What is the mystery of Hongze Lake?

Hongze Lake is the fourth largest freshwater lake in China. In the lower reaches of Huaihe River in western Jiangsu Province. Originally a small shallow lake group, it was called Fuling Lake in ancient times, broken kettle pool after the Western Han Dynasty, Hongzepu in Sui Dynasty and Hongze Lake in Tang Dynasty (6 18 ~ 907). 1 128, the south of the Yellow River migrated through Surabaya to seize the lower reaches of the Huaihe River and enter the sea below Huaiyin. The Huaihe River lost its access to the sea and stored water in the east of Xuyi. The original small lake has expanded into Hongze Lake. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the lake has been completely protected by the Hongze Lake levee, forming a "hanging lake".

At present, the normal water level of Hongze Lake is12.5m, the area is1597km2, the volume is 3.04 billion cubic meters, the lake is 65km long, the average width is 24.4km, the average water depth is1.9m, and the deepest part is 5.5m.. In flood season or flood year, the water level can be as high as 15.5 meters, and the area can be expanded to 3500 square kilometers. In recent years, the Hongze Lake levee has been reinforced, and the flood control standard has been raised to16m. Lake water mainly flows into gaoyou lake through Sanjiang, then into the Li Canal through Shaobo Lake, and then into the Yangtze River through Sanjiang, thus entering the river. In the old society, drainage was poor, dikes were in disrepair and floods were serious. After 1949, build a large Sanhe sluice, regulate the river course and strengthen the Hongze Lake levee. 1952, the main irrigation canal in northern Jiangsu was built in the east of Gaoliang River, with a total length of 168km, which was used for irrigation of He Lixia Plain and flood discharge. Lake water can also flow out of Helmn and into the sea from Zhongshan River (or New Huaihe River) via Yangzhuang Water Control Project. 1958 ~ 1960 Huaihe River was rebuilt, and Hongze Lake was led northward by Yangzhuang Water Control Project, and then entered Xinyi River in Shuyang. At present, Hongze Lake has four outlets, which have the benefits of flood discharge, irrigation, shipping and aquaculture. Ice phenomenon occurs every year along the coast of the lake area, and the thickness of shore ice is 0.03 ~ 0.05 meters. June1969+1October 3 1 The whole lake was frozen when a strong cold wave struck, and it was thawed after 12 days, which was not seen for decades.

Hongze Lake is eutrophic, and the main pollutants in Hongze Lake are organic matter, ammonia, phenol and total mercury. The annual average water temperature is 65438 06.3℃, the highest water temperature is 28℃ in September, and the lowest water temperature is 438 0.3℃ in June. Hongze Lake is frozen to varying degrees every year. Only when the strong cold air from the north passes through the border will the lake freeze, and the ice in the lake usually occurs in Leng Yue in1~ February.

Hongze Lake is a basin with high periphery and low middle, and its geometric shape is extremely irregular. The artificial stone dam for flood interception in the northeast-southwest direction is15km away from the center of the lake, and the rest is natural lakeshore, with curved coastline and gentle slope. The whole water source consists of Chengzi Lake Bay, Piaohe Lake Bay and Huaihe Lake Bay. The bottom of the lake is clastic sediment; The major rivers flowing into Hongze Lake are Huaihe River, Hutong River, He Sui and Xu Hong.

The main water source of Hongze Lake is Huaihe River, which is one of the most serious rivers in China since ancient times. The flood of Huaihe River will inevitably affect Hongze Lake area. Therefore, the history of Hongze Lake is also a history of human struggle with floods, leaving many beautiful legends. The Millennium levee of Hongze Lake was built in the past dynasties to control water, which is as famous as Dujiangyan.

The overall shape of Hongze Lake is like a swan holding its head high and spreading its wings. Because Hongze Lake is developed in the depression of alluvial plain, the lake bottom is shallow and flat, and the bank slope is low and gentle. The bottom of the lake is 4 ~ 8 meters higher than the eastern part of the northern Jiangsu plain, which is a "suspended lake". Before harnessing the Huaihe River, Hongze Lake covered the Wang Yang, with neither a fixed shore nor a certain shape. With reference to harnessing the Huaihe River, Hongze Lake was also harnessed. At present, the east dike of the lake area is 50 meters wide and 67 kilometers long, almost all of which are composed of basalt strips. Seen from a distance, it looks like a Great Wall across the lake. This long levee not only protects thousands of fertile fields and thousands of villages and towns in the downstream area, but also provides convenience for shipping, power generation and irrigation by retaining abundant water sources.

Hongze Lake is a shallow lake with a water depth of less than 4 meters and a maximum water depth of 5.5 meters. The source of lake water, besides atmospheric precipitation, mainly depends on river water. Rivers flowing into Hongze Lake are concentrated in the west of the lake, including Huaihe River, He Sui River, Bianhe River and Anhe River. Sanhe and Subei irrigation canals are the main rivers that Hongze Lake discharges into the Yangtze River and enters the sea.

Hongze Lake has a long history, leaving many precious scenic spots for people to watch. The existing main scenic spots are: Wanqing Bibo, Baili Changdi, WU GANG Rice Noodles, Dianhuai Rhinoceros, Flood Discharge Gate, Laojun Monument, Guishan Night Scene, Ming Tomb Stone Carving, Linhuai Watching the Sun, Xiao Chun Cemetery, Hongze Lake Town Shuitieniu and so on.

The sky is blue. The vast lake, sometimes rolling waves, big waves; Sometimes it's calm and the lake is like a mirror. At first glance, white sails are scattered all over the place, and the transport fleet from south to north, the endless stream of fishing boats, and the Man Cang with fish maw compete to reflect each other, forming a beautiful and moving picture.

A hundred miles of dam. With a history of 1800 years, it is a barrier to flood control. Magnificent earth embankment, spectacular stone walls and green willows look like a flying dragon from a distance. Dense tree-lined, fresh air, crisp birdsong and warm lake wind, walking among them, is like stepping into a fairyland, relaxed and happy, lingering.

Navigation mark of port and wharf. The flood season of Hongze Lake is characterized by deep water, windstorm and big waves, which directly threatens the safety of fishermen in the passing lake. On the east bank of the lake, there are two safe havens, Jiangba and Gaoliangjian. With the development of water transportation, when 1966 reinforced the Hongze Lake levee, three harbors were built, namely, Jiulong Bay, Xiajiaqiao and Qiao Zhou. 1994 built another one in the center of Hongyang Lake, adding three shiplocks. These safe havens are surrounded by stones and have a high safety factor. Rowing in it, looking up at the bow, like dozens of walls; Outside the port pier. The waves and snow on the lake shake the sky. When sailing, the thousand poles were confused, so Wan Li set sail first. Watch it carefully, it will be memorable, and there will be a different scene.

Rhinos drink Huai. In the 40th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (170 1), it was cast by Governor Ao and Treasurer Zhang Bi 'an, as a water-saving thing, and placed in the dangerous section of Hongze Lake levee. The body of a cow is slightly smaller than that of a real cow, and there is a plaster deep in its abdomen, which was more than 300 years ago. There used to be nine, but now there are five. They are stored in Sanhemen, Gaoliangjian and the lakeshore of Gao Yan.

Flood sluice. Sanhe, Hull and Gaoliang, which are located on the east bank of Hongze Lake, were all built after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), and bear the heavy responsibility of flood discharge in Hongze Lake. The door is magnificent and has an extraordinary function. When storing water, the fire pool hangs blue flowers, and smoke waves are in it; As soon as the flood was released, the turbulent waves returned to the rivers and seas, and the rolling waves went away from the dragon.

The legacy of the old man. On the south bank of Hongze Lake, Laozi Mountain, where the Huaihe River enters the lake, was called Danshan in ancient times. According to legend, Lao Zi (Li Er) was an alchemist here, hence the name. There are some scenic spots on the mountain, such as an alchemist's platform, Qingniuti Trail and Phoenix Pier. When tourists climb the mountain, they can experience the scene of "green cows leave footprints on the stone, the fire in the furnace shines brightly, the stone cliffs in the cave, and the phoenix rises from the hills".

Kameyama Mountain overlooks at night. Located on the south side of Laozi Mountain, the mountain shape is like a turtle. It is a place where military strategists fought in the past dynasties, and it was called Guishan Town in ancient times. It is a famous historical town since the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the remains of water control in Yu Xia. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were still 12 temples, the magnificent headquarters of Hongze. In Qing Dynasty, Guishan was an important town in the south of Qinghe County. It stands at the mouth of the Huaihe River, and Gufeng stands there as the natural fish mouth of the Huaihe River diversion.

Stone carvings in the Ming Tombs. Ming Zuling, located on the south bank of Hongze Lake, is the tomb of Zhu, Zhu and Zhu, the great-grandfathers of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. It was built in the 18th year of Hongwu (1385) and took 28 years to complete. In the 19th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1680), the stone carvings were submerged after the flood. During the period of 1966, the water level of Hongze Lake dried up, and the main hall of Zuling and Lu Shen Road were exposed to the water one after another. After maintenance, the stone carving was restored to its original appearance.

Look at the sun in Huaihe River. Near Huaitou, there are dams all around, floating like a bright pearl on the blue lake. At dawn, standing on the flood control levee and looking east, a red sun rises from the mirror-like Ran Ran Lake. The brilliant morning glow is shining with golden waves, and Jin Wa, who is about to take a bath, is rocked in the basin. This situation is worse than watching the sun on Mount Tai.

Dawn in the graveyard. Half the town is located on the west bank of Hongze Lake. There is no Xuefeng Cemetery, but the body of General Peng Xuefeng, commander of the Fourth Division of the New Fourth Army and commander of Huaibei Military Region, is buried in the park. On both sides of the gate of the cemetery are couplets inscribed by Li Yimang, then Chairman of the Jiangsu-Anhui Border Region Government. On the east side of the tomb, there is a memorial tower inscribed by Deng Zihui for the martyrs killed in the Anti-Japanese War in the Jiangsu-Anhui Liberated Area in Huaibei. Around the tower, there are 13 stone tablets engraved with the names of 4079 anti-Japanese martyrs. There is also a memorial hall in the park, which displays revolutionary cultural relics such as martyrs' relics. On the shore of Honghu Lake, half the city is sunny, with high terrain, welcoming the lake and stopping the waves, the tomb of Feng Dan, the towers are blue, the flowers and plants are pine and cypress, and the seasons are evergreen. Every time in Tomb-Sweeping Day, there is an endless stream of people, and it has become a revolutionary base for educating future generations.

Hongze Lake Town Water Iron Cattle. During the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, when the Hongze Lake levee was completed, a chicken was dropped to save water. Now the tiger is in the forest and all the birds have flown away. Only the simple and honest iron cow accompanied Hongze Lake day and night. Unfortunately, there are only five, two of which are in Jiangba Sanhe Sluice Management Office, two in Park and Gaoliangjian Sluice, and one in Huaiyin Gao Yan. The iron ox is made of pig iron, and it is well preserved except for the incomplete horn and some inscriptions that have been corroded. Tieniu is1.70m long, 0.57m wide and 0.68m high. A 0.07-meter-thick iron plate was integrally cast from cattle, weighing about 2,250 kilograms (4,000 kilograms). The shoulder bones of cattle are engraved with the inscription of Yang Wenkai's book. The inscription reads: "Only the dragon in Jin Kemu was hidden, and the turtle and snake made of earth descended to earth, and the rhinoceros was cast to drink Huaiyang for the town. The wrong pillow was removed forever and reported to my emperor."

There are three reasons for the formation of Hongze Lake. First of all, the depression formed by crustal fracture is a natural factor for the formation of Hongze Lake. Embryos began in small lakes before the Tang and Song Dynasties-mainly Fuling Lake, Pofu Creek, Mudun Lake and Wanjia Lake.

Second, the Yellow River's seizure of the Huai River is another reason for the formation of the prototype of Hongze Lake. Song Shaoxi five years (1 194). The Yellow River is divided into two branches from Wu Yang to Liangshanpo, with the south branch flowing into Surabaya and the south into Huaihe River, which is the beginning of the Yellow River diversion. In the fifth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1855), the Yellow River moved to the north of the Yellow River and entered the sea from Lijin. The Yellow River captured the Huaihe River for nearly 700 years. Because the Yellow River is condescending, it flows into the Huaihe River, where Huanghuai meets, the flow increases and the water level rises, connecting small lakes and depressions such as Fuling Lake and Broken Kettle Pond into a lake.

Thirdly, the great construction of Gaojiayan (Hongze Lake levee) is an artificial and decisive reason for the complete formation of Hongze Lake. Therefore, Hongze Lake is called artificial lake.

In the upper reaches of Hongze Lake, the main rivers entering Hongze Lake are Huaihe River, Huaihong New River, Chihe River, Xinbian River, Hesui River, Xuhonghe River, Laobian River, Tuanjie River and Zhangfu River.

The main rivers downstream of the lake are: 1. Huaihe River flows into the river. Total length 156 km. It starts at Sanhe Gate of Hongze Lake and flows into the Yangtze River through gaoyou lake and Shaobo Lake to Sanjiang Camp of Yangzhou City. Design flood flow 12000m3/s,1actual maximum flood flow on August 6th, 95410700m3/s.

The second is the main irrigation canal in northern Jiangsu. Total length 168km, starting from Gaoliangjian sluice of Hongze Lake in the west, crossing the Li Canal in the south through Huai 'an (now Chuzhou), reaching the polar port of Sheyang County and entering the Yellow Sea. The designed flood discharge is 800 m3/s, and the actual maximum flood discharge is 1020 m3/s, and in July 1975.

Third, Hu Aishu New River. Total length 196km, starting from Helmn of Hongze Lake in the south, entering Xinyi River through Huaiyin and Shuyang, and entering the Yellow Sea. The designed flood discharge is 3000m3/s, and the actual maximum flood discharge in July is11.320m3/s.

Four, the Huaihe River into the sea waterway. It is parallel to the main irrigation canal in northern Jiangsu, with a total length of 163.5km. It starts from the Hulzha of Hongze Lake in the west, passes through Qingpu, Huai 'an, Funing and Binhai counties, and enters the Yellow Sea at Biandan Port. The short-term design flood flow is 2270 cubic meters per second, and the long-term design flood flow is 7000 cubic meters per second. It was put into use on July 5, 2003, and the actual maximum flood discharge on July 4 was1820m3/s.

Hongze Lake is rich in aquatic resources. There are nearly 100 kinds of fish in the lake, mainly carp, crucian carp, bighead carp, green grass, silver carp and so on. The crabs in Hongze Lake are also famous. In addition, the aquatic plants in Hongze Lake are very famous. Reed is almost all over the lake, and it is difficult for even ships to sail in lush places. Lotus root, Euryale ferox and water chestnut are very famous in history, and there was a saying that "water chestnut with the head of a chicken is half a year's grain".

On April 5th, 2006, Hongze Lake Wetland was approved as a national nature reserve by the State Council.