What is Yi Tu Studies?

There has been controversy about the source of Taiji diagram since it officially appeared in the Song and Ming Dynasties. Zhou Dunyi's Five-layer Taiji Diagram is an alchemy diagram made by Zhou Dunyi himself or improved by Taoism (such as Chen Tuan). From the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan, to the Qing Dynasty, Huang Zongxi, Mao Qiling and Hu Weiwei, and then to modern times, Qian Mu and Deng Guangming, etc., until today, all kinds of new research and writings have been published continuously, which can be described as complicated and litigation. Today, Li Shen, Shu Jingnan, Zhang Qicheng, etc. Have done in-depth research, Mr. Zhang Qicheng finally came to the conclusion that "the five-layer Taiji diagram is the product of Zhou Dunyi's transformation according to the Taoist alchemy schema" [22]. We believe that according to the fact and connotation of the Western Han Dynasty wooden tire lacquer plate decoration and Laozi's Taiji diagram, the statement that Zhou Dunyi's five-layer Taiji diagram was transformed from Taoist alchemy diagram can be "fixed". Wei Boyang's alchemy theory in Zhouyi Shentongqi in the Eastern Han Dynasty, as well as the connotations of Fire and Water Wide Map and Three Wus to Pure Land Map (Figure 8), can be found in the Western Han Dynasty's wooden tire lacquer plate and Laozi Taiji Map. Li Kan and Shui Huo Ji Ji are one of the connotations of Laozi's Taiji diagram. Not only that, the shape of the fire-water-wide map is just a combination of symbols of two hexagrams, and there are standardized and artistic deformations, so we can know what this map is called "fire-water-wide map". The "three-five-to-fine map" is actually a composite map of five elements. "Five" refers to the five elements of wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and "three" refers to the three talents of heaven, earth and man. There is a saying in Yi Zhuan that "the three cardinal guides are various and complicated". In Zhou Dunyi's Taiji Illustration, it is said that "the infinite principle, the essence of twenty-five, the wonderful combination, the avenue becomes a man, and the Kundao becomes a woman", "five" refers to the five elements, "three" refers to three talents, and "two" refers to yin and yang. The fire-water diagram combined with the three-five-to-fine diagram shows that the universe is yin and yang generating five elements, and the five elements are transformed into men and women. When used in alchemy, the five elements belong to yin and yang, that is, barrier, barrier filling, and then return to infinity from the day after tomorrow. The so-called "essence" also refers to the meaning of "refining qi, refining spirit, refining spirit, and returning to infinity" of the Dan family, so the combination diagram of the five elements is called "three to five"-in fact, "three to five" is called "two to five" or (Zhou Dunyi refers to the essence of the second five-year plan). Replacing "two" with "three" has something to do with Taoism and Taoism's worship of Taoist Laozi as its ancestor. Laozi's Tao Te Ching worships "three", which means "three lives". The main parts of Chen Tuan's Wuji Map and Zhou Dunyi's Taiji Map are the fire and water wide map and the three-five-to-fine map, which can be traced back to Laozi's Taiji Map. Huang Zongyan's Taiji Diagram, Mao Qiling's Comments on Taiji Diagram and Zhu Yizun's Textual Research on Taiji Diagram all think that Zhou Dunyi's Taiji Diagram originated from Taoist Dantu. Huang Zongyan said that Zhou Dunyi only changed Chen Tuan's infinite diagram from "reverse to Dan" to "shun to life" and changed the order from bottom to top. These textual research and understanding are correct. It is still difficult to determine whether the "Gong Tai Chi Map on the River" (an alchemy map) was written by Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty or entrusted by later generations, but it is very likely that the map originated from Laozi's Tai Chi map. Yin and yang fish taiji diagram is self-evident at the beginning of Zhao? Since Qian was published in the Original Meaning of Six Books, there have been many disputes about its origin. Zhao? Qian Zi said, "This picture was handed down from ancient times to the hermit in the middle of Shu, and it was kept secret. Although Zhu Xi didn't see it, today is Chen Bofu's. Scholars in the Yuan Dynasty said in the preface to Yi San Tu: "According to legend, most of the heritage sites of Heluo were between Shu and Han, and the literati heard it as a speaker and disputed it. After Zhu Wengong returned to his good friend Cai Jitong, he was like Jingzhou and Gorge. "Modern Li Shicheng discovered the Taiji Diagram of Yin and Yang Fish written by Zhang Xingcheng, a Taoist priest in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhang Xingcheng is also a Shu person. Judging from the time and place of the Western Han Dynasty wooden tire lacquer dish "Lao Zi Tai Chi Tu" unearthed in Mianyang, there is no doubt that the Yin and Yang fish Tai Chi Tu originated from "Lao Zi Tai Chi Tu" and "Er Tai Chi Tu", which can also prove that Zhu invited Cai to visit in Shu. The Taoist Atlas of Stone Carvings in Hemingshan, Jiange, Sichuan (Figure 17) contains images of Ding Shen holding black fish and Jia Shen holding white fish, dating from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the middle and late Tang Dynasty [23]. If we infer from this, the Taiji diagram of fish-eyes, yin and yang is likely to be produced before the Song Dynasty, and it is related to Taoism and Taoism. Laozi's Taiji diagram consists of two ears, which is an S-shaped circular diagram of Yin and Yang in memory of Laozi. Therefore, it cannot be asserted that the S-shaped circle diagram of Yin and Yang originated from Lao Tzu's Taiji diagram. We think that the generation time of S-shaped Yin-Yang two-instrument Taiji diagram may be before Laozi Taiji diagram. The supernatant Shuang Yutu (Figure 16) unearthed in Weizi Town, Lucheng, Shaanxi, is actually close to the standard S-shaped Taiji diagram of Yin and Yang. Weizi Town is the seat of Weizi State in Shang Dynasty. Weizi is an ordinary brother who returned to Zhou after the demise of Shang Dynasty, and his age is similar to the Book of Changes. The existence of "returning to Tibet" in Shang Dynasty has been confirmed [24], and the existence of S-shaped Taiji diagram of Yin and Yang is also possible. In short, Yin He's S-shaped Taiji diagram can't be Zhou Dunyi's Taiji diagram, nor can it be the Taiji diagram of Confucianism in the Song and Yuan Dynasties or Zhao in the early Ming Dynasty. Moderate creation.

Of course, due to the existence of Laozi's Taiji pictures, those Taiji pictures originated from the bizarre statements and explanations of extraterrestrial civilization, their special functions, and the painting of Yin and Yang fish, the position of fish eyes, the angle of fish tail and so on. Will be completely dissolved and lose its foundation. We believe that Taiji map must be the product of China culture and civilization; According to the astronomical calendar decorated with wooden tires and the expression of the mathematical connotation of Yi-ology in the Western Han Dynasty, the origin of Taiji diagram is probably related to China's astronomical calendar and the ancients' understanding of the universe.

2. About the History of Yi Studies

Although Yi-ology can be roughly divided into two schools: image number and righteousness (according to the old theory, divination and Yi Tu studies except righteousness are classified as "image number"), from the feudal society after Confucius, especially after Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty's "exclusive respect for Confucianism" until today, the research and development of Yi-ology in China is mainly carried out under the huge cultural background of Confucius and Yi Zhuan. The mainstream of the history of Yi-ology for more than 2,000 years is the study of righteousness and principle dominated by Confucianism, while the study of image and number is in a subordinate or secondary position, or regarded as a "sideline" or as a "up-and-coming study" (easy exhibition, fortune telling, etc. It is widely circulated among the people and is not listed as an academic study of image numbers here). In more than 2,000 years' uninterrupted study of Yi-ology, there have been two periods of great development of image number, namely Han Yi and Song Yi, which not only caused two peaks in the development history of ancient Yi-ology, but also caused the image number to gain a prominent position and rank alongside Yi-ology as a major school. Due to the existence and interpretation of Laozi's Taiji Diagram and the Western Han Dynasty wooden tire lacquer plate decoration, the history of Yi Studies, the study of "image number", the study of "righteousness" and the Book of Changes may need to be repositioned and recognized in the context of China's history and culture, which will at least bring us many new inspirations.

Liu Mu, Zhou Dunyi, Shao Yong and Zhu Zhen are the representatives of Song Yixiang's school of mathematics. Liu Mu handed down the river map and Luo Shu, Zhou Dunyi handed down the five-layer Taiji map, Shao Yong handed down the congenital map, and Zhu Zhen handed down the Book of Changes in the Han Dynasty? According to the table, Liu Mu, Zhou Dunyi and Shao Yong were all influenced by Chen Tuan, a Taoist priest of Huashan Mountain in the early Northern Song Dynasty [25]. As mentioned earlier, Zhang Xingcheng, who inherits the Taiji diagram of Yin and Yang fish, is a Shu person and a Taoist scholar, Zhao? Qian's Tai Chi Map of Yin and Yang Fish was quoted by Cai, and Cai was quoted by the hermit in Shu, all of which were related to Shu Dao. Because the Taiji diagram of Yin and Yang fish, Zhou Dunyi's five-layer Taiji diagram and Wei Boyang's alchemy theory can be traced back to Laozi's Taiji diagram in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Qian, Yuan, Yuan and others wrote in the Original Meaning of Six Books, Preface to Three Pictures of Yi and Yi Zhuan. The authenticity of the narrative about the origin of Yi Tu in Table has been generally confirmed, that is, Zhu Zhen's statement that Liu Mu, Zhou Dunyi and Shao Yong are all from Chen Tuan should be true, and at least Liu Mu's Hutuluo, Zhou Dunyi's Taiji Map and Shao Yong's Congenital Map are from Taoism or Taoism. Take the 45-grid black-and-white lattice as the river chart, the 55-grid black-and-white lattice as the Luoshu, Zhu as the river chart, and the 45-grid black-and-white lattice as the Luoshu (figure 1 1 2), either because of different sources or because the sender of the picture is unknown or marked. Liu's map originated in Chen Tuan, and the river map and Luo Shu contained in Zhu's Book of Changes should have been obtained by Cai when he went to Shu (Cai visited Shu but didn't specify which three maps he referred to, and Hu Wei's Yi Tu Mingbian speculated that "Ji Tong got three maps, one of which was the innate Tai Chi map, and the other was the map of Nine palace map and the five elements". The congenital Taiji diagram is the Taiji diagram of Yin and Yang fish, Nine palace map is Luoshu, and the five-element generation diagram is the river diagram. Zhu's Book of Changes contains the last two pictures, but not the first two pictures. Is this Zhao? Qian said that the "Tai Chi Diagram of Yin and Yang Fish" was "secret but not passed on, although Zhu also had no opinion"). This confusion of black-and-white squares in the Book of Hutuluo and the difference of its origins show that the Book of Hutuluo refers to black-and-white squares with numbers of 55 and 45, which came from Taoism rather than Liu Mu or other Song Confucianism. In the past, people thought that innate gossip and Sixty-four Guas were written by Shao Yong, a poet in the Song Dynasty. By comparing the expression of decorative connotation of lacquer plate with wooden tire in the Western Han Dynasty, we can know that the innate eight diagrams were not created by Shao Yong, but passed down by Taoism. First, the inner bottom of the Western Han Dynasty wooden tire lacquer plate is an S-shaped Taiji diagram of Yin and Yang, with eight diagrams and sixty-four hexagrams on the mouth edge, which can only refer to innate gossip and sixty-four hexagrams, because only the round diagrams of innate gossip and sixty-four hexagrams show the second. According to Mr. Tian's research, the existence of congenital sixty-four hexagrams, that is, the connotation of sixty-four hexagrams of the Western Han Dynasty wooden tire lacquer plate in October solar calendar and the calendar in October are mutually verified, which proves Mr. Tian's understanding and the connotation of innate gossip and sixty-four hexagrams of the Western Han Dynasty wooden tire lacquer plate. Thirdly, the pattern of the S-shaped Yin-Yang two-instrument Tai Chi diagram and the internal and external arrangement of sixty-four hexagrams along the pattern of the lacquer tray in the Western Han Dynasty are the same as those of the Yin-Yang fish Tai Chi diagram, innate gossip and sixty-four hexagrams in later generations, but the former can't and can't adopt more standardized and simple patterns and symbols because it wants to express more connotations. In a word, the rise of Yi-ology in Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties was related to the spread of Taoist Yi-ology and Taoist Dantu. Since the Song Dynasty 1000 years, the disputes and lawsuits about the origin of Yi Tu can now be settled.