Fortune-tellers are old at

In the Song Dynasty, with the development of agriculture and handicraft production and the prosperity of foreign trade, the types of goods on the market were more abundant than the previous generation. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the sleeve brocade of the Taiping old man is known as the best product in the world: "Sword calligraphy, wine, Duanyan, Luoyang flower, Jianzhou tea, porcelain, Zhejiang lacquer, Wu paper, gold bronze, Xima, Isosilk, Qidan saddle, Xia, Koryo secret color, Xinghua gentleman fish, Fuzhou Liyan, Wenzhou Gui and Linjiang. When Fang Xinru came to the State of Jin in the Southern Song Dynasty, he also boasted to the rulers of the Jin Dynasty: "The wealth of rhinoceros, pearls and jade comes from Guangdong and Guangxi; East and west of the river are the land and sea of tea mulberry; The Huaihe River is also the pride of copper; Fourteen counties in western Zhejiang, Suzhou Lake is ripe all over the world, and Marshal knows it. But the number of teething people is increasing day by day, and there are a large number of cultivators. Reed is young and the dike is wide. Although not familiar, it has been enough for several years. East Zhejiang is rich in fish and salt, and the sea hides mountains. Although there are many delicious foods, they are endless. Fujian is a southeast metropolis, which governs six counties and is also the mouth of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River. "

At the same time, the commodity structure has also undergone significant changes. Reflected in the business content of commercial capital, regional specialties such as salt and iron, pearls and fragrant medicines still account for a large proportion, and there is a saying that "people in the sea, if they don't cherish pearls and jade, they will cherish rhinoceros"; The place to do business is not precious salt and iron or precious tea. " However, in the composition of commodities, basic necessities such as grain and textiles are increasingly occupying the main position. "Businessmen sit in Jia, and money breeds wealth. One in four people has a heart. Whether it deals or not, it only takes food, utensils, grains, rich animals, silk and linen, and cloth. "Businessmen who sell rice, silk and other daily necessities not only seek time difference, but also are more keen on seeking regional difference, which has become the main profit mode of commercial capital.

The most prominent feature of the grain market in Song Dynasty is the development of trans-shipment trade between regions. The old pattern of "selling for thousands of miles" was completely broken, and the long-distance grain trade was unprecedentedly prosperous. "In the spring and summer, the mirror lake in Huaidian is not continued, the people are not living, and the wealthy businessmen are floating on land and water, and the rescuers don't know hundreds of billions." Grain is heavy, bulky and of low value. After paying the costs of freight, warehousing and packaging, grain merchants must rely on large-scale operation to make profits.

On the basis of the improvement of agricultural productivity and the development of transportation industry, several large-scale commodity grain export bases were formed in Song Dynasty. In the Jinghu area in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin, "the land produces the most rice, but the middle households have no grain storage. ..... Rivers and lakes are connected, everywhere, a boat goes out, Wan Li only means it, and it doesn't hinder it. People plan to grow food every year, and the rest of the rice is used for trading. Big businessmen gather all the belongings of small families, and boats are attached to big ships to camp together, and they are sold here and there to adjust profits. Father and son are attacked, and they are old in the wind and rain, thinking that it is common. " In the Taihu Lake basin north of Zhejiang West Road, "the three states of Lake, Suzhou and Xiuzhou are rice-producing areas, with good years and boats and cars everywhere." In the southwest of Guangdong and Guangxi, "Guangnan is the most famous land of rice, and old merchants resell it by sea."

The long-distance grain trade in Song Dynasty also formed a long-term stable spatial flow direction and a relatively concentrated sales target. In terms of spatial flow direction, the basic circulation pattern is from south to north and from west to east; As far as the supply target is concerned, it mainly serves the towns and cash crop producing areas in the south, as well as the political and military needs in the north. The spatial flow direction is the same as the supply object, and the former is determined by the latter, which shows the unprecedented prosperity of grain transshipment trade in Song Dynasty.

Textile is another commodity in cross-regional circulation trade in Song Dynasty. Silk and other silk products account for the largest proportion in textiles. In Song Dynasty, the production of silk industry basically formed the pattern of JD.COM, Hebei, Sichuan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, but the products in the three regions have their own characteristics. The silk industry in JD.COM and Hebei has a long history. In the Song Dynasty, its production was characterized by high output, sophisticated technology and high quality. At that time, people said: "The land of Qing Dynasty is fertile and thousands of miles away, rich in hemp and mulberry, and clothes are all over the world." Su Zhe also wrote a poem praising: "Look at Qilu, both mulberry and zhe are flourishing. Thousands of boxes in spring and autumn, silkworms always cluster thousands of foils. Surplus food, dogs and horses, clothes all over the city. " The world's first "Oriental Silk" and Shaanxi fine silk mentioned above are the representative famous products of JD.COM Road. Silk in Hebei is particularly delicate, so it is called "fine silk". It is said that there is no difference between positive and negative, and Dingzhou "Diaosi" is its famous brand. Chengdufu Road and Zizhou Road in Sichuan are silk weaving bases that rose in the Tang and Song Dynasties. They are famous for their brocade, which is characterized by thinness and luxury. The silk industry of Zhejiang Road and East-West Road in the south of the Yangtze River developed rapidly in the Song Dynasty, with many famous products, especially famous for its large output. However, the overall quality level seems to be slightly lower than the first two regions, such as Luo Yue, which belongs to a well-known local brand. "Wuzhou is all over Gongluo and Dongyang Hualuo are all in the northeast, but the silk thread is fine and cannot be compared with Wuji and Lindi." Because of the poor quality of silk fabrics from Zhejiang, even Jin Bing refused to claim compensation from Song Tingling, but returned to Hebei.

The sales direction of silk products is mainly urban consumption, government demand and overseas markets. As far as urban consumption is concerned, in the Song Dynasty, there were colored silk shops specializing in selling fabrics and silks, such as Nantong Lane in Bianjing. "It is not a place where gold and silver colored silk are traded. The houses are magnificent, the facade is wide and solemn. Every transaction is moving at a speed of tens of millions, which sounds shocking. " Panlou Street is also a place where "real pearls and silk are fragrant medicine shops" are concentrated [24]. In Lin 'an, Chenjia Caibo Store, Shixifang Niubei Caibo Store and Qinghefang Gujia Caibo Store are all famous silk shops. Among the various commercial guilds in the city, silk shops usually belong to guilds with strong financial resources. Because the consumers of silk products in the domestic market are mainly concentrated in the government and cities, and the production is mostly scattered in the countryside, the circulation of silk products also shows the trend of "seeking the heart" like agricultural and sideline products such as grain; At the same time, due to the formation of several large-scale silk production bases in the Song Dynasty, the circulation of silk products was "radiated". The phrase "clothes are the best in the world" is a common phrase used by people in Song Dynasty to praise the development of textile industry in a certain place, which shows that where the textile industry is developed, the products are always exported to various places. For example, silk fabrics from JD.COM and Hebei are not only concentrated in Bianjing and other urban markets, but also sold in large quantities to southern roads and overseas markets through ports such as Banqiao in Mizhou. In Song Zhezong, Fan E said: "In Banqiao, the merchants from Guangnan, Fujian, Huai and Zhejiang in our town went to all kinds of incense and medicine by sea boat, and even saw the money, silk, cotton, silk and silk as the road merchants from Hebei and Hedong, which were very prosperous. ..... Banqiao has many merchants in the northwest, and its silk, cotton, silk and silks are all goods that merchants want, so the north and the south cross and grab business. " Li Gou's poem: "The rivers and lakes are limited to the south, and autumn is still thin. Look at the calendar when you have time. People don't take advantage of clothes. Wan Qi is proud that Xia Yan will not come back. "Qin Guan's poem:" The original mulberry is rare, and the silkworm does not spin on the moon. "Wu Kun and Lu Yu, by boat, missed the boat." It shows that Wan Qi and Lu Mao produced by JD.COM Road are very popular bestsellers in Jianghu and Guangdong and Guangxi markets. Sichuan silk products are also sold in all directions. "Shu is rich in silk and clothes are all over the world, and people who pay tribute to business trips, Qin Feng and the waterway Minjiang River, are in an endless stream." Lu Dafang's "Jin Guan Lou Ji" also said: "If you lose to the ground, you must go through the green mud, the big scattered, and the narrow intestines; If you sail in Sichuan, you will risk sinking the ship ahead of time. When the moon disappears, clothes are the world. " Brocade and incense trade between Sichuan and Qinzhou in the south of Guangxi, apart from going north to Qin Long by land and eastward along the Yangtze River by waterway, has also formed a lively trade route. "Rich businessmen sell brocade from Shu to Qin, from Qin to Shu, and go back and forth at the age of one, moving thousands of times per blog."

Generally speaking, the commercial production of flax is not as good as that of silk, but there are also many flax circulating in the market. Fujian's flax has been selling well in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Today, the clothes worn by Vietnamese people come from Fujian and Jia. Flax from eastern Zhejiang is also sold in large quantities to western Zhejiang. "Strong mouth cloth is made of hemp and woven very thick, and merchants and prostitutes often compete with Wu people for the market." Sichuan's rich flax is sold to the northwest in large quantities through government acquisition. It is particularly worth mentioning that after the development of the Northern Song Dynasty, Guangxi's flax textile industry became an important emerging flax commodity production base in the Southern Song Dynasty. "Guangxi is rich in ramie and is good at weaving. Willow cloth, elephant cloth, merchants trading, all around. "

The means of transportation in Song Dynasty

1, canoeing has many advantages. Since the Song Dynasty, canoeing has been an important means of water transportation in Ningxia, and it has lasted for a long time.

2. The unicycle was popular in Song Dynasty, and it was the most widely used means of transportation in rural areas at that time. A wheelbarrow can carry both people and goods, usually pushed by one person. In order to have more ... as far as the basic ship type is concerned, there was a famous sand boat in Song Dynasty, which was called "sand-proof gondola" at that time. Sandboats are flat-bottomed and are not afraid of being stranded, especially in the wind and waves.

3. The main means of transportation around Taihu Lake are boats and timber, which were widely used before the Song Dynasty. The width of the ship exceeds 1 m, the length is 5 ~ 6 m, and the load exceeds 1000 kg. There is no sail, rudder and canopy, and the hull is smooth. The speed of walking, turning back and forth and stopping is supported by a bamboo fence about 5 meters long.

4. After the Song Dynasty, the one-wheeled "chicken cart" almost became the common people's regular means of transportation, which has been passed down for thousands of years. 1967 during the cultural revolution, traffic was paralyzed. I also saw my mother get on the "chicken cart" left by our ancestors and rush back to the city. A cart and a horse (cow) are symbols of the rich life that our ancestors dreamed of for generations.

After the Song Dynasty, there was the so-called Maritime Silk Road, and ... the most important means of transportation on the Silk Road-camels.

6. Another means of transportation invented by this class in the early days was sledge, from which cars were made. In ancient times, people invented canoes to cross the water. ... an ancient bamboo means of transportation-sliding pole is still widely used today. After the Song Dynasty, comfortable sedan chairs

7. Those who use horses as means of transportation are called post horses, and those who use cars are called post cars. The above postal service, postal clerk, postal route, postal station, postal horse and postal vehicle are self-contained and relay transport documents.

8. Horses are important means of transportation.