon. If you violate this, God will not deceive you. It means:' I have been smelling of you for months; This gentleman's figure also deserves your attention. ""I am very angry with you, but I give up. "After the banquet, I officially travel!

The farewell custom in Song Dynasty is a legacy of ancient ancestral accounts, and people at that time were also called ancestral seats. (20) For example, Volume II of "The Drunken Man talks about Xin Ji" records: "Kuixing, as a suburb of your ancestral seat, still gives poetry ..." Mei Youshi said: "The ancients gave gifts to each other, but today people give wine. It's that restaurants are hard-working, and it's even sadder not to drink ... "(21)?

(2) Giving poems with gold.

Holding a gold gift bank is to give away a toll when relatives and friends say goodbye. For example, the preface of Gordon's poem "Ci Fu Jin" said: "When I dismissed from office, I was celebrating, and the scholar failed to stay. They are willing to give money to the thread, and they are diligent. I can't refuse it, but I should not accept it again. I want you to buy a book and leave a scholar, and write a poem to thank them. "

The Song Dynasty attached great importance to literature, so the custom of seeing off with poems was quite popular. This kind of poem is called farewell poem, farewell word. For example, "Helin Yulu" was published for two years: "Lv Zi made an appointment to visit Luling and moved to Gao 'an. Yang Chengzhai sent a poem saying:' Don't worry about going to the blue sky, don't love yourself if you go. Gaizu Du Shaoling sent Yan Gongyun:' If you live in Taiwan Province, don't love your body when you are in danger. However, it is particularly meaningful to send people who have moved to exile. "Also, Zhou Mi's Qidong Wild Talk, Volume 11, Shu Prostitute Ci, says:" According to legend, a prostitute in Shu sent a message:' If you want to send a message, you will have nothing, and your reputation will be ruined. Look at your shirt, and you can put the boat to the mouth of the Chu River.

I don't know when, but it's a man, so I don't ask the mayor to accompany you. If you have money to forget each other, if you forget that there is such a wine. It is also gratifying. "

(3) farewell

Song people's farewell is the most difficult time for male and female lovers to leave when they are separated. Liu Yong, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, vividly described this in Yulin Ling: "The cold cicada is sad, the pavilion is late, and the shower begins to rest." All the doors are empty, the party is nostalgic, and the blue boat is urging. Holding hands and looking at each other, tears swirled in my eyes until there were no words at last, and a thousand words stuck in my throat and I couldn't say it. Thinking of returning to the south this time, this journey is another road. Thousands of miles away, it is misty, and the night sky is a vast night fog. Since ancient times, the most sad thing for sentimental people is to leave, not to mention the bleak autumn, how can they stand the sadness. Who knows where I am when I am awake tonight? Fear is just the edge, facing the sad morning wind and the setting sun of the waning moon. This is a long time, people who love each other are not together, and I even expect to be satisfied with the good weather and scenery in name only. "Even if there are thousands of customs in Qian Qian, who can you tell?" From this poem, we can also know that the farewell time of Song people is usually at dawn. The parting of life and death between natural relatives is also sad and painful. Lv Huiqing's "Jianning Army Our Thanks Table" said that "its embarrassment is well known; The relatives left, and the people I heard were too relieved. "It expressed the feelings that officials went to remote areas to say goodbye to their families.

Farewells between friends are equally touching. Fan Chengda's "Wu Junzhi" records the touching story of friends who sent people thousands of miles away. In the fourth year of Xichun in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 177), Fan Chengda was appointed as appeasement and the capital of Sichuan, and was ordered to be summoned. When he left Chengdu and returned to his hometown Suzhou, his friends heard about it and said goodbye to him: "Stay in Xinjin County for forty miles. In Chengdu and this county, people in the county thought that there were accommodation houses everywhere after seeing the guests off. Wuyin In order to see the guests off for one day, we ordered them to return after dinner, and those who stayed were still fifteen or sixteen years old. " In Xinjin county, it is raining and windy, and there is no spacious place. Seeing the guests off greedily, enjoying the sunshine and forgetting my humble abode. ""Xin San. "Invite Ke Yan to Meishan Pavilion for farewell." "Zhong Shu sent the guests to Jiachuan. Only Yang Shangqing and Tan Jirende said that they had come all the way here to stay and say goodbye."

(4) Strong conduct

When traveling in the Song Dynasty, there was also the custom of being brave. At that time, relatives or friends often wanted to buy wine for people who traveled far away and put on heroic deeds. For example, the second volume of "Huhai News Yi Jian Narration" contains: "Song Jiaxi's Reform Movement of 1898, Xinghua Chen mixed make-up exam. In the first month of the following year, he went to college and got married. His wife wrote Qinyuanchun to strengthen his behavior. Between the lines read:' Remember Grandpa, when it comes to slaves, Chen Lang is handsome. Laughing at the world without eyes, the old man has power, the official is easy to hire, and the national scholar is hard to match. Seal the dragon, love Ye Feng, and use a whip. Sure enough, he is a character in Xiyongli, and the Beijing flavor official is blank. Send Lang to the horse for three cups, and don't worry about parting. A lonely lamp is no more than an inkstone, and my husband cherishes it. Don't hate when you are sad, I will push. White-haired couple, blue career, two sentences when plum. If Zhang Yan goes, he will come back early, so don't wait for the rush hour. "It has been circulating for a while and I think it is a story." Some even give some travel expenses. For example, when Xin Qiji was a coach in eastern Zhejiang, he made a heroic feat for Liu Guo, and he also sent 1,000 yuan as a travel expense.