Who is Henry Cramer Murphy?

Henry Kilammurphy (1877-1954), also translated by Murphy, an American architect, graduated from Yale University in the United States in 1899. Murphy has planned and designed several university campuses or major buildings for China's missionary universities, such as Hujiang University, Fujian Christian University, Changsha Xiangya Medical College, Jinling Women's University and yenching university.

From 65438 to 0928, Murphy was employed by the Capital Construction Committee of the National Government. Together with many foreign consultants such as Gulizhi, Perkins and Pascal, he participated in drafting the programmatic document "Capital Planning" for the construction of Nanjing and presided over the urban planning of the capital Nanjing. He was a representative figure of the revival trend of classical architecture in China at that time.

Chinese name: Henry Killam Murphy.

Henry kilmurphy

Alias: Murphy

Nationality: USA

Date of birth: 1877

Date of death: 1954

Occupation: architectural designer

Graduate School: Yale University

Main achievements: designing many university campuses.

The representative of the revival of traditional architecture in China

Representative works: Tsinghua University, Hujiang University, yenching university, etc

Personal experience

1877, henry killam murphy was born in Connecticut, USA. His father was JohnMurphy and his mother was AliceButtonKillam.

65438-0895 henry killam murphy graduated from Hopkins School, a famous private school in New Haven, Connecticut, and was admitted to Yale University. 65438-0899, graduated from architecture department of Yale University.

1900, came to new york;

Bachelor club); On1906;

1908 opened his own architectural design office on Madison Avenue;

19 13, Murphy and his partner Richard. Little Dana initially established a reliable business reputation in New York State and his hometown of Connecticut. During this period, he made some campus planning and adopted various styles: CollegeofNewRochelle in new york adopted Gothic architectural style, and Loomis Chaffee (1912) in Windsor, Connecticut adopted colonial revival style. But Henry Killam Murphy in this period still belongs to "an unknown American architect" (Cody).

1965438+In late May 2004, Murphy came to China, which was an important turning point in his career. Murphy's first campus design work in China is the expansion of Tsinghua University, and it is the first time to introduce the university campus planning method with clear functional zoning into China. Its master plan and main building follow the model of American university campus.

After the Boxer Rebellion, Murphy attached great importance to the construction of missionary universities. Taking this opportunity, he successively planned and designed the campuses of several missionary universities: Hujiang University, Xiangya Hospital, Concord University, Jinling Women's University, yenching university and Lingnan University.

Because these Christian missions want to reduce the resistance brought by the cultural differences between China and the West, they tend to show the adaptability of Christianity to China culture in architecture. Although all these campuses are located in different areas in the north and south, they all adopt the style of classical architecture in China. This is an interesting contrast with the western architectural style generally adopted by the National University of China at the same time.

1965438+in July 2008, opened a personal office in Shanghai Bund as its branch in Shanghai;

19 19, the second year Murphy opened an office in Shanghai. According to the existing literature, Hujiang University was Murphy's earliest campus planning and design in China besides the expansion of Tsinghua University. In the campus planning of Hujiang University, based on the completed buildings, Murphy rationally analyzed the campus status, traffic organization and functional zoning, and made overall planning and design for campus roads, new buildings and campus landscape. The design adopts functional zoning method, which is divided into primary school area, middle school area, university area and teacher residential area according to different levels.

1928, Murphy was noticed by Jiang Zhongzheng and was hired as an architectural consultant of Nanjing National Government. He presided over the formulation of the capital planning, the construction planning of Nanjing in 1929, and designed a number of architectural works in Nanjing and other places, such as the memorial tower, memorial hall and the building of the Ministry of Railways of Nanjing National Government, all of which are government office buildings and continue to adopt the retro style of China. This is an early and systematic urban planning work carried out by China government in modern times. "Capital Planning" made an overall plan for the street system in Nanjing, adopting the grid and diagonal form popular in some American cities at that time. In order to increase the number of shops along the street, the road network density is high and the block area is small. Many important domestic architects at that time also participated in it, such as,,, Tong,, Fuquan, Li Huibo and so on. In addition, China architect Lv Yanzhi, who is responsible for designing two buildings, Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, is also Murphy's assistant and student.

1935, Murphy retired and returned to his designed house in Brandford, Connecticut, USA. He also designed a small "China Village" with eight families in Gables, kroll, Florida.

1949, married for the first time at the age of 72;

1954 died at home.

Main work

New york New Rochelle College.

Loomis Coffee, loomis College, Windsor, Connecticut.

Windsor Children's School, Connecticut

Philips residence, Yale University, Connecticut.

Campus Planning of Hopkins School in Connecticut

Tsinghua University

Tsinghua University is 19 1 1 a preparatory school to take boxer indemnity back from the United States to study in the United States. The foundation of this school is Prince Yi of Qing Dynasty.

Huayuan (commonly known as "Xiaowuye Garden"). 19 16, Murphy was hired to carry out the overall campus planning for Tsinghua, retaining a small number of old buildings (I-shaped halls) and designing four major buildings of the early Tsinghua University: auditorium, science museum, library and gymnasium. This group of buildings all adopt western style, which sets the tone for Tsinghua University's future architectural style. 200 1 Early buildings in Tsinghua University are listed as national key cultural relics protection units with the number of 5-476.

Shanghai University

In the campus planning of Hujiang University, based on the completed buildings, Murphy rationally analyzed the campus status, traffic organization and functional zoning, and made overall planning and design for campus roads, new buildings and campus landscape.

It is planned to connect the east-west avenue at the main entrance of the campus with the roads on both sides of Pujiang and along the river, and divide the campus into north and south parts. From west to east, there are primary schools, middle schools and sports fields in the south, teachers' residential areas in the north of the road and university areas in the east of the campus. The planning permeates the design concept of modern American university campus, and repeatedly uses the trinity courtyard model with lawn and green space as the center, enclosed on three sides and open on one side to organize campus space and create a space with rich campus plot characteristics.

The planning focuses on the university area, which is located on the bank of Pujiang River on the east side of the campus. Buildings such as Siyantang, Gymnasium, Sipeitang, Siyitang and Science Museum have been built in advance, but the overall layout does not have the characteristics of courtyard space. On this basis, Murphy plans to build more buildings such as office buildings, libraries and churches, and arrange the campus core area and campus extension area through reasonable and orderly methods. Both areas have adopted the three-sided landscape green space surrounded by buildings and the three-way courtyard space mode open to Huangpu River.

"The university campus is surrounded by willows and evergreen shrubs. In the center of the tinker, there are twenty or thirty foreign buildings. After dinner, students prefer to walk in groups of three or five, or sit alone on the grass for a while, watching the sunset and white clouds in the sky and listening to the tide in the river. It is like a paradise moved from Virginia. " This planning and design strongly shows the design idea of paying attention to landscape and advocating nature in American university campuses in the early 20 th century, and permeates the educational concept of openness and personality cultivation.

1900 The difficulty of Gengzi religion has dealt a heavy blow to missionary activities. Taking architectural form as a superficial means has become one of the effective measures to ease the opposition among the people. China 17 Christian University mostly adopts the architectural form of combining Chinese and western styles, and only Hujiang University in Shanghai, Soochow University and Zhijiang University around it adopt western-style architecture, among which Hujiang University has the largest architectural scale. There are internal reasons behind this phenomenon. First of all, Shanghai is the economic center of modern China, and there is not much accumulation of traditional culture. The spread of western learning to the east is at the forefront, and it does not exclude western culture. Under the influence of western strong culture, the religious atmosphere of missionary universities is particularly strong, and the cultural information of Christianity and its affiliated carrier-architecture can be moved here intact.

By 1937, before the fall of Shanghai, the campus core area had been initially formed, but the campus expansion area was not completely completed, and the construction was not carried out as planned after the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War. After the founding of New China, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology was built on the original site, and the overall campus structure continued to be maintained.

Yali University

Yali University is Murphy's first work since he came to China. This university is the product of the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, which stimulated the students of Yale University in the United States, because many missionaries who were killed in China that year were Yale alumni. 190 1 year, a group of young students organized YaleMissioninChina, an organization dedicated to missionary work in China, and sent LawrenceThurston to work in China for two years, and finally chose Changsha, Hunan Province in central China as the base for their work in China. Hunan Province was once the most violent province in China that rejected Christianity. 1906, they opened Changsha yali school (a preparatory school for senior high school) by renting private houses, 19 14, and they formally established Yale-in-China and began to recruit undergraduates. Yali hired Murphy to plan and design the new campus of Mayuanling outside the north gate. The school of Yali University hopes that Murphy will build a campus in China that is more like China than the previous missionary universities. Prior to this, the famous Chicago Perkins, Frost and Hamilton (Perkins, Fellows &; Hamilton) architects designed the campus buildings of cheeloo university in Jinan and St. John's University in Shanghai, both of which imitated the broad roofs of China, but neglected the bucket arch structure supporting the huge roof weight. It is still a pity that the Chinese-style big roof is directly erected on the western-style plane. The owners and architects of Yali University hope to make it more realistic, so they use concrete to imitate the wooden columns in China and iron sheets to make the lattice windows in China. Many critics believe that Yali University has made a great breakthrough in architecture facing China. Of course, it also increases the cost and consumes a lot of time. 19 19, yali university moved to the new campus, 1920, the science museum was completed. 1926, Hunan became the center of the anti-imperialist movement in the Great Revolution, and the church was severely impacted. Yali University was forced to close down and merged into Huazhong University in Wuchang on 1929. Yali Campus has been transformed into "Xiangya Medical College", which is still a first-class medical college in China and enjoys the reputation of "Xiangya in the south and Concord in the north". Now this is a campus of Central South University.

Jinling College

Jinling Women's University, referred to as Jinling Women's University. 19 13 (in the second year of the Republic of China), the American Church, the Presbyterian Church in North America, the American-Israeli-American Association, the Board of Supervisors, the American Baptist Church and the Christian Church decided to jointly establish a women's university in the Yangtze River valley, and finally chose Nanjing, which is the first women's university in China. 19 15. Jinling Women's University opened in the former site of Li Hongzhang Garden in Xiang Xiu, southeast Ningxia. The first headmaster was Mrs. Debenham. Golden Women's University has set up 16, which enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. /kloc-0 moved to Suiyuan permanent campus in July, 1923, and invited American architect Murphy and China architect Lv Yanzhi to participate in the design. The whole campus building of Jinling Women's University makes full use of natural terrain and is arranged according to the east-west axis, with neat layout and plane symmetry. These buildings are centered on broad lawns, and their shapes are all traditional palace-style buildings in China.

Fudan University

At this time, Fudan University, a private school composed of dropouts from the Catholic school Aurora University, bought a piece of land in Jiangwan, a northern suburb of Shanghai, and Murphy presided over the campus design. By the spring of 1922, several unique buildings had been built in the new campus of Fudan University, including the arched gate, the palace-style Zhu Yi Hall and the Tang Hui Hall (now Xianghui Hall). Zhu Yi Concert Hall and Deng Hui Concert Hall are still in use today, and were listed as outstanding historical buildings in Shanghai in 2004. The old school gate has also been repaired.

other

Overall planning and architecture of Fuzhou Christian University

Hankou Citibank building

Yenching university master plan and architecture

National Beiping Library

Memorial Tower and Memorial Hall of Nanjing National Revolutionary Army Cemetery

Nanjing National Government Ministry of Railways Building

Guangzhou Lingnan University Extension Project