Please help us find a place with the largest population of Manchu ~ It is said that Yiwulu Mountain was once a Manchu Autonomous County? And can you recommend some Manchu culture! Thank you all

Language and writing, Manchu is an ancient nation with a long culture and has its own language and writing. Manchu belongs to Altaic language family, Manchu-Tungusic language family and Manchu branch. Before entering the customs, it was mainly used in Northeast China. 1February, 599, Manchu was founded by the Nuerhachi Sect of Qing Taizu, which was later called punctuation-free Manchu or old Manchu. In A.D. 1633, Huang Taiji improved and perfected the old Manchu, which was later called New Manchu or Circle Manchu. The emergence of new Manchu language has played a great role in the further development of Manchu culture. After Shunzhi entered the customs and established the national political power, the use of Manchu gradually expanded. Some Han Chinese are also proficient in Manchu, which has become the "national language". With the development of history, the language of Manchu gradually weakened, and Manchu gradually used Chinese. By the end of Qing Dynasty, the use of Manchu was limited to the remote Manchu inhabited areas in Northeast China.

Clothing:

There are four representative Manchu costumes in Beizhen: cheongsam, mandarin jacket, vest and trousers. Cheongsam is generally divided into three types: single, clip and cotton. The style of cheongsam is: collarless (later used to add a fake collar), narrow sleeves (or arrow sleeves), left slit, and slits on both sides or four sides, which is convenient for riding. Manchu people in Beizhen like to wear robes and mandarin jackets. This jacket is half-length and has four openings. The vest is sleeveless, you can wear it at will and it is easy to decorate. Manchu women also wear it as a coat and embroider it with lace. Pants are waist-free cotton trousers with two straps fixed, which are mostly worn by the elderly in winter and can play the role of leg protection.

There are many kinds of Manchu hats in Beizhen, including top hat, felt knot, hat head, four-happiness hat and Kunqiu hat. The fan-shaped crown with the most national characteristics, commonly known as the "flag head", is made of metal wire, shaped like a fan, wrapped in blue velvet and satin, and decorated with flowers, headdresses and other ornaments.

Manchu men in Beizhen wear double shoes (single shoes) in spring, summer and autumn. Wearing a "trip to the local cattle" in winter means wearing fur. Women don't bind their feet, they are "heavenly feet". The single and cotton shoes they wear every day look like men's shoes. Wear high-heeled wooden soled shoes on festive days. The heel is located in the center of the sole and is about three to five inches high. It looks like a horseshoe, also known as "inch shoes". Older women like to wear thick felt shoes, commonly known as felt bumps. Socks for men and women are the same. Use several layers of white cloth to close the bottom first, and then use white cloth to make socks, regardless of left and right.

Diet:

The characteristics of Manchu in Beizhen are "sticky", "cold" and "sour".

Manchu people like to grow sticky crops, and the food made by sticky crops is mainly pasta, which is processed into cakes and sticky cakes. Manchu people like to purify rice, that is, to soak cooked high-grain rice and millet in cold water, then soak them in clear water, and take them out with a colander when eating, which is cool and delicious. Sauerkraut is the main course of Manchu in Beizhen in winter. Because you can't eat fresh vegetables in winter and spring, Chinese cabbage is pickled into sauerkraut, which can be eaten for half a year.

Manchu people in Beizhen like to eat pork, especially boiled meat, that is, sliced meat cooked in clear water dipped in soy sauce, also called "boiled meat". They also eat beef and mutton, especially hot pot instant-boiled mutton.

Manchu people in Beizhen like to drink shochu, which they call "lining clothes" because it is good for drinking and keeping warm. Smoking is also common.

Home page:

Generally, Manchu houses face south, with three rooms and four or five rooms. On the east side, there is a pocket room with a door facing south, or "bobbin room", and there is also a "Qianwan ovary" or "opposite concierge" with a door in the middle. The entrance is the kitchen, and there is the bedroom. There is a fire kang in the bedroom on the south, west and north sides, which is called "Man Zi Kang". Manchu worships the west and Nantah. Ancestor tablets are placed on the back wall of Xikang, and the elders live in Nankang, while the younger generation lives in Kang Bei. There are windows in the north and south of the main room, and there are two doors up and down. The upper door can open the ventilation. There is enough paper on the outside, and the paper is soaked in oil, which can prevent wind and rain. Window lattice structure is diverse and beautiful, and large families have wing rooms and warehouses.

Marriage:

There are two taboos in the marriage of Manchu people in Beizhen: one is not to marry Han people, and the other is not to marry the same surname. There is a whole set of etiquette from engagement to marriage, and the wedding ceremony is more colorful.

The marriage age of Manchu is generally male 18-20 years old and female 17-2 1 year old. Marriage is arranged by parents. After the matchmaker discussed, both parents agreed to get engaged. First, they exchange birthdays and get married with a fortune teller. If everything is all right, they agree to get married. There is a "small ceremony" before marriage, also called visiting relatives and recognizing relatives. The latter kind of "big gift" is to send a bride price and set a wedding date. On the wedding day, the bride wears a big turn-over hairstyle with a red hijab and is carried and escorted by her brother in a car (sedan chair). When the bride entered the room, the groom lifted the red veil. The bride sits on the bedding with a sorghum bag and an axe. This is called "sitting on the blessing". In the new house, the couple changed to toast and eat yellow rice. Before the bride eats, she flips the dishes with chopsticks, and at the same time, invites the elderly who are both long-lived and long-lived to hold a bowl of rice and a bowl of meat, chanting auspicious words in front of the victory pole and throwing the rice and meat on the roof. This is a unique gift of Manchu. Before going to bed, couples eat longevity noodles and children's cakes. Three days later, the bride and groom return to their parents' home with gifts, usually for two days.

Funeral:

Cremation is an old custom of Manchu tradition. At the beginning of17th century, "if you die, you will leave it in the wild and burn it the next day" (see Ruben). The custom of cremation was still followed in the early Qing Dynasty. During the Qianlong period, Manchu in Beizhen gradually gave up cremation and changed to burial. Manchu coffins are convex, which is different from Han nationality, so it is also called "full material". Banners are hung in the yard. Before the funeral, the family cried and burned paper in the temple to report to the temple. During the funeral service, the funeral ceremony was a prelude to the coffin, and the children of the deceased followed with inscriptions. Dai Xiao, a Manchu, wore white mourning clothes, a white headscarf, a white mourning belt around his waist and white filial shoes on his feet. Filial piety for one hundred days.

Sacrificial activities

The types and ways of Manchu sacrificial activities in Beizhen are very complicated. The big sacrifice is the most important sacrificial activity of Manchu in Beizhen, once a year for wealthy families and once every three to five years for poor families. The big sacrifice usually starts from the first day of the first month and lasts for three days. On the first day of ancestor worship, the memorial tablets of ancestors were cleaned up and the offerings were arranged in front of their thrones. The whole family knelt before the throne of their ancestors. At the same time, offer a black boar. After the sacrifice, the meat was removed and the family members shared the meat. Some families provide images, and people are invited to make portraits on the memorial day, and the people worship their ancestors. The next day, when offering sacrifices to heaven, a victory pole (wooden pole) was enshrined in the gate, which was called somo in Manchu, so it was also called somo pole and Soren pole, which translated into divine pole. The wand is 65,438+03 feet long and its head is a western bucket. Before the sacrifice, the winning pole was put down and washed. At the beginning of the sacrifice, the whole family knelt in front of the confession, and the "leader" painted pig blood on the top of the winning pole, put on the pig lock keel, put the pig's five internal organs into the iron bucket and set up the winning pole. Mix and cook meat and rice, put them on the altar, people bow again, and then share large pieces of meat. Passers-by outside the family can also eat together, and guests are welcome when they leave. All the meat must be eaten within three days, otherwise the rest will be thrown away. On the third day, the Buddha's mother, the wet nurse, was sacrificed. Sacrifice Buddha mother as a reward (Buddha mother has the kindness to raise Manchu ancestors); Second, our son, grandson, and the population are safe. The mother Buddha is just a cloth pocket with five-color lines in it. After the sacrifice, put the Buddha mother back to her original place. In daily life, someone in the family goes out or fights, so it is necessary to provide protection for the Buddha. Sacrifice should be held on festive days or when wishing for illness.

The sacrificial activities of Manchu people are superstitious, hoping to get rid of suffering and get happiness by relying on the gifts of gods and ancestors.

recreational activities

Galaha is a popular Manchu game. Garaha is Manchu, which is the metatarsal bone of an animal's hind leg. People degrease the bones of pigs and sheep and paint them red as toys. There are many ways to play.

Happy Valley is also famous for its cleverness. The participants in the game are arranged in two rows, with the distance between the two sides being more than ten paces, and each side forms a human wall hand in hand, with one side shouting and the other fighting. The called person rushed over and bumped into the other wall. If he can't break it, join the other team. If he breaks it, he will get one back. This has called the last person, and it is victory to capture everyone else.

In addition, catching chickens with old kites and turning ropes are also very popular games for Manchu children.

The entertainment of Manchu is as rough and simple as that of northern nationalities. Most of its contents are related to hunting by Manchu ancestors, and some of its entertainment activities have been passed down to this day and accepted by other brotherly peoples.