Complete works of Li Hongzhang's fortune-telling _ Complete works of Li Hongzhang's fortune-telling video

Li Hongzhang (1823 February15-19011October 7th), whose motto is copper, with the words "less money, more prosperity" on it, and the following. Hefei, Anhui province, was an important official in the late Qing Dynasty. He established the first Western-style Navy Beiyang Navy in China, and was famous for his loyalty and talents. The third division of Guandong Palace, a university student of Wenhua Hall, a minister of Beiyang trade, a governor of Zhili, and a first-class Su Yibo took the title, posthumously awarded a teacher, and posthumously sealed the marquis of Jin. The founder and leader of Huai Army, a modern local armed force in China. After crusade against Taiping Army, pacification of Nian Army, Westernization Movement, Sino-French War, Sino-Japanese War, Boxer Movement. His works are collected in The Complete Works of Li Wenzhong. Economically, he has personal contacts with the Rothschild family, a British chaebol. Li Hongzhang was awarded the Royal Victoria Medal by Queen Victoria of England. Some studies believe that Li Hongzhang belongs to the pro-British school. Li Hongzhang, Zeng Guofan, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong are also called "four famous ministers in the late Qing Dynasty". family background

Li Hongzhang's ancestor, surnamed Xu, moved from Hukou, Jiangxi to Hefei County (now Hefei City), Luzhou Prefecture, Anhui Province. Xu Yingxi, the eighth granddaddy of Li Hongzhang, adopted his second son Shen to his in-laws Li Xinzhuang. The Li family went to Li Hongzhang's great-grandfather, and finally became rich through diligence and thrift, with two hectares of land. Father Li Wenan (180 1 year-1855) studied hard for many years, and finally passed the exam equal to Zeng Guofan in the eighteenth year of Daoguang (1838), making the Li family a famous local family.

In the third year of Daoguang (1823 February 15), Li Hongzhang was born in Modian Township, Hefei County (now the northeast of Yaohai District, Hefei City). Li Hongzhang ranked second among the brothers, and his eldest brother was Li (182 1- 1899). Later, he became governor. Third brother Li Hezhang, fourth brother Li, fifth brother and sixth brother (1835- 1873) all became rich or expensive.

Imperial examination background

In the 23rd year of Daoguang (1843), Li Hongzhang was selected as an excellent tribute to Luzhou official school. At that time, Kyoko's father wanted to be a successful person, and sent a letter urging Hong Zhang to enter Yan Dou to prepare for the metropolitan examinations in Shuntianfu next year. In the twenty-fourth year of Daoguang (1844), he worked hard to be the last one and was educated in Zeng Guofan's family. In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), Li Hongzhang, 24, was admitted to imperial academy and elected as Jishi Shu. At the same time, Zeng Guofan, a student, emphasized practical learning. Three years later, the Hanlin Academy was dissolved and retained for editing.

Create Huai army

On the 30th anniversary of Daoguang (185 1 year 1 year)1February 10, Guangxi teacher Hong Xiuquan called himself "the second son of the Lord, the brother of Jesus".

At that time, green camp, the armed Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty, was decadent, and Emperor Xianfeng used harsh laws to stop officials from fleeing and drive them to continue to serve the country. On the other hand, we should strive to win the support of the gentry of the Han nationality, mobilize them to rely on local political, economic and clan forces to "train in groups" and "search for bandits" and cooperate with the Qing army to fight against the Taiping Army.

In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), the Taiping Army under Shunjiang in Wuhan occupied Anqing and killed Governor Jiang. Emperor Xianfeng ordered Lu, the left assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, to go to Anhui to deal with the prevention and suppression. Lu was transferred to Anhui with Li Hongzhang and was familiar with the rural situation. He asked for help in all the affairs of the camp and was ordered to return to his hometown to be eternal. At the end of the same year, the Taiping Army attacked Shucheng and Lu committed suicide. In January of the following year, Anhui Governor Jiang Zhongyuan committed suicide because of Luzhou City. Li Hongzhang put himself in the blessing of the new governor, and led the troops to fight with the Taiping Army for many times and closed the road.

In the winter of the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858), Li Hongzhang entered the shogunate of Zeng Guofan to assist in business and was responsible for drafting documents. Hong Zhang's life is quite irregular, he sleeps late and is lazy. Zeng Guofan taught him: "Shao Quanlin, since you are under my account, I have something to say to you. There is only the word' sincerity' here. " When he left, Li Hongzhang was "devastated". Later, Anhui Governor Weng Shu Tong (the eldest brother of Weng Tonghe, the teacher of Emperor Tongzhi and Emperor Guangxu) abandoned the city and fled during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War. Zeng Guofan adopted Li Hongzhang's draft when drafting the film "Joining Weng Tonghe": "Where is the official position, the example should be corrected, and Weng Tonghe's family is not allowed to have expectations." At that time, however, Li Hongzhang also made enemies with Weng Tonghe. Later, Weng created trouble for Beiyang Navy and even the Sino-Japanese War.

In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Li Hongzhang was in charge of Huaiyang Navy. After the Xiang army occupied Anqing, Zeng Guofan recommended that "talents can be put to great use" and ordered him to return to Hefei to raise his courage.

In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), it was incorporated into Huaiyong 5th Battalion. Zeng Guofan regarded the Shanghai Department as a "fertile ground for raising money" and ordered Huai Yong to arrive in Shanghai on a British ship through the Jiangning Yangtze River controlled by the Taiping Army in the name of a neutral country to form his own army for the Huai Army. Zeng Guofan recommended him as the governor of Jiangsu. After Jiangsu grasped the local real power, it expanded its army vigorously and adopted western new guns, so that the Huai army increased from more than 6,000 to more than 60,000 in two years, becoming a well-equipped and effective local armed force in the Qing army (later Huai army warlords were based on this). After Li Hongzhang and five generals of Huai Army and reinforcements arrived in Shanghai, they attacked Taiping Army with foreign mercenaries (later formed as usual) and surrounded Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with Xiang Army.

The Huai army led by Li Hongzhang cooperated with the regular army led by Gordon, a British foreign officer. 1In June of 863, after Luo, commander of Changshu garrison of Taiping Army, surrendered, the Qing army successively captured Taicang and Kunshan and surrounded Suzhou. In February of 65438, Gao Yongkuan, the Taiping Army, was persuaded to defect, Tan Shaoguang was killed and surrendered, and the Qing army conquered Suzhou. 1In May, 864, the Huai Army fought fiercely with the Taiping Army led by Chen Kunshu in Changzhou, and conquered Changzhou on June 1 1. Later, together with the Xiang army, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was basically eliminated. Later, Li Hongzhang took part in putting down the rebellion of the Nian Army, helped to organize college students, and saved the collapsing Qing Dynasty, so he was known as the "famous minister of Zhongxing".

Li Hongzhang's Self-evaluation

Li Hongzhang summed up his experience like this: "I have been doing things all my life, training and navy are paper tigers." How can I really let go? I just barely drew it, but it's superficial and I can perfunctory it for a while. For example, a dilapidated house is repaired by a paperhanger and becomes a clean room. Although it is clearly made of paper, it is still impossible to determine what material is inside. Even if there is a little wind and rain, we can get some cave cages, which can be repaired at any time or put off. Tearing by hand is inevitable, and no repair materials and transformation methods have been prepared. The natural truth is out of control, but how can the paperhanger take responsibility? "

Li Hongzhang positively evaluated Zeng Guofan's statement that "Li Shaoquan tried his best to be an official and Yu (Yu Yue) tried his best to write a book". Li Hongzhang was keen on officialdom and trusted by the imperial court. He can live for decades, obviously thanks to his official skills. When Sun Wen wrote a letter to Li Hongzhang, he once commented on Li Hongzhang: "Since George George was in power in the nave, I have made no profit, and the reform has been difficult and arduous, and I have spared no effort. If it is difficult to support the navy and railways, we will resolutely establish them. It is because of the great politics of farming and mulberry, the lifeblood of people's livelihood, that some people have no difficulty in doing it. Does anyone not do it? " Tang Degang, a modern historian (a native of Hefei, Anhui, and a fellow countryman of Li Hongzhang), thinks that he is one of the "two and a half" diplomats since China's modern diplomacy (the other "one" refers to Zhou Enlai and the other "half" refers to Gu Weijun). U.S. President Grant called Li the first of the four great men in the world at that time, and he was as famous as British Prime Minister, French Prime Minister Gambi and German Chancellor Bismarck. Liang Qichao said: "Since Li Hongzhang's name appeared in the world, people all over the world have hardly seen Li Hongzhang, only China. In a word, Li Hongzhang is a unique representative of China. 1896 The New York Times believes that the American people responded enthusiastically to Li's visit to the United States because "everyone wants to see the style of the prime minister of the Qing Dynasty, because this man ruled more people than all the European monarchs combined". The "State Guest Ceremony" not only shows his personal lofty dignity, but also shows the greatness of the Qing Empire. 1896, when Li Hongzhang visited China, Sergei Witt, the finance minister of the Russian Empire, commented on his impression of Li Hongzhang: "I think Li is an outstanding figure. Of course, he did, but he was deeply educated in China. The most important thing is that he has an excellent sound mind and is good at thinking clearly. Because of this, it is not surprising that he played an important role in governing China in the history of China. It was actually Li Hongzhang who ruled the Chinese empire at that time. "Li Hongzhang's negative evaluation, Li Hongzhang and the conservative Qing Dynasty Weng Tonghe have long been at odds. Weng Tonghe once mocked Li Hongzhang's "prime minister's indifference to the world" in the first couplet, and was hit back by Li's "thinking that Changshu is barren in the world".

1895, due to the signing of the treaty of shimonoseki, Taiwan Province Province was ceded to Japan, and the gentry of Taiwan Province Province intended to support the Qing Dynasty's anti-Japanese war, which broke out and was later defeated by Japan. Qiu, a Hakka elder in Taiwan Province, wrote a poem after the Second World War: "The Prime Minister has the right to cut land, but the lonely minister is powerless to save the sky. The boat went to be a scorpion and looked back at the mountains and rivers. " The first two sentences are intended to satirize Li Hongzhang.

Zhang Boju once wrote a book "Notes on Poems in a Dream of Red Mansions", recalling his 70-year-old chrysanthemum historical materials, and included 199 poems. It is recorded in the poem that after the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, people's resentment boiled. At that time, Liu Gansan, a famous actor who played the clown, dared to publicly ridicule Li Hongzhang when he was acting on the stage one day, and also popped up an extra sentence: "Unplug the three eyes!" It happened that Li Hongzhang's nephew was also present at the play. Hearing this, he flew into a rage, immediately went on stage and slapped Liu Gansan several times, but he was not dissuaded by others. Liu Gansan was insulted only because he dared to be angry and didn't dare to speak. He was depressed and died soon. At that time, people made a joint ridicule on this matter, saying, "It is not shameful to kill Sany. Mr. Li Er is a traitor." Because "Catch Three to Die" and "Mr. Li Er" are incompatible, it became Yang San after being passed down from generation to generation. There is also a saying that Liu Gansan's nickname is "Yang Saner", so it was misrepresented as "Yang San". Some people say that "Yang San" refers to Yang Mingyu, a famous and ugly Suzhou native.

After the Qing-French War, Zuo gave up the suzerainty over Vietnam by signing a treaty. Zuo commented on Li Hongzhang: "For the Qing Dynasty, ten French generals are not as good as one Li Hongzhang"; "Li Hongzhang's mistakes in his life will lead to eternal infamy."

Li Hongzhang visited Germany and met Bismarck, the bloody prime minister of the German Empire. Bismarck asked him, "You have been the prime minister of China all your life. Tell me, what achievements are you proud of? " Li Hongzhang said how he led the army to destroy the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the rebels. According to Liang Qichao's account, Bismarck told Li Hongzhang through an interpreter: "How noble! However, we Europeans believe that it is a credit to defeat foreign talents in the war; We Europeans don't talk about killing each other at home to maintain the stability of a country. " Although Bismarck's prestige began with the unification of Germany by force. Bismarck heard Li Hongzhang say that he was called "Bismarck of the East" and said: "I can hardly be called" Li Hongzhang of Europe "; This is actually a satire on Li Hongzhang's signing of treaty of shimonoseki, which humiliated his power and country. How dare Bismarck pretend to be "Li Hongzhang of Europe"?