Zhu's introduction

Zhu (1 130- 1200), Zi Hui, cross brick,No.. Huian. A famous thinker and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty and a theoretical master in the Song Dynasty; He is also an important philosopher and far-reaching educational thinker after the Song Dynasty.

The idea of moral cultivation

1, confirmed

Zhu believes that a scholar should first aspire to establish a clear and noble ambition. He said, "What should I learn first when asking questions? Japan: As I said before, it is only about human self-determination. Knowing this truth, do it firmly and keep moving forward. Why not think about it? " If you just think you have no determination, just listen to people and look at them, you will get nothing in the end. He added, "If you don't remember the book, you can remember it by reading it carefully. Righteousness is not refined, but careful thinking can be refined. Only when the will is not established, there is no place to focus. Nowadays, people are greedy for money instead of virtue, and it is a persistent disease to want expensive but not good. "

The so-called determination is to set the goal of being Yao Shun or a saint. "A scholar should be determined", "Learning to be excellent is an official, and so is a sage". "The so-called careerist is not to overwhelm others with his passion, but simply to learn from Yao Shun". However, most people who give up on themselves cannot set a clear and lofty goal of being a saint. He said: "Today's scholars probably have two diseases: first, they think that ancient sages can only do this, so they refuse to do kung fu; One said that he could not be a saint and refused to do kung fu. People who give up on themselves disdain to be sages, and those who give up on themselves dare not be sages. The two men couldn't make up their minds, so they refused to do kung fu. Only when you are determined and brave can you make progress. He said: "Scholars are determined to go forward bravely. . What is brave and resolute? It is the attitude of hungry for a mouthful of rice and thirsty for a mouthful of wine. So he added, "stand firm on the diet like hunger and thirst." If you grow up, you won't stand. "

Zhu believes that determination should be clear, noble, brave and firm, so that you can have strong confidence. Why not move forward?

2. Main aspects

Cheng Yi once said: "The so-called worshippers are called worshippers; The so-called one, if you are at a loss, it is called one. " Zhu inherited Cheng Yi's thought that respecting the Lord includes the following meanings.

First, respecting the Lord means cultivating a serious or unscrupulous moral attitude. Zhu Dui said, "Respect means licentiousness". The so-called "unbridled" is a serious attitude of observing etiquette. So he said, "Respect is only a restraint" and "Respect is only the master of this heart". Is to restrain the dissolute heart, be the master of the whole body, and cultivate the ability of self-control

Second, respecting the Lord means cultivating a cautious moral attitude. He said, "Respect is just a word of fear". The so-called "fear", "living under a burning house and sitting on a leaking boat" and "awesome" are all vigilant attitudes.

Third, respecting the Lord means cultivating a single-minded or consistent attitude. He said, "The first is singleness." "It is not easy for worshippers to keep here" and "respect is always one thing".

Zhu attaches great importance to the work of respecting the Lord, thinking that it is to cultivate a serious, cautious and consistent mental attitude, which runs through the whole process of training, so he said that "respecting words is the first meaning of the holy door" from beginning to end, you can't stop immediately. "Someone in the world:" Why do you use labor? "How to do the work of respect? He replied, "I just don't act rashly inside, and I don't act rashly outside." This is a very short sentence.

The so-called "thinking without delusion" means thinking about justice and getting rid of human desires. The so-called "no rash action outside" means that the appearance, clothing, attitude and movements should be neat and serious. "Sit like a corpse, stand like a vegetarian, keep your head straight, keep your eyes open, keep your feet heavy, keep your hands heavy, keep your mouth Rong Zhi and breath calm, and respect your eyes." . "Thinking without delusion" is the control of potential inner spiritual life; "No movement outside" is obviously dominated by external body movements. As long as you can control your body movements, you can influence your heart and life; Or conversely, if you don't move outside in Dallas, you won't even think about it; If there is no wrong thinking inside, there will naturally be no external movement. He called it "inside and outside attack". His views are inseparable from China's nationalist world outlook and theory of human nature. His Lord respects and practices.

Yang, but also learned the "focus" factor of Buddhism. He opposed the religion that did not want Zoroastrianism, but put the religious asceticism contained in Zoroastrianism on imprisoning people's hearts, which showed the characteristics of his neo-Confucianism education thought.

Step 3 save and improve

Mencius said that "cultivating the mind is not good at lacking desires" and "those who save others die". Zhu inherited Mencius' thought. Starting from the thought of "nature is reason", he believes that moral cultivation must pay attention to preserving the undifferentiated "heart" and restrain its body and mind, so that the spirit can always focus on it and not be forgotten. He said: "Now we must work hard, we must have dignity and salvation, and we must watch Zhao Kuang's original works alone. Don't waste time, drill words on the paper. When you are saved and raised, you will feel that there are not many obstacles. When you look at the words, it is naturally meaningful, and the truth is naturally thorough, so you can naturally handle things well.

And the solution, there is not much pain. "The so-called" intentional, nourishing the heart "refers to the heart. On the other hand, don't forget this heart. "The heart does not exist, a person's body, there is no master. ""sages say a thousand words, as long as people don't lose their sincerity. "

However, people's "heart" is mixed with material desires and righteousness, so Zhu believes that "nurturing and nurturing" only needs to restrain this kind of heart and make it content with righteousness. "Scholars for learning, not between their knowledge and practice, but to tidy up this heart and cook a meal. If convergence is determined by righteousness, there is no more thinking. After thinking for a long time, material desires are light and righteousness is heavy. " Therefore, sometimes he links frugality with poverty: "Scholars must be cultivated. How can you be poor if you don't practice kung fu today?

4. Ancient tea

Zhu believes that "it is only one person's heart. Of course, it is human nature to want to be partial, just as it is fair to deal with borders." Therefore, on the one hand, people advocate determination, respect and preservation; On the other hand, regarding human desires, he put forward the efforts of "introspection". He agrees with his students: "If a mortal's heart doesn't exist, it will die, and there will always be a time when it doesn't exist. Therefore, if you don't pay much attention to the province, you will fall into death without being conscious. " Self-discipline can promote introspection. "As for self-cultivation, the more refined, the more refined." .

"Province" is introspection, and "inspection" is procuratorial. The so-called "introspection" effort is to ask students to be private about people's desires at the moment of "coming". Conduct self-reflection and inspection after development. He said, "People who are aware of what is about to happen mean that they are willing to stand at the starting point of thinking. It is said that after the inspection, after the trial. The germination of ideas is indispensable; What you say and do is safe and will not be observed. "

Zhu's "introspection" effort means "seeking comfort". He believes that the harsh environment and all material desires have blinded the spirit and the original goodness has been lost. The domination of "Tao's heart" can't dominate "people's heart", but "people's heart" dominates and dominates "Tao's heart". The work of "introspection" is to be sober and cautious at all times, to suppress words and deeds that violate heaven, and to stifle any bud of this idea in their minds. It is an important task of Zhu's moral education and cultivation to "examine" his own heart, relieve his confusion and keep his "reason" bright forever.

(A) Zhu's reading method

1. Step by step

The so-called order is to stipulate the learning process or progress according to the objective order of teaching materials and students' subjective ability. The so-called step by step means not seeking speed. According to Zhu, reading is "based on two books, and then one after another". In a book, articles, chapters, articles and sentences, the beginning and the end are all orderly and not chaotic. Abide by what you can, seek its training with words and its purpose with sentences. Don't get ahead, dare not ask for it; If you don't understand this, you can't aspire to it. If so, the ambition will be clear, and there will be no trouble of stepping on Yiling. If you have been stumbling through the daily limit, you won't watch it. Nearby, I feel this pain is not a trivial matter. Yuan Lai's ignorance of Taoism is not because he didn't work hard above, but because there is no root below.

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Step 2 read and think carefully

The so-called familiar reading is to recite the book. The so-called fine thinking is to repeatedly look for meaning. According to Zhu, "I know that there are three kinds of reading: heart, eyes and mouth." "Xunzi said, recite the same number. Look at the ancient people's endorsement, but also remember the number of times. Knowing that Hengqu teaches people to read and must recite is the first meaning of Taoism.

. Count your feet over and over again, but if you don't become a chanter, you must want to be a chanter. Not enough times. Although I have recited it, it will be full. But when it is one hundred times, it is naturally stronger than fifty times; When it is 200 times, it is naturally better than 100 times. Today, I can't remember clearly, I can't say it, and I live or die in my heart because I am unfamiliar. Today's people are not as good as the ancients, only fighting for these children. Scholars are good at reading texts, taking notes, reciting, and explaining the meanings, things and famous things in the notes, and recognizing them one by one when they are invented. If they do it themselves, they can think it over and over again and have a transparent place. If not, it's just empty talk, not for your own study. "

Swimming with an open mind

The so-called humble travel is an objective attitude, returning ancient books to their true colors, not holding old ideas, accepting concise and fair explanations, and not being good at extravagance and innovation. According to Zhu, Zhuangzi said that I didn't pay lip service to it. It's empty, but it's tortuous with him. You must be open-minded when reading. The sage said that every word is a word. My family can't measure him with an open mind. Scholars don't have to stand on their own feet, just remember what previous scholars said. "When studying now, most people have an idea in their minds, but they try to correspond the sage's words with his meaning. If there are differences, they will understand.

I have observed it.

The so-called self-observation, when reading, combines the truth in the book with his own experience or life, and uses the truth in the book to guide his practice. According to Zhu,

"When you enter the Tao, you will enter that truth and gradually date yourself and become one. Nowadays, it doesn't matter that people, Tao and home are here. Scholars need to reflect the words of sages when reading. If you reply to the gift, if you go out to meet the distinguished guests, you must reply to your own body. I can really reply to the gift. Will the Lord forgive you? It is only useful to have such chess pieces. "

Press hard

The so-called tightness means to study in a firm and brave spirit and to study in a persistent spirit. According to Zhu, "the deadline is wide and the course is tight." Learning should be vigorous and resolute, and it is useless to be lazy. And when you forget to eat when you are angry, you forget your troubles. What spirit and backbone! Scholars today have never been angry. "Cheer up, like fighting a fire and treating a disease, and like propping up a water boat, you can't wait."

Respect and firmness

The so-called respect for the family is a reassuring, serious and single-minded attitude. The so-called ambition is to set a specific goal, or collect and sort out relevant information in a book according to a special problem. According to Zhu's point of view, "Mr. Cheng said that self-cultivation needs respect, and learning is learning, which is the most essential. When you have nothing to do, you should respect yourself. You should not put your heart on a land with nothing, but should gather here. Respect when dealing with things, and respect when reading: nature should keep moving and the heart is everywhere. Nowadays, scholars tell stories coyly, but they are not familiar with each other. This disease is not a book disease, but a heart disease. Gaixin is not specialized in quietness, so he is not careful. " It is necessary to cultivate a pure and peaceful mind so that truth can flow out from it. "

(B) Teaching principles and methods

Zhu's The Doctrine of the Mean takes "erudition, interrogation, careful thinking, discernment and perseverance" as the teaching process, and holds that "knowledge is speculative, so it is poor". In the process of teaching, he put forward several teaching principles and methods.

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1. Automatic and timely inspiration

Zhu attaches great importance to the automaticity of learning. He believes that learning is his own business, and others can't replace it. He said: "Learning is studying at home, and learning for yourself is learning for yourself. If you don't do anything for others, others can't help you. " "Tao can't wait for it to come, just wait for others to pay attention and put it in his mouth." In his view, learning mainly depends on one's own subjective efforts, with a positive attitude to master knowledge or seek truth.

In this case, what role does the teacher play? He said, "The guide is also the merit of the teacher", "The merit of the teacher's friend can be shown at the beginning, and the end is right". He also said his own experience, "Some people talk less and practice more here. Everything needs your self-care, self-observation. Self-control. Read by yourself and study the truth by yourself. " Some people can only be guides and witnesses. What's the problem? Let's discuss it together. He believes that although teachers occupy an important position in the teaching process, they cannot replace the role of students. The teacher is just a "guide" to give guidance when students start learning; At the end of a stage of study, check whether the students' study is correct and effective, and give appropriate evaluation, proof and judgment; Students encounter difficulties and discuss them together. In the process of discussion, teachers should be inspired in time. He said in the note of the chapter "Don't get angry" in The Analects of Confucius: "Angry people seek to understand their hearts but not their intentions; Those anxious people said it, but they didn't do it. He also said: "These five so-called timely rains. For example, if you grow something, you will increase the number of people when you divide it. "But at that time, before it happened, it rained lightly and suddenly came. How can business be restrained? " It is difficult to teach without anger or resentment; When you are angry, you will suddenly get over it.

Zhu believes that fully mobilizing students' enthusiasm and initiative is not to weaken the role of teachers, nor to passively wait for students to take the initiative, but to rely on teachers to actively inspire students and mobilize their initiative. He said: "Those who have no doubts about reading must be taught to have doubts, but those who have doubts must have no doubts. Only when they come here can they make progress. It is a valuable insight to combine the leading role of teachers with the initiative of students.

Be brave and study hard.

The so-called "going forward bravely" refers to mobilizing all energy at the beginning of learning and learning with the spirit of going forward bravely, just like soldiers have the determination to retreat if they don't advance at the beginning of the war, and there is no life after death. He said: "The sage said a thousand words, only this sentence. You should get up this heart, work hard bravely, and spare your heart to do it with him, such as beating drums on both sides, how can Mo Wen be in front, just recognize the volume, so that you can do kung fu. " If you are half up and half down, half up and half down, what will you get? "

He compared learning to alchemy, decocting medicine and pushing a cart. I began to make an alchemy with fierce fire. "Only a little fire can support my achievements." "For example, decoct medicine with strong fire, boil it for hundreds of times, then pour it out, and then you can slow down." "Like a cart, push hard at first; After the car left, the family relied on him to maintain their lives. " In other words, when you start studying, you should mobilize all your energy and study hard, so as to overcome objective difficulties and subjective inertia.

However, Zhu's metaphor of "practicing with slight fire" after "fierce fire" does not mean that he can relax his study in the future, so he put forward the principle of "reviewing old things and learning new things".

Zhu believes that "learning from time to time" is very important. He said: "People who don't learn can't know what they should know and can't do what they should do. If you learn without learning, you will know the truth and do things, but you will also be embarrassed and dangerous, and you can't take it as it is. From time to time, although he is treating, his kung fu is intermittent and violent, which is not enough to contribute to the treatment. In other words, if you don't study, you can't acquire the necessary knowledge and skills; You can't consolidate what you have learned without reviewing and practicing at any time.

Know skills; If you don't review and practice at any time, you can't achieve the effect of review. He also said: "To keep pace with the times, we must focus on everything, learn for a while, and learn everywhere for a while." The so-called "learning from time to time" is the process of reviewing and practicing what you have learned anytime and anywhere, that is, uninterrupted.

In the process of "looking back", he said, "Looking back from time to time, you will find that the taste is deep and long, and you will find new things." "Only by looking back on the past can we know something new. Seek innovation without reviewing the past, and innovation cannot be known or sought after. " He believes that reviewing the past is the basis for learning new things.

"Looking back" can help students integrate knowledge, turn it into skills, and apply it endlessly. He thinks that people who only mechanically repeat old news and can't draw inferences from others can't be teachers. Therefore, he said, "It is not enough to be a teacher to review the old and learn the new." . Zhu not only emphasizes courage and hard work in learning, but also advocates perseverance; It is still instructive for us to pay attention to reviewing old knowledge and not neglect the idea of exploring new knowledge.

It is not advisable to teach people to be orderly and so on.

Zhu inherited Zhang Zai's thought, and also put forward the principle of "teaching people to be orderly without words". He said: "Things have size, but reason has no size, so people teach them in an orderly way." He also said, "A gentleman teaches people to be orderly, teaching those who are near first to be small, and then teaching those who are far away to be big." He attaches great importance to the near and far, from easy to difficult, from shallow to deep, from known to unknown, from concrete to abstract. He said, "for example, climbing a mountain, many people want to go to a high place, and they don't know how to ignore it from a low place, so there is no reason to go to a high place." He said,

"If you see it in an obvious place, you will feel comfortable at the bottom. And add work near the incision. " He also said: "According to some people, the road to learning is just around the corner. At first, it was not profound or wonderful." In other words, learning must be from low to high, from ordinary to subtle, from immediate daily life to the mysterious bottom. Low, easy and instant daily necessities are the foundation.

How to do it step by step? Jia Zhu said: "Learning should not be rushed, but it needs hard work. It should be done in order, such as the Law Society. Once you are familiar with it, you will wear it. " He added: "Reading should be done all over the week. Some people think that it is better to be detailed than short, and that it is better to be high than high. Ning Zhuo is not smart, and it is better to be near than far." Learning is the foundation of achievement, and learning should be done.

Work, lay a good foundation, it is possible to achieve. He said: "sages teach people, go to school and obey orders." Therefore, people who engage in it are knowledgeable and important, and they are not alone, and they don't forget the disadvantages. Today, many scholars are contrary to this, so the highest is illusory, the lowest is fond of listening and seeing, and the peace is unknown. " Zhu believes that it is a waste of time and illusory to not go to school first and want to achieve it; I don't want to go to school, but I like to listen and see. The former is "follow-up without orders" and the latter is "follow-up without progress", both of which are not good, and will only waste energy and fail to achieve the goal. He believes that only by following the stage from easy to difficult, from near to far, and studying hard, will there be progress.

Step 4 go partying

Zhu inherited the Confucian thought of loyalty, faithfulness and behavior, and attached importance to the role of behavior in teaching. He said, "If you can't make it clear, you will have nothing but nothing; If you don't know what you are doing, you don't have to ask questions. Just a line. What he means is, knowing without doing, knowing without knowing, doing without knowing, and doing without moving. Therefore, knowing and doing should go hand in hand, and should not be neglected. If from the time of occurrence, first know, then practice; But as far as the importance of moral cultivation is concerned, it is light to know and heavy to do. So he said: "When it comes to order, he is the first to know; On the weight, when the behavior is heavy. "

He also put forward the view that "knowledge and action are mutually necessary". He said, "If you don't have eyes, you can't do it. Without eyes, you can't see. " . He used this common example to profoundly express the inseparable relationship between knowing and doing. Not only that, he further put forward the view that practice tests knowledge. He said: "only know what it is, and if you don't do it, you will know it." Since you have experienced its territory, you will understand it better than the meaning of the previous day. " In his view, knowing without doing is not deep; If you see what you have done, you will know better. His thought that his practice needs to test sentence knowledge is profound.

5. Combination of erudition and specialty

Zhu believes that learning should start with erudition and then combine erudition with specialization. What does erudition mean? He said: "erudition refers to the principle of everything in the world, and everything should learn from the practice of governing people." "Learn to heal yourself and others. Such as astronomy, geography, music, institutions, military affairs and criminal law, are all really useful undertakings, and they are nothing more than their own duties. " He also said: "pay attention to the world, pay attention to yin and yang, and pay attention to bugs and grass." If you don't care about one thing, you will lack the reason to do it. "... we must open up before we can expand. "

Zhu attaches importance to erudition. Taking building a house as an example, he attaches great importance to "opening a factory in Guangji" and thinks that erudition is to lay a solid foundation for generosity. He also said: "the day of Mencius: erudite and refined, it is about irony." As the saying goes, if you blog with me and ask me for a gift, you must blog first and then make an appointment. How can I make an appointment first? "If people think simply and deliberately, but don't know how to be knowledgeable, interrogate, think carefully, distinguish clearly and persist, they will become heretics in the future." Without a broad foundation, it is difficult to specialize, and if you only have general extensive knowledge without specialization, you will not be able to make academic achievements. So he emphasized that learning is "thorough and not expensive." Gaiwei is only used to know its meaning, while Tubo suffers from confusion and ignorance. .

Generally speaking, Zhu's teaching thoughts are very rich, and some basic problems of teaching principles are touched upon in the teaching process, such as the automaticity of learning, learning and thinking, learning and learning, learning and behavior, teaching and learning, learning and agreement, etc. It also involves purpose, enthusiasm, good start, consolidation, ability, practicality, universality, professionalism and so on. He summarized, sorted out, summarized and reformed the teaching experience and theory accumulated for a long time in ancient China, making it systematic. Many of them are thought-provoking insights and are worth learning. (End)