What is the appreciation standard of ancient Taihu Stone in China?

The records of ancient books are summarized as follows:

First, a single form of "quality", "color" and "grain" appreciation of stones.

1. Appreciate the quality of stones and distinguish between good and bad. Such as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The "wall of harmony" loved by the king and the world at that time. This is a precedent for later generations to say that beautiful stones are like jade.

2. Win with stone color. The white, purple and five-color stones used in Huangshi in Sean and Jingyang Mountain in Fanglin Garden in Wei Wendi are all ornamental stones.

3. When rebuilding Fanglin Garden in Wei Mingdi, the aragonite of Bamboo Shoot City was mostly used. Textured and beautiful striped stones have become one of the important factors to appreciate textured stones in the future.

Second, Mi Fei's "Petrography" and the appreciation method of Taihu Stone.

Mi Fei, a scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, summed up Taihu Stone and proposed that physiognomy can be summarized as "show", "thin", "transparency" and "wrinkle". Li Yu, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, summed up Mi Fei's "Petrography" into three words: transparency, leakage and thinness, and explained the appreciation of Taihu Stone in detail. It mainly includes shape, sound quality, luster, color and wrinkle.

1. Appreciate all kinds of Taihu Stone, which should be thin and tangible, as described by Bai Juyi in The Story of Taihu Stone. "There are twists and turns, standing upright, in the real palace, polished and polished, with sharp charm and swords and halberds. With this wind, the fist flies away as soon as it moves, like a ghost, like a beast, and suddenly collapses in the air.

2. Appreciate the "cave eyes", caves and holes formed by the impact of lake water for many years, which were called "billiard nest gas" in ancient times.

It is because of these holes that Shibin of Taihu Lake is endowed with mystery. The caves in the front, back, left and right are connected, which are "two sources!" Those who are connected are called "connected". Therefore, scholars of all ages regarded it as a "unique cave" where immortals lived. Known as the "sacred stone" and "fairy mountain".

3. Appreciate the sound of stones. It's a crisp sound when hitting Taihu Stone. Clear rhyme is the top grade, boring is the bottom grade.

4. The color of stone appreciation refers to the color of stone. Generally speaking, red, yellow, green and purple are the top grades (the influence of jade appreciation), common gray is the middle grade, and dark gray is the inferior grade.

5. Appreciate the moist degree of the stone, the moist is the best and the floating bath is the best.

Third, the appreciation method of Yunlin stone spectrum

This is a book written by Du Su in Song Dynasty, which records 106 kinds of strange stones in detail. It has a great influence on stone appreciation in later generations. Among them, appreciation is divided into: 1, color, 2, texture, 3, sound, 4, hardness, 5, texture, 6, moisturizing, 7, crystal form, 8, transparency, 9, and water absorption.

Four, the appreciation method of "mountain stone" (including garden stone, strange stone, peak stone, sacred pillar, mountain stone, etc.). ).

Near-rock, also called close-up stone, has the effect of close-up stone. Appreciation factors are: 1, shape: 2, cave: 3, color; 4. Sound; 5. Moisture: 6. Texture. The most important things are shapes and caves, which determine the shape of rocks and play a decisive role in the process of appreciation. Color, sound and moisture are related to the chemical composition of rocks, while texture is related to the physical formation of rocks and the degree of weathering and water erosion of stone surfaces. The rocks near the mountain mainly show solitary peaks and double peaks. Exquisite, dangerous and grotesque, and the landscape near the mountain. Most of them are tall and beautiful, and the height is greater than the width. Caves pay attention to retreat skillfully, pierce eyes, bend over, penetrate the air, communicate, etc. Colors are yellow, purple, cyan, white and so on. The voice is crisp, slightly audible and silent; Moisturizing pays attention to continuous moisturizing, moist, moist, moist, tight moisturizing, slightly dry and so on. Texture pays attention to vertical and horizontal netting, multi-brush, white netting, stone python and so on.

Fifth, the appreciation method of Yuan Shan Yuan Shi.

Fushan Stone mainly includes fairy mountain (Fairy Island), Yanshan Mountain (Yanshan Mountain), Basin Stone, Qiu Chi Stone and other related landscape stones. It shows the landscape effect of the mountains from a distance, which requires a wide field of vision and a long viewpoint. Its shape and posture are wider than its height. Generally speaking, the more peaks, the smaller the height-width ratio. This is different from the nearly mountain-shaped stone, which has peaks, mountains, cliffs, ditches and slopes. The peaks pay attention to peak shape, high altitude, mountainous terrain, more than ten peaks, eight Jiu Feng, thirty-six peaks, small peaks, etc. Cliff valley pays attention to dangerous cliffs, thousands of cliffs, precipices, precipices and flying cliffs. Caves pay attention to limited air permeability, vast caves, the connection between cliffs and caves, the connection between cliffs and caves, exquisiteness and so on. Color is more valued. This is because the texture of distant mountains (that is, veins) is unnecessary, showing a smooth texture, which is the same as China's landscape painting "Far people have no eyes" and "Far mountains have no trees". Because the width (length) of Toyamagata stone is greater than its height, the literati in the late Ming Dynasty called it "horizontal stone" in their chronicles, and said: "The horizontal stone is waxed, and the peaks are steep."

Six, pictographic stone reward method

There are tribute stones, Zen stones, Xuan stones, pictographic stones, sacrificial pictographic stones, longevity stones, keel stones and so on. Their shapes are similar to those of people, birds and beasts, clouds and so on in nature. For example, in the Song Dynasty, Yang Kang's collection of strange stones resembling the image of drunken Taoist priests was called "drunken Taoist stone"; Li Deyu's collection of "Lion Stone" and "Deer Stone" in Pingquan Mountain Villa shows that the Tang Dynasty has begun to appreciate pictographic stones.

Pictographic stones mainly pay attention to shape and spirit likeness. The shape of a stone or a part of it should be similar to something, while the spirit likeness is similar to the "freehand brushwork" or "freehand brushwork" in Chinese painting, and the expression is similar, which is a good product.

Seven, grain stone appreciation method

In modern terms, decorative stone is decorative stone or decorative stone. That is, the stone surface presents various natural and similar figures, animals and plants, and landscape paintings. Its varieties are: marble, yellow river stone, rain flower stone, chrysanthemum stone and various fossils. "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" records that a stone hidden in Song Dynasty is "a big peach with pigeons, such as beans, perched on cypress branches, which is quite strange". "Suyuan Stone Spectrum" also records that Wu Chongqing, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, had a stone screen with "two crows standing like a picture", and Ouyang Xiu had a picture on the snow-capped mountain in Emei, Shanxi, which was named Shushi. When the ancients appreciated the stone with texture, they paid attention to the similarity with Chinese painting, such as pattern, color, texture, contrast (blank space) and so on. Corresponding to the appreciation and evaluation of figures, landscapes and flower-and-bird paintings, we can appreciate them in top grade, middle grade and inferior grade.

Eight, the appreciation method of literati stone

Literati stone, to be exact, is a kind of appreciation stone with literati flavor. It began in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Literati stone pays more attention to the spirit likeness, and through the collection, display, maintenance and appreciation of a stone, it reproduces the literati's "lofty, aloof, secluded and refined style and style". And through hard study and instant thinking, I pin my lofty ideals and ambitions. Such as literati stone, solitary ornamental stone, Zen stone, Xuan Shi, Shoushi stone, trainer and other natural stones with certain abstractness. Pay attention to benevolence, the taste of Confucianism, the joy of people, as well as artistic conception, feng shui and taboos. In addition to the stone itself, we should also pay attention to several seats, with poems, topics and topics, which are suitable for the living environment of China literati, such as xylophone, long table, calligraphy, ancient paintings, ancient porcelain and tea art, so as to achieve the effect of "appealing to both refined and popular tastes". Extend stone appreciation to a more wonderful realm. It expands the artistic conception of the stone and gives people pleasure from many aspects and angles.

Literati stones pay more attention to: simplicity (nature), clarity (uncomplicated colors), elegance (beauty), thinness (aloof pride), comfort (consolation), spirituality (wisdom), moistening (moistening), lofty (lofty) and ancient (Cang Sang feeling), just like the four famous stones in the south of the Yangtze River "the peak of the crown" and "the jade". The forms and methods of stone appreciation in this period are more colorful.