Mongolian bone divination _ Mongolian bone divination

Daily living habits of Mongolian herders

Mongolian people have the custom of respecting the old and loving the young. Their proverbs say, "Respect the old and love the young", "A mother who loves breastfeeding, a teacher who respects faith", "The experience of the elderly educates people, and the brilliance of the sun warms people" and so on. These all reflect the respect and care for the elderly.

Birthday is a celebration ceremony held by Mongolian people for the elderly. The Mongolian birthday ceremony and the celebration of this Gregorian calendar year are only held when they are old. Birthdays are usually celebrated at the age of 60, 70, 80 and 90. However, when parents are alive, children and grandchildren are not allowed to celebrate their birthdays even if they are seventy or eighty years old. Thirteen, twenty-five, thirty-seven and forty-nine years of this calendar year are not very lively, but after sixty-one, seventy-three and eighty-five, it is another matter. People who celebrate their birthdays this year generally don't celebrate their birthdays. The Mongolian elderly in Bahrain, who are over 95 years old, will not be counted as ages, nor will they be centenarians.

Birthdays and calendar years are usually in the first month. As long as there is a family to celebrate the birthday of the elderly, the children of the host family will prepare a banquet from the end of the year. On the first day of junior high school, I began to welcome guests who came to celebrate their birthdays. Some people choose an auspicious day and then inform villagers, friends and relatives.

The birthday ceremony is relatively simple. During the dinner, the guests toasted the old man, presented Hada and presented gifts. The four, six and eight bowls of toast are called "Zhu Lai" in Mongolian. Then bow to the host and thank him for his hospitality. Birthday gifts usually include: horses, cows, sheep or sheep, fur robes, cotton robes, robes, boots, cigarettes, wallets, money and so on. Gifts generally account for "three" numbers. After the birthday, the birthday guests can't go home empty-handed, and the host family should give back a cigarette bag, towel and so on. If you are a child, send moon cakes or one or two yuan of pocket money.

Taboo of hospitality

Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? China has been a country of etiquette since ancient times, and everyone has hospitality, especially the Mongols. When you come to the yurt, you will not only be warmly received by the host, but also feel some national cultures that you have never touched or understood. Of course, before entering Mongolian life, we must understand some of their customs and taboos, otherwise if we act according to our own ideas at will, it will not only make jokes, but also make Mongolian compatriots unhappy.

First of all, when visiting a Mongolian family, it is forbidden to tuck your skirt in your belt, arm in arm, and don't bring a whip into the house. Regardless of the host and guest, we should let the elders and the elderly enter the house first.

Don't sit in the wrong position after entering the room. When a newcomer is a guest, the host will usually let the guest sit on it, while the guest will let the old man sit first. In yurts, elders always sit in the front, with men doing the west and women doing the east.

It is forbidden to lose your temper with children when guests are present, and you can't beat and scold children. Elders and elders are forbidden to interrupt and expose shortcomings. If you have any questions or need to explain the situation, don't ask until others have finished.

If you come to visit Mongolian yurts, the host will immediately offer a bowl of steaming milk tea, followed by fried rice and a bowl of cream, milk tofu, milk skin and other dairy products. When the host asks you to taste it, don't refuse it, otherwise it will break the host's heart and make him feel sorry. Mongolians are not afraid of others not eating too much. The more they eat, the happier their owners will be. After accepting the host's tea and rice, don't eat at all; Taboo eating milk food with chopsticks and drinking milk and eating milk food standing up; Taboo to pour milk casually; You can't turn a blind eye when you meet someone passing by with milk. You must have a taste before you go.

Taboo for drinking tea: when drinking tea, it is forbidden to fill the cup; Avoid pouring tea with your left hand; Taboo pouring tea from the door; Don't sigh when eating and drinking tea.

Taboo to eat red food: When tasting Deji and eating sheep's back, it is forbidden to be disheveled. In addition to the ring finger, it is forbidden to sprinkle Deji with other fingers; When eating bones, it is forbidden to leave meat crumbs; When eating scapular meat, it is forbidden to bite. You should tear it open with a knife or hand. After eating bones, it is forbidden to beat each other; In the usual meat food, it is forbidden to eat ox gall, fox meat, dog meat and cat meat.

Taboo to eat: it is forbidden to give guests salt-free tea and rice; Avoid blowing with your mouth when eating hot meals; Avoid food spillage; Don't stretch after meals.

Compared with hospitality, the host family usually has taboos when preparing: for example, it is forbidden to break bones and joints when cutting meat; Avoid putting meat upside down; Don't pour rice into the pot in a bag; Avoid counting when mashing tea leaves; Don't talk loudly, speak unlucky language, etc. When pancakes and fried food.

In short, when visiting a pastoral area, we must pay attention to these daily etiquette taboos, which is not only a kind of respect for the Mongolian people, but also a guarantee for our happy mood. Of course, if you know nothing about these taboos and offend Mongolian compatriots, they can forgive you sincerely, and those who don't know won't blame you.

Guniangyan

The day before the wedding, the man will hold a "ceremony to bless the new house" and the woman will hold a "girl banquet". The banquet held by the man on the day before the wedding is mainly for the hired representatives and guests who come to attend the wedding, and a ceremony to bless the new house is held. This ceremony is the highlight of the banquet. First of all, the man should tidy up the new bag, the wallet, clothes, the groom's bedding and personal belongings given by relatives and friends, because these are all blessings from relatives and friends, of course, let it fill the whole new bag. Next, undertaker and the groom, parents who comb the bride's hair and other relatives and friends should be invited to sit down. At this time, Zhu Songren hung a silk hada and colorful lines between the beam and the skylight, and painted a little milk in the wooden bowl on the beam to show good luck and wish: good luck/happiness/in this room with oak utensils/white roof/two lovers who are destined to get married for a hundred years. ...

After the songwriter's auspicious and beautiful wishes are finished, the host will offer tea to the guests who attended the ceremony of blessing the new house and those who greeted the bride, and then hold a banquet to express their gratitude. The complexity of this banquet depends on the man's wealth. But whether rich or poor, this is one of the important etiquette that must be completed before marriage. During the dinner, the groom toasted the guests, and the guests often used this festive day to toast each other and sing until late at night. Some places adjust according to the length of the wedding, and some even play all night. The groom is so jubilant and lively, while the bride is crying. ...

In ancient times, it was often said that "a married daughter is a spilled water", which means that a daughter is destined to be an "outsider" from birth, and the hard work of her parents is just making a "wedding dress" for others. This is due to the special status of women in human society and the patriarchal society after matriarchal clan. On this day, the woman will hold a girls' banquet hosted by her parents, and invite the girls from her hometown and relatives to sit with her soon-to-be-married daughter. Determined by the long existence of the table. Therefore, my daughter is getting married, so parents naturally have to hold a banquet to send her off and wish her happiness.

Also on the day before the wedding, the woman will hold a girl's party hosted by her parents. The main purpose is to invite girls from fellow villagers and relatives to sit with her soon-to-be-married daughter. Before the banquet, parents should let their daughter put on a new robe, take off her belt, put on her boots, wrap her hat in silk and sew it on. When the girl sat down in public, her mother brought her the first bowl of boiling water. The girl took the tea handed to her by her mother for the first and last time with tears in her eyes, tasted it and put it down. Then she went back to her mother, kowtowed to her mother and thanked her for raising her. Then the woman's mother brought a bowl of fresh milk for the girls to taste one by one, and then officially announced to everyone that the girl was about to get married. At this time, the girl felt very sad and burst into tears at once. All the girls saw this scene and cried together. At this time, the bereaved person came forward to comfort: 18 years old/braid is long enough/getting married in a remote place/it's not a bad thing. ...

The girls stopped crying and sang "The Girl's Banquet Song", telling the soon-to-be-married girl to tell her feelings of parting with lyrics: set off and get on the horse/please lift the robe/those in trouble, remember the mistake of quick talking/sewing buttons/never let her mother-in-law see it. ...

At the girls' banquet, the woman's parents have another task: to fill the wine glasses and hire elders and men who are steady, well-versed in etiquette and good at rhetoric as representatives to see them off. Then hire two gentle, decent, diligent women with parents and children as the bride's lodging sister-in-law and Yue Yue (the lodging sister-in-law will follow the bride to the groom's house for a few days, and Yue Yue will stay for a month). In order to prepare for the farewell ceremony the next day in advance.

The girl's banquet is a small banquet for the woman's family in the Mongolian wedding, but it is more important for the married girl, because she will leave her parents, sisters and brothers and take on a family independently from now on. It can also be said that "The Girl's Banquet" is a post station for Mongolian girls to mature!

Exquisite hospitality etiquette

If it is a lark, it will sing the most beautiful songs.

Be polite to be a civilized person;

No feathers, no wings to fly,

No manners, no matter how beautiful, are laughed at by others.

These are two famous proverbs among ancient Mongolians, which vividly reflect the national atmosphere of Mongolians who are very polite and respect etiquette. Garbin, who visited the Mongolian grassland in the13rd century, said that Mongolians "respect others very much and ask each other no matter who they are friendly with."

Mongolian herders greet each other when they meet: "A Mu Le, Sai Bainuo! (um) ". Hospitality is a prominent feature of Mongols. All visitors, whether familiar or not, welcome and say hello. If they are peers, ask each other: "Sibeno! (hello! If elders or people meet for the first time, they will ask each other: "Ta, Sabinu! (hello! ) "and say hello to the whole family! Good grassland! Good livestock! Finally, ask the other person: "Suning Longbaina" (what's the matter or what's the news). If guests are invited into the bag, the host will lead the way in front. When they arrive at the door of the yurt, the host will stand on the west side of the door and put his right hand on his chest. Bow slightly, point your left hand to the door, and invite the guests into the bag first. After entering the bag, the whole family, old and young, sat down around the guests, asking questions and talking with Kan Kan, laughing like a distant family. Then the host brought fragrant milk tea and fried rice, as well as white grassland milk. Give the guests a cup of fragrant milk tea with an exquisite tea set. When the host pays special tribute to the guests, he often pours the sweet milk wine into a silver bowl, holds it out at the top of the white Hada and presents it respectfully to the guests. In the alpine region, there is also the habit of drinking. Mongolians regard wine as the essence of food. It is a traditional etiquette for herders to get together and drink with friends. If the guests show politeness, the host will sing and persuade them in poetic language. Especially in Ordos area, the songs to persuade wine are often one after another, and each one is hotter than the other. The lyrics are as follows:

"Distant guests invite you to drink a glass of milk wine, which is the essence of our national traditional cuisine and the deep friendship of our grassland people ..."

Usually, guests have a drink or give it to others, and then stop by persuading them to drink.

Banquet distinguished guests, or hold a festive reception and pay attention to whole sheep mats. This custom has been passed down to this day. When giving a banquet, one, two or three seats are usually placed directly above the Mongolian yurt (big bag), and the right corner of the bag is the reception seat for the main personnel. Guests are seated in the order of distinguished guests, elders, etc. After the guests were seated, the chef carried the whole sheep to the first, second and third seats, and the owner cut off a piece of sheep tail meat with a Mongolian knife and put it on the head of the sheep. Then, he cut the sheep's tail meat into squares, put it on a plate, raised his hands above his head and presented it to the distinguished guests in the first seat. Then, before the host handed the handle to the VIP in the first seat, the VIP looked at it, cut everything, then carried it back to the kitchen, cut it into squares, put it on a plate, and ate it at the table as the highest courtesy of the Mongols.

Mongolian marriage custom

Marriage system. Mongolian people have two marriage systems, namely, grabbing marriage and hiring marriage. Marriage robbery is a form of marriage in slave society. Before13rd century, most Mongolian society practiced the system of robbing marriage. For example, Genghis Khan's father wants to marry Artu and Mrs. Hoelun as soon as possible, which is a form of robbing marriage. Engagement marriage is a form of marriage in feudal society. After13rd century, Mongolians entered the feudal society, that is, the engagement system was generally implemented. But there are still remnants of the marriage robbery system. In the war between tribes, robbery or marriage robbery is still common.

Ask relatives. Before young men and women get engaged, the man wants to propose to the woman. Before the founding of New China, it was usually the parents of the man or the matchmaker entrusted to go to the woman's house to seek relatives and friends. They can get engaged if the woman agrees. According to the traditional Mongolian marriage custom, the man has to ask for relatives from the woman's house many times before he can get her consent. According to the first volume of the Secret History of Mongolia, Artu should lead his son Temujin (Genghis Khan) to the Dexue Zen House to find relatives. De Xuechan said: "It takes several times to give, so that you can get respect;" If you give it a few times, you will be looked down upon. " Later, a Mongolian proverb was formed: "Ask more expensive, ask less cheap. "After the relatives and friends reached an agreement, the man took Hada, milk wine and five forks or whole sheep to the woman's house to make a decision. The bride's family invited relatives and friends to accompany the guests to drink, indicating a formal engagement.

Bridal gift. The bride price given by the man's family to the woman's family after the young men and women are engaged is also called the bride price. The amount of dowry depends on the economic situation of the man's family. Most agricultural areas use gold and silver jewelry, cabinets and clothes as dowry; Pastoral areas often use cattle, horses, sheep and other livestock as dowry. Herdsmen regard "Nine" as an auspicious number, and the bride price begins with "Nine". From "September 19th" to "September 9th", it can't exceed 8 1 head at most, and "September 9th" means longevity. If poor herders don't have a dowry of nine animals, they can also choose an odd number less than nine, and take three, five or seven animals as a dowry, but they can't choose the number of spouses.

Dowry. The bride's family accompanied her daughter's wedding gift. Mongolians are very particular about dowry. How much dowry the man gives, the woman usually comes with a corresponding amount of dowry, and the woman marries more than the man gives to her family. Therefore, the Mongolian people have a saying: "You can afford a daughter-in-law but not a girl."

An auspicious day. One of Mongolian marriage customs. Also known as wedding day. Before liberation, after men and women got engaged, they should first ask the Lama for divination, choose an auspicious day and set a wedding date. After the auspicious day was set, the man's family sent matchmakers and relatives and friends to the woman's house to discuss marriage with their parents with gifts such as Hada, wine and candy. After the negotiation, the couple began to prepare for marriage. Generally speaking, cleaning the wedding room, or building new yurts, slaughtering cattle and sheep, preparing dowry, dowry and other wedding supplies, and notifying relatives and friends of both parties to come and congratulate.

Get married. One of Mongolian marriage customs. In the past, the Mongolian marriage was very grand, and the traditional marriage customs of the man outside the house and the woman inside were retained. Marriage is usually the day before the wedding. In a happy atmosphere, the groom wore a gorgeous Mongolian robe, a ribbon tied around his waist, a dome red tassel hat, high boots and a bow and arrow. The best man also wears holiday clothes. Ride horses together, carry floats, bring gifts, and go to the woman's house to get married. When the bride arrives at the woman's house, she will walk around the yurt first, and present gifts such as 1 "Touch the Door Sheep" to the woman's house. Then, the groom and the best man hold Hada and wine and propose a toast to the bride's parents and distant relatives one by one. After the ceremony, the married people sat down for dinner. In the evening, I arranged a mutton fork banquet. And held a traditional ceremony of seeking fame and asking Geng. The next morning, when the married people set off, the bride was carried on the float by her uncle or uncle. The groom will ride around the bride's float three times. Then, the bride-to-be and the bride-to-be leave together.

Wedding. Mongolians attach great importance to weddings. Although different regions have different forms, they are all grand and lively. The general wedding custom in pastoral areas is: when the bride and groom get married and return to their in-laws' house, they do not get off the bus and horses, but first go around the yurt three times. Then, the bride and groom both passed through two flaming bonfires and were welcomed by Vulcan people. It means the purity of love and the prosperity of new life. After the bride and groom enter the yurt, they first worship the Buddha and offer sacrifices to the stove, and then meet their parents and relatives. After the ceremony, comb the bride's hair. Get dressed, get dressed, and wait for the wedding reception to start. Wedding banquets are generally decorated with sheep backs or whole sheep mats, and all kinds of milk and sweets are available. At the wedding reception, the groom carries a silver pot and the bride carries a silver bowl, toasting the elders, relatives and friends one by one. The boys held the silver cup high and drank to their heart's content; The girls sang loudly with Ma Touqin. Wedding banquets often last for two or three days before relatives and friends leave. And the woman's farewell will accompany the bride for one to three days. Sometimes, the bride's mother will see her off, and stay for more than ten days. When breaking up, the mother and daughter hugged each other and cried, indicating that they were reluctant to part.

Sacrificing fire is an important ceremony in Mongolian wedding. Although the Mongolian people in different places worship fire in different forms. But it is an integral part of the wedding. After the bride marries the groom, she must first hold a fire ceremony. The bride and groom have to go through two fires and be baptized by fire, so that their love will be more pure and faithful, their lives will be happy and they will grow old together. The fire worship ceremony of Dorbod Mongols is unique. There was a fire in the yard when the bride entered her in-laws' house. The bride and groom should sprinkle milk wine into the fire together and bow down and kowtow. The master of ceremonies stood by reciting Ode to Fire: flint discovered by Genghis Khan the Great, kindling preserved by Hoelun's mother, offering sacrifices with white hada and milk wine, and national kindling from ancient times to the present. Please pray for the bride and groom! Shenhuo is the witness of your marriage; Please kowtow to the bride and groom! Buddha's light carries on the family line for you.

Seek fame and ask Geng. One of the procedures of Mongolian marriage. Ask the bride's name. Also known as seeking the end. This is an interesting joke. On the night when the bride stays at the woman's house, she will arrange a five-fork or all-sheep banquet in the bride's boudoir, also called a famous banquet. The bride and groom, the bride and her brothers and sisters, all of the same generation, attended the banquet. At the banquet, everyone played tricks on the groom, forcing him to kneel down or ask the bride's milk name or milk name. The bride is shy and silent, or deliberately does not answer. The bride's sister-in-law and sisters did not answer, deliberately stalling for time. At this time, the man's Acura and the woman's sister-in-law answered each other and sang the right song until the woman said her real name, and the fame feast came to an end. Seeking fame and asking Geng is actually an intelligence contest that shows the wisdom of Mongolian young men and women.

Bad hat. Also known as catching a hat. In the past, on the way to get married, Mongolians wanted to get home first and become winners. To this end, the two sides will have a hat contest on the way. Usually the groom tries his best to grab the bride's hat, pick it on the whip, or throw it on the ground, forcing the groom to dismount and pick it up, thus affecting his walking speed. Married people cover for each other and don't let the farewell party grab the hat. Along the way, you chased each other and played with each other, with a strong flavor of grassland life.

Choose an auspicious day to avoid death.

In ancient times, Mongolians usually judged their luck by the profit and loss of the month, because they believed that the appearance of the month was closely related to human actions. When there is a new moon or a full moon in the sky, they begin to do whatever they want. "Black Tatar" said: "It chooses a day to make a profit or loss."

Mongolians also use this method to decide the date of the expedition, and there are similar records in History of the Heart, History of Xiongnu, Biography of Sui Shu Turk and Gabini's History of Mongolia. "Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu" contains: "For those who hold great events, Hou Xingyue will attack the war, and when the moon is weak, he will retreat." "Sui Shu Turkic Biography" says: "The moon will be full, so it must be copied."

This is a shaman's psychological state based on natural phenomena, and it is a manifestation of primitive religion flooding people's lives. However, until modern times, there are still customs of "beginning of spring" and "Qingming", and the annual harvest is predicted by weather changes. And from this, some taboos that restrict the production of agriculture and animal husbandry have emerged.

Carry an arrow

One of Mongolian marriage customs. Before liberation, Mongolians got married, and the groom had to wear a bow and arrow and set off across a fine horse. When I arrived at my girl's house, I took off my bow and arrow and put it in the southwest of the yurt. Put it on when you leave the next day. After you get married, put it in the west of the yurt, and no one is allowed to touch it for three days. After three days, the bride will put it away and keep it for life. Think of it as a sacred mascot, which can not only ward off evil spirits, but also intimidate monsters. This is the legacy of the ancient Mongolian custom of robbing marriage or robbing marriage.

Cremation, burial and celestial burial

Lamaism is a burial style after it was introduced into Mongolia. It was adopted by princes, nobles, lamas, officials and others. After the death of ordinary people, most people do not practice cremation, only after suffering from infectious diseases or maternal death. The method of cremation is: after death, take off old clothes and put on new clothes, or wrap the body in white satin, put the body in a wooden sedan chair 3 feet square and cover it. At the funeral, ask the Lama to specify the location and direction of burning the body. After that, the car with the body was pulled to the wilderness, and relatives and friends followed the funeral. When the corpse is burned, firewood is piled around the car carrying the corpse, and the things used or loved by the deceased are burned together. At the same time, the Lama prayed for the deceased, wishing the soul of the deceased to "ascend to heaven" and enter "heaven" as soon as possible. On the second day after cremation, the families of the deceased picked up the ashes, some scattered in mountains and rivers, and some buried them in jars to show their eternal mourning.

Burial is a kind of burial method widely practiced by Mongolians in agricultural areas. The burial method of Mongolians in the western agricultural area of Inner Mongolia is similar to that of Han nationality. After death (or before death), the family changed the deceased into new clothes, put the body on the board, covered Hada, and waited for the funeral. When buried, the body can't see the sun. Usually at dusk, the body is carried out of the window and into the coffin. Park in the hospital after entering the coffin, and the funeral usually takes 3-7 days. At the funeral, the eldest son of the deceased carried the big head of the coffin, and the rest of the descendants carried the small head, put the coffin on the hearse or coffin lid and transported it to the cemetery. After arriving at the cemetery, put the coffin into the grave with a sling. At the time of burial, the descendants and close relatives of the deceased walked around the tomb three times, grabbing the soil with their hands and scattering it at the edge of the tomb. Then shovel the earth and bury the coffin.

Celestial burial is a popular burial style in pastoral areas. Also known as wild burial or abandoned burial. Take off the old clothes of the deceased after death, put on new clothes or wrap the whole body with white cloth. Put the body on the Lele car, drive in a hurry and let it bump at will. Where there are dead bodies, there are auspicious burial places. Then, the coachman drove Lele's car back and went straight home without looking back. Three days later, the family of the deceased went to see it. If the body was eaten by animals, it was considered that the deceased had ascended to heaven or entered "heaven"; If the body is intact, it is considered that the sins of the deceased have not disappeared before his death, which is also an ominous sign for his descendants. Therefore, we should ask lamas to recite scriptures, repent for the dead and eliminate sins. And put a layer of butter on the body so that the animals can eat it as soon as possible. After the celestial burial, the descendants of the deceased generally don't shave their hair, drink or entertain themselves, and pedestrians in Lu Yu don't greet each other as a sign of mourning.

The grassland baby is in its infancy.

Mongolians attach great importance to having children, and the babies born, whether male or female, will put up signs outside the house immediately after they land. If the baby is a boy, cut a bow and arrow from elm branches into one foot five inches to two feet and hang it outside the door. If the baby is a girl, put a red cloth outside the door. On the third day after the baby was born, a baptism ceremony was held and a banquet was held to entertain relatives and friends to show good news. After washing, wrap the baby in sheepskin swaddling clothes, and smear it on the baby's forehead with milk such as butter according to the traditional custom, wishing him healthy growth. This is an ancient custom, but no one does it now: "The treasure of grassland is wrapped in sheepskin."

At the baby's full moon, cattle and sheep will be slaughtered again and a feast will be held for relatives and friends. Among the gifts given by relatives and friends, only the baby's grandparents are the heaviest. Send all kinds of fine furs in winter and more silks and satins in summer. If the baby's grandparents are well-off, they should also send cows, sheep or horses.

In infancy, in eastern Inner Mongolia, babies are generally equipped with wooden cradles, which are covered with soft objects and thick plates of buckwheat skin. The baby lies on his back and is tied tightly with a cloth rope. Pillows are small hard pillows filled with glutinous rice. It is said that children who grow up like this have good looks in their heads and bodies. There are ancient money or other auspicious things hanging on the cradle head. Usually babies enter the cradle after the full moon. When they first enter the cradle, they will hold a small cradle feast and smear the cradle with milk such as butter to celebrate. In the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia, babies are generally separated indoors with cloth to keep out the cold. In order to keep the baby's normal body temperature, it is necessary to cover the baby with bedding made of camel hair, and put the fried sand in two cloth bags, alternately on both sides of the baby's stomach. Where there is a cradle, put the cradle next to your mother. Mother often shakes it by hand, and some even hum lullabies to let the baby sleep peacefully. In the place where the baby urinates, put the hot fried Mingsha, which is easy to absorb moisture, and change it when it is wet. Under the conditions at that time, this is a convenient and hygienic solution. The author grew up in this traditional cradle, tied tightly, and there was nothing unusual in his constitution. Now, although he is seventy years old, he is in good health. This may be due to the traditional upbringing of my nation. Today, people are still using this cradle in addition to their hometown, and Mongolian people living in cities have rarely used it. My three children were not brought up in an old cradle. They are also very healthy now, all young and promising, all working hard in their own jobs. Of course, after the founding of New China, with the rapid development of China's economy and culture, the improvement of Mongolian people's living standards is inseparable from the improvement of medical and health conditions.

Family lineage

As early as 13 century ago, the production of animal husbandry in Mongolia had developed considerably. With the development of animal husbandry economy, Mongolian families based on private ownership economy have also developed. Written in the Secret History of Mongolia at the beginning of13rd century, there are many records about Mongolian family. For example, after Ahuo's death, the five brothers "raised horses separately", and with the help of their brothers, Baduanchar captured Adan Khan in Zaruti, established his own family, and got his own horses, furniture and immigrants.

Because men play an important role in the main production fields, men occupy a dominant position in Mongolian families. Under normal circumstances, parents are the oldest men in the family. After the death of the oldest men, the oldest women take charge of housework, but they can't take charge of sacrifices and major celebrations. In this case, if there is an eldest son, the son will come forward. If there is no son, please be presided over by the closest elder of the family. According to the Secret History of Mongolia, after Su Ye's death, his housework was presided over by Mrs. Da Oroqen, but in the ancestor worship ceremony, Mrs. Da Oroqen could only attend, but could not preside. In a long historical period before liberation, when both parents were alive, the extended family of Mongolians consisted of parents, sons, daughters-in-law, unmarried daughters and grandchildren. Although the son lives in another room after marriage (there is also a yurt in the pastoral area), the owner of the house is unified. Until liberation, Mongolian parents were alive, and their sons did not have much separation before marriage but had no children. With regard to the right to inherit property, when brothers separate, the property is distributed according to the following principles: the older people get more, the younger people get less, and the last son inherits his father's business. Its concrete embodiment is, "the elderly are ten years old and the young are four years old." (Mongolian proverb) Rast Aiding said: "According to Mongolian custom, because the last son stayed at home, he was called Erzhen." This is how Tuo Lei became the representative of Genghis Khan's family. (Erzhen, Mongolian, meaning master. ) Until liberation, Mongolians inherited property by dividing their families according to the habit of giving priority to the eldest son.

Although Mongolians have already entered a patriarchal society, as far as a family is concerned, they are all centered on housewives. Mongolian housewives are very docile and diligent. They work hard all day, filial to their grandmothers, virtuous husbands and kind to their children. In case of visitors, we should be hospitable. Mongolian women's hard-working and kind style has a long history. In the history of the Mongolian nation, Mrs. Da Oroqen, known as a "born genius", should kill her husband as soon as possible. Abandoned by Taiji Uighurs, she led a hard life with her children alone, overcame various difficulties on the vast grassland, fed her children with weeds such as Sanguisorba, Hedyotis diffusa and Li Du, and finally rescued orphans. Hoelun's virtue has been passed down from generation to generation, and women in all previous dynasties took her as an example and became accustomed to it, forming the virtue of Mongolian women's diligence and housekeeping.

In Mongolian families, as far as pastoral areas are concerned, men are mainly engaged in grazing, surveying grasslands, moving camps and transforming production tools, and their status in the family is deeply respected by family members. It is customary for a wife not to call her husband by his first name. Men generally discuss family affairs with each other, and husband and wife solve problems together. They pay great attention to the family style of mutual respect and love, mutual respect and love, harmony, unity and harmony.

Taboos about women

In the old society, there was a feudal superstition that men were superior to women, and there were many taboos about women among Mongolians.

Except housewives, ordinary women can't participate in important sacrificial activities; In farmhouses in East Mongolia or semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, women are not qualified to take part in grain harvesting, or even allowed to watch it on the spot. I'm afraid I won't get anything after I've washed away ghosts and gods. In addition, women are not allowed to go to the house, because when they go to the house, they will step on their heads. Mongolians believe that the head is sacred. For this reason, women are not allowed to sit on men's hats. Once they sit down, they should wrap fire or incense sticks around their hats three times. Similarly, you can't fold the quilt in the morning in the order of pillow, bedding and pillow at home. You should fold them in the order of bedding and pillow. All the dirty things and papers used by women should be buried.

Fire taboo and water taboo

Mongols worship fire, Vulcan and Kitchen God, and think that fire, Vulcan or Kitchen God are sacred objects to ward off evil spirits. Therefore, after entering the yurt, it is forbidden to roast your feet on the stove, let alone wet your boots and shoes by the stove. Don't cross the stove, or pedal the stove, don't knock on the cigarette bag, throw things or throw dirty things on the stove. You can't pick a fire with a knife, you can't insert a knife into the fire, and you can't take meat from the pot with a knife.

Water taboo is also one of Mongolian taboos. Because Mongolians believe that water is a pure god. Therefore, it is forbidden to wash hands or bathe in the river, and it is not allowed to wash women's dirty clothes or throw unclean things into the river. Another main reason is that the grassland is dry and short of water, and grazing by aquatic plants can't survive without water. It can be seen that protecting the water source and caring for the water flow is a major event related to their survival. Changchun Zhenren/KLOC-The Journey to the West in the 0/3rd century recorded: "In order not to blaspheme the water god, China people really don't bathe in the river, and their clothes are broken beyond comprehension." These taboos are even determined by law. In spring and summer, don't go into the water during the day, don't wash your hands in the river, and don't draw water with gold and silver utensils. Therefore, herdsmen are used to saving water and keeping it clean.

Contraindications of childbirth, illness and funeral.

The long-term nomadic life of Mongolians has formed many unique customs and taboos, and there are also specific taboos in the production of pregnant women. The taboos of Mongolian women when giving birth to children are similar everywhere. Specifically, there are the following: during pregnancy, it is forbidden to let two pregnant women sit face to face; When offering sacrifices to the kitchen god, it is forbidden to let pregnant women participate; Married women are forbidden to give birth in their mother's house; As for unclean places, it is forbidden to bury afterbirth; Mongolian woman? /ca & gt；