What was the state of the country in the late Qing Dynasty?

In the face of national disaster, 2000 Tibetan troops reinforced the southeast coastal battlefield.

1June, 840, the Sino-British Opium War broke out. Because the weapons of the Qing army are far from those of the British army, coupled with decades of peace and prosperity, and lack of actual combat baptism, although the officers and men of the Qing army fought bravely, they still could not stop the British attack. Shortly after the war, the British army, journey to the south, successively captured Zhoushan, Ningbo, Dinghai and other places, then occupied Wusong and approached Nanjing. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, the traffic lifeline of the Qing Dynasty, was in danger of being cut off. In desperation, the Qing government had to mobilize military forces from all over the country to fight. /kloc-at the end of 0/840, the order of the Qing government to transfer troops reached Suoyan, the local secretary of Sanjiang in Wenchuan County, Jiarong, Sichuan Province, which was far away from the front line. Facing the national crisis, Suo Yan immediately decided to send Vasi Tusi to guard Hakri, and together with Otsu and others, he led the Tibetan army to the southeast coast to help the Qing army defend the country.

Historically, people in Xizang has always had a fine tradition of assisting the central government in defending the motherland. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Liu Zhengxiang, Wang Bao and other Tibetan chieftains in Waxi led Tibetan soldiers to help the Qing army resist the aggression of Gurkha (now Nepal) against Tibet. Under the unified command of Fu Kang 'an, the governor of the Qing army, the Wazang Army "won six wars and killed four thousand enemies, and recovered and hid". Many Tibetan soldiers died for their country in that battle. Decades later, when the guns of the British invaders reverberated in the critical moment of the motherland's frontier, the warriors in Tibet were once again ready to die for defending their country.

184 1 year1kloc-0/month, 2000 Tibetan expeditionary forces assembled in Songpan area to prepare for the war. The elders of four townships in Bali held a grand ceremony for these warriors. The lamas prayed for the blessing of the gods and buddhas, and the villagers presented white Hada. The soldiers of the Tibetan army, riding high-headed war horses, wearing tiger hats and Tibetan robes, all looked energetic and embarked on the journey of defending the country.

The commander-in-chief of the Qing army was ignorant and relied on fortune telling to direct operations.

Just a few days before the Tibetan army went to war, I Ching, the nephew of Daoguang Emperor and an imperial envoy, also set out from Beijing and led his troops to war. But I ching doesn't understand military affairs, and he is a master of boasting.

1842 February, Yijing and his party arrived in Hangzhou. Soon, soldiers from all over the country who reinforced the front line also arrived one after another. While waiting for the arrival of Tibetan reinforcements, I heard that the Guandi Temple in West Lake in Hangzhou was the most spiritual, so I went to ask for a visa. This sign reads: "Who can guarantee the safety of the whole family until the tiger calls?" I ching is puzzling. Three days later, after Huckley and A Mu led the Tibetan Expeditionary Force all the way, the Book of Changes suddenly realized.

When the Tibetan army arrived, I was pleasantly surprised to find that the Tibetan soldiers wore tiger hats, which coincided with the word "tiger" in the brand. Yijing naively believed that as long as two Tibetan soldiers wearing tiger hats took the lead as shown on the sign, the Qing army would certainly win the flag. So, regardless of the disparity in weapons between the two sides, he ordered his men to storm the British army and recover Ningbo and Zhenhai. After some "careful consideration", I ching chose the attack time at 4 o'clock on March 1842.

I ching set the date at this time because it is a rare "four-yin period", that is, the year of the tiger! He also appointed Duan Yongfu, the company commander of a tiger, as a general, thus forming the "Five Tigers". This counterattack is also called "five tigers pouncing on sheep", and "sheep" refers to foreigners. Yijing believes that the plan of "five tigers pouncing on sheep", with the Tibetan expeditionary force wearing a tiger hat as the pioneer, the Qing army will naturally win.

In the bloody battle in Ningbo, the "Tiger Head" Tibetan army became a pioneer in breaking the city.

The fallacy of the Book of Changes is ridiculous, but the Tibetan army led by Huckley and A Mu is really brave and good at fighting. Before each attack, they always take the initiative to take the lead, unwilling to lag behind other teams, and they are even more brave and brave in the battle, dying.

According to the deployment of the campaign, A Mu led 100 Tibetan soldiers to attack the west gate of Ningbo city. After the fighting started, with the cooperation of people in the city, Tibetan soldiers captured and killed British sentries at the city gate, opened the city gate, and then the Qing army quickly entered the city.

After capturing Ningbo, the Qing army went straight to the British command. According to historical records, the location of the British headquarters is "the door is strong and the wall is high", and the attacking soldiers cannot climb it. The British army opened fire with superior firepower and repelled the Qing army, which was in an absolute disadvantage, to the narrow streets in Ningbo. Immediately, the British army climbed onto the roof facing the street and aimed at the Qing army crowded in the street. The Qing army braved the bullets and launched a storm, but after all, the firepower was too weak to move forward. Soon, the British brought artillery bombardment, and the Qing army suffered heavy casualties. A Mu and his 100-odd Tibetan soldiers all died for their country.

Afterwards, a British officer recorded: "Their bodies were scattered around thickly. It is said that they have decided to die if they don't win. Their hats are made of tiger skin. " It can be affirmed from the narration of British officers that these heroic soldiers are the Tibetan soldiers mentioned above.

In the hand-to-hand combat between Zhenhai and the Tibetan army, the British army suffered heavy losses.

While Ningbo counterattacked, another group of Tibetan soldiers led by Huckley came to Zhenhai. As the vanguard of the Qing general Zhu Gui, their task is to capture the fortress Weiyuan City on Zhaobaoshan. As a stranger, the Tibetan army got lost in the March. When they arrived, they met the Qing army retreating from Zhenhai. The two armies then joined forces to attack Zhaobaoshan.

After the mountain attack began, Huckley led Tibetan soldiers up steep steps and fought Weiyuan City on Zhaobaoshan Mountain. Tibetan soldiers are as agile as apes, flying around in the British bullets and storming Weiyuan City. The British army on the mountain tried its best to shoot down with artillery, but the hit rate was extremely low, which did not pose any threat to Tibetan soldiers. Just as the British army was unable to resist and was ready to flee for life, British warships moored in the river opened fire on the Tibetan army from behind. In order to preserve its strength, the Tibetan army under attack between Scylla and Charybdis had to retreat to Dabaoshan in Cixi for defense.

On March 15, the British army dispatched nearly 2000 men from Ningbo to attack the Qing army stationed in Dabaoshan. Zhu Gui led more than 500 Qing soldiers, including Tibetan troops, to bravely resist. In the battle, Zhu Gui waved the flag and commanded the troops to fight. Unfortunately, his right arm was blown off by a British shell. He endured severe pain and directed the battle with his left hand. Finally, he was hit by a British bullet and died heroically. His son Zhu continued to command the battle and was also killed in the battle.

After 10 hours of fierce fighting, the Qing army has run out of ammunition and food. Seeing the British army rushing to the position, Huckley drew his combat knife from his waist and started hand-to-hand combat with the enemy who rushed up. In the disorderly army, he was shot several times and fell to the ground. After the war, the British, who suffered heavy losses, were still worried and admitted that "it was the deepest since they came to China".

Due to the heavy casualties in the Battle of Dabaoshan, the British did not dare to attack again, and Cixi County was preserved. In order to commemorate the achievements of the Qing army, the local people raised funds to establish a "teaching temple" to pay homage to the officers and men of the Qing army who died for their country. The names of Tibetan warriors such as A Mu Da and Hakri were also sacrificed in the temple. The braids of these Tibetan expeditionary forces who died to defend the motherland were cut off and sent back to Sanjiang Township, Wenchuan County, where people built a "braid grave" to commemorate these warriors who died for the motherland. Their heroic deeds have also been handed down from generation to generation.

During the Opium War, Lin Zexu, a national hero, was stationed in Jiexian, and Guan Tianpei, commander of the navy, joined forces with the British invading army in Modaoyang under the jurisdiction of Xiangshan. The heroic deeds of ordinary people defending the motherland are widely spread.

Beiyang Navy was the first modern naval fleet established in China in the late Qing Dynasty. Beiyang Navy was formally established in February 1888 17 in Ahava, Liu Gongdao, and was completely annihilated in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.

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1874, the Japanese army landed in Taiwan Province province in an attempt to occupy the province, and the Qing army took its only warship to Taiwan Province to expel it. The incident aroused the vigilance of the ruling and opposition parties, so the Qing government decided to allocate 4 million yuan and 2 million yuan as funds every year (only/kloc-0.0 million yuan and 2 million yuan were actually used to buy warships every year) to speed up the construction of the navy. The Qing navy is divided into Sanyo: Beiyang is responsible for Shandong and the Yellow Sea to the north, Nanyang is responsible for the East China Sea to the south of Shandong and beyond the Yangtze River, and Guangdong and Guangxi are responsible for Fujian and the South China Sea. Later, Shen Baozhen, then Minister of Nanyang, spent 4 million yuan every year to build the South and North Ocean Fleet, but the funds were insufficient. Beiyang fleet is responsible for guarding the capital and giving priority to construction. 1875, Li Hongzhang, Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, was ordered to establish Beiyang Navy. 1875, Li Hongzhang ordered four gunboats in Britain through Hurd, the State Administration of Taxation, and began the history of the Qing navy buying warships from abroad. 1879 Cruiser ordered from England, extremely mighty and super brave. Dissatisfied with the warships ordered by Britain, 1880, after repeated comparison, we ordered armored ships from German shipyards to Dingyuan and Zhenyuan. 188 1 year, decided to build naval bases in Lushun and Weihai. 1885, the naval yamen was established, and Li Hongzhang sent envoys abroad to order cruisers Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Jingyuan and Laiyuan from Yingde respectively. 1888 12 17 Beiyang navy was formally announced, and the regulations of Beiyang navy was promulgated and implemented on the same day. From then on, modern China officially owned the naval fleet which was the sixth in the world and the first in Asia at that time. After 1888, the fleet funds were greatly reduced, and most of them were moved to other places by the government, such as the construction of the Yihe Circle project. Sometimes, naval technology advances by leaps and bounds. By the time the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894, beiyang fleet had not bought a new ship for many years, and some renewal projects that should be carried out, such as replacing new guns, could not be carried out. The original warships have begun to fall behind, both in speed and firing rate.

General Zhu Gui died in a desperate struggle with the British.

A complete list of national heroes during the Opium War

Chen Huacheng (Jiangnan Magistrate)

Chen Jieping (Fujian navy prefect)

Chen Liansheng (Deputy Commander of Guangdong Sanjiangkou)

Da Hong 'a (town commander and magistrate of Taiwan Province Province)

Deng Tingzhen (Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang)

Ge (Chief Warrior of Dinghai Town, Zhejiang Province)

Guan Tianpei (Guangdong navy prefect)

Hailing (Deputy Commander of Jiangning)

Jiang Jiyun (Commander-in-Chief of Jinmen Town)

Leshan (Governor of Zhili)

Lin Zexu (imperial envoy)

Lexus (Commander Jiang of Jinmen Town, Fujian Province)

Liu Dazhong (Vice President of Guangdong Xiangshan Federation, Wushu Federation)

Liu Yaochun (Fujian Xingquan Yongdao, Jinxia Iceland)

Mai (Guangdong navy standard, guerrilla)

Sha Chunyuan (Tianjin Town Standard Ying Ying Guerrilla)

Shi Rongchun (Governor of Zhili)

Wang Ding (the hero of "Military strategist" and "Death admonition")

Wang Xipeng (Chief Warrior of Shouchun Town, Anhui Province)

Wei (Tongzhi of Zhapu)

Xiangfu (Hunan company commander)

Xie Chaoen (Commander-in-Chief of Langshan Town, Jiangsu Province)

Yao (Dinghai County)

Yao Ying (garrison commander and provincial judge of Taiwan Province Province)

Ye (Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi)

Yu Qian (Governor of Liangjiang River and Imperial Commissioner)

Zhang Ran (Fujian Navy Houying Guerrilla)

Zheng (Commander-in-Chief of Chuzhou Town, Zhejiang Province)

Zheng (son of Zheng)

Zhu Gui (Deputy Secretary General of Zhejiang Jinhua Association)

Chen Tang (Guangzhou Xiguan silk loom worker)

Qian Deng (a stone cutter in three shops in northern Guangzhou)

He Yucheng (organizer of the people's anti-British struggle in Sanyuanli)

Lin Fuxiang (organizer of the people's anti-British struggle in Sanyuanli)

Wang Shaoguang (organizer of Sanyuanli people's anti-British struggle)

Wei Shaoguang (farmer from Li Donghua Village, Enzhoubao, Nanhai County, Guangdong Province)

Bao Xu (leader of Blackwater Party, the people's anti-British force in eastern Zhejiang)

Yan (a farmer in Tangxia (now Tangxia) Township, Panyu County, Guangdong Province)

Bao (patriotic thinker in Qing Dynasty)

Ding (patriot and inventor during the Opium War)

Gong Zizhen (a famous thinker and patriotic poet in Qing Dynasty)

He Dageng (patriotic intellectual)

Lin Changyi (patriotic poet during the Opium War)

Qianjiang (patriotic intellectual)

Wei Yuan (patriotic thinker in Qing Dynasty)

Zhang Jiliang (patriotic poet and thinker during the Opium War)

Zhang Weiping (patriotic poet during the Opium War)

Zou (patriot and inventor during the Opium War)