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How did this big ship get from one port to another in the endless sea?

How did this big ship get from one port to another in the endless sea?

Editor: Fu Dongtu

People who have never flown a boat are the same as those who have never flown a plane. Because they are not majors in this field, many people don't understand how a big ship or an airplane can reach another place smoothly and dock in the vast sea or empty sky.

Because, I am a senior sailor, I have sailed for more than 30 years, traveled around the world N times, and have been to numerous ports all over the world, spanning the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. I haven't been to the North Pole and the South Pole, and I've been to almost all the places with seas in the world.

Therefore, a senior international sailor, who lives in the sea all day, will tell you how to operate a big ship. If you understand, flying a plane should be similar.

For example, one of my ships docked at a dock in Shanghai and loaded a batch of goods to be shipped to a port in Guinea, West Africa.

Let's popularize the ship equipment first:

1, rudder: used to change the course, that is, the direction of the ship. In order to prevent the ship from deviating from the course, it is necessary to use the rudder to sway from side to side in an attempt to stabilize the direction of the ship in the water. The ancient marine rudder used a chain to pull the rudder blade at the bottom of the ship across the bridge. Modern large ships are all electrically driven, that is, the steering wheel is moved on the bridge and transmitted to the stern steering gear through the circuit system to instruct the steering gear to operate and drive the bottom rudder blade. The more modern is the automatic system, which only needs to set the course without manual operation, and then transmits the signal to the steering gear by sensing the change of the ship's course direction, so as to achieve the purpose of correcting the course. This is an automatic steering system.

At present, large ships are basically a combination of manual and automatic systems. In the open area of the sea, ships are automatically controlled. The crew only need to check and confirm or change their own settings frequently to keep the ship sailing along the set course. It is also necessary to reset or change to manual steering at turning places.

2. Propeller: The propulsion of the ship is driven by the rotation of large machines in the engine room, and the propeller is driven to rotate through the shaft system sealed by the hull. The rotation speed is adjusted by the machine, and the rotation direction includes forward rotation (forward rotation) and forward rotation (reverse rotation). The reaction force of propeller pushing water drives the ship forward and backward.

3. compass: it sets the sailing direction of the ship, which is also commonly known as the magnetic compass. Now, two sets of magnetic compasses are installed on the ship. One is a magnetic compass, a realistic compass that tells fortune by geomagnetism, or a relatively large compass like a compass. It can judge the moving direction of the ship, for example, whether the ship is moving north or northeast.

The other is system electricity, that is, gyro compass, which is a relatively scientific epidemic. Its principle is to balance the ball, and only through the induction and perception of the circuit can the first direction of the ship's movement be judged. It is connected with the steering gear system and installed in front of the steering wheel of the bridge. It can be set as an automatic system, that is, for example, the ship is set to 100 degrees (the direction is divided into 360 degrees, for example, 045 degrees is northeast). Like a compass), if the bow motion changes, then the gyro compass will sense it and then send the signal to the steering gear to control it to move in the opposite direction. Once the ship recovers to 100 degrees, it can be repeatedly controlled to ensure that the ship moves in the set direction.

4. Chart: Similar to map drawing, it is generally internal data, which is not used by the people but used by the sea. The map shows the information of the ocean, such as water depth, reefs, shipwrecks, islands, etc.

It is generally made by the naval survey department, and there are also special exploration ships that measure the situation in seawater through sonar systems and sea sweeping systems. The main standards are depth, sediment, obstacles and surface visible islands and reefs, as well as some regulatory requirements of pipeline standards.

Just like the lines drawn on the road, there are various lines drawn by the government on the map. Ships need to abide by various standards when driving here. At present, electronic charts are popular, most of which are from Guye and Japan. The electronic chart database comes from the British Hydrology Department and needs to be paid and updated regularly before it can be used.

5. GPS: the global positioning system, a small instrument invented by Americans, determines the position of moving objects through the two-dimensional positioning of satellites (latitude and longitude, but the plane is three-dimensional, with a height added). There are at least two ships on board, and it can be determined whether the ship is sailing according to the set course by changing the latitude and longitude. Modern system combined with electronic chart is more convenient.

There is the above, and then, it is to determine how the ship should sail forward in the sea and reach another place. Don't worry, look down slowly.

For example, after loading from a port in Shanghai (this is A), the ships are all ready. The destination is a port in Guinea, West Africa (this is B).

First of all, the second mate of the ship needs to take out the charts, and all charts that need to pass through the sea area (charts have a scale size, every chart in the world, and there are many charts) are selected. How to choose?

First, we must draw up a walking route. Of course, the shorter the better, the best way to cut corners. But it also depends on whether the road is feasible. This requires reference to the water depth and obstacles on the chart to find safe waters and row to the destination. Of course, there are many places that need to turn, not a straight line, through the East China Sea of China, the Strait of Taiwan Province Province or the East Pacific Ocean of Taiwan Province Province, along the South China Sea, through the Strait of Malacca (or such a line needs many turns.

After the drawn route is approved by the captain, the second mate will input the turning points of the route into GPS or electronic chart, and there is a course that can be measured with a ruler between each turning point (EXCEL can automatically calculate the course). When this course is set on the gyrocompass, the gyrocompass will control the steering gear to fix this course, and the ship will run along the set course driven by the propeller.

When you see a ship sailing in the vast sea, in fact, all the equipment in it, including personnel, are trying to control its direction. Due to the influence of current and wind and waves, the ship will deviate from this set course, and manual adjustment is needed at this time. Therefore, in the bridge and engine room, drivers are on duty 24 hours a day, one is to control the direction of the ship (basically through the manual steering wheel or automatic compass control system), and the other is,

This is just about how to walk in the sea. Of course, there are many details and limited space. I can't explain them all here. If you still don't understand or need to know more, please leave a message below and I will answer them one by one.

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