Who is Li Hongzhang?

Li Hongzhang was the highest-ranking official in Hefei in the late Qing Dynasty, and the people called him "out of phase". Li Hongzhang's birthplace is intellectual village Ancestral Temple, Modian Township, Yaohai District, Hefei. Hefei Li's genealogy? It is clearly recorded in the fifth revision in the 14th year of the Republic of China that Li Hongzhang was born on the fifth day of the first month of Daoguang Guiwei (1823 February 15) and died on September 27th of Guangxu xinchou (190 1 year). Some people used to think that Li Hongzhang was born in a "big landlord" and a "bureaucratic family". In fact, considering the first three generations, his family is still "one cloth." In Li Hongzhang's letter from home, "Grandpa used to be so poor that by the end of the year, debtors crossed the river like crucian carp." The Li family has been farming for generations, and his great-grandfather Li began to "own two hectares of land." Li Hongzhang's grandfather, Li Huadian, is not satisfied with this kind of life with his back to the loess and his back to the sky. He took two provincial exams and failed. So he took root in the countryside for half a century, farming when he was busy, running schools when he was free, and pinning all his hopes for fame on his descendants. 1834, Li's son took the provincial examination. 1838, he entered Beijing as a Jinshi at the age of 37. 1844, Li Hongzhang also passed the exam. Three years later, 24-year-old Li Hongzhang was the 36th Jinshi in "Twenty-seven Years of Daoguang" High School. Li Hongzhang's eldest brother Li, 1849, paid tribute at the age of 28, and was awarded the status of Jinshi after passing the first-class examination of the imperial court. The Li family and his son are known as "three scholars in one school". 1853, Li Hongzhang returned to his hometown, and organized Yong Lian with Anhui Yong Lian Affairs Minister and Zuo Shilang Lu of the Ministry of Industry to fight against the Taiping Army. 1858, Li Hongzhang entered the door of Zeng Guofan, commander-in-chief of Xiang Army, and served as a counselor, Rong Ji, who handled the copying of military books, which was quite appreciated. Later, Zeng Guofan ordered him to return to his hometown to form the Huai Army. 186 1 At the end of the year, the 7000 Huai Army he trained was divided into Zhang Shusheng, Liu Mingchuan and Zhou Shengbo. , it is powerful, downstream. The following year, Li Hongzhang was the governor of Jiangsu Province. Li Hongzhang, from Jiangsu Governor to Governor of Liangjiang, Governor of Huguang, Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang Trade, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, University of Wuyingtang and University of Wenhua Hall, has been in China politics for forty years, especially as Governor of Zhili, and has been almost a prime minister for a long time. Li Hongzhang was a key figure in the political, military, economic and diplomatic decision-making of the Qing court. The four major military enterprises in early modern China were Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Jinling Machinery Bureau, Tianjin Machinery Bureau and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau. The first three were founded by Li Hongzhang. He also founded China Shipping Merchants, Tianjin Telegraph Administration, Shanghai Woven Layout, Kaiping Coal Mine and Mohe Gold Mine. He also took the lead in proposing the construction of railways, establishing Wentong Museum and sending overseas students. The initial motive of Li Hongzhang's westernization was to establish a military base to deal with the Nian Army after the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, but the weapons and equipment of the Huai Army were directly improved from guns, ammunition, mines, ships and machines. At the same time, the Huai army became the most well-equipped and combative military force in the Qing Dynasty, and actually became the defensive force in the late Qing Empire. Li Hongzhang also painstakingly trained a first-class Beiyang Navy in Asia at that time. Beiyang fleet has 25 ships of various types with a total tonnage of 42,000 tons, forming a triangle with Dagu Port, Lushun Port and Ahava Port, and becoming the maritime gateway of the capital. 1894 When the Sino-Japanese War broke out, Li Hongzhang rushed to send troops, and the enemy failed because of isolation. When Li Hongzhang was pulled out by the Qing court and took off his yellow jacket, he also remotely controlled the navy prefect Ding Changru and fought the famous Yellow Sea war with the Japanese navy. /kloc-in September of 0/7, the Yellow Sea War lasted for 5 hours. Beiyang fleet suffered heavy losses, but it still wounded and repelled some Japanese ships, forcing the enemy to withdraw from the war zone first. But later, the thought of "avoiding war and protecting ships" of the Qing court and Li Hongzhang's thought of preserving strength prevailed, and all the ships actually retreated to Liu Gongdao for passive defense, and were finally wiped out by the enemy from the sea and land. Ding committed suicide by taking poison, China lost control of the sea, and Beijing and Tianjin were in an emergency. This is Li Hongzhang's greatest failure. In diplomacy, Li Hongzhang participated in almost all important foreign negotiations in the late Qing Dynasty. He negotiated and signed the following treaties: 1876 Sino-British Yantai Treaty, 1885 Sino-French New Testament, 1895 Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki, 1896 Sino-Russian Secret Treaty, 190 1 year. Among them, before the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, Li Hongzhang was attacked by Japanese ronin on his way back from Chunfan Building, the negotiation place. Li Hongzhang vowed never to set foot on Japanese soil again. The yellow jacket stained with blood was taken home and hung in the mourning hall of Li Hongzhang in Hefei. These treaties are undoubtedly unequal treaties. Therefore, Li Hongzhang became a controversial figure in the history of China. 190 1 Li Hongzhang died of acute illness and hemoptysis about two months after signing the letter. Li Hongzhang was a great diplomat during his visit, and even foreign journalists at that time commented that he was always condescending, as if he had a sense of superiority of "half man and half god, self-confidence and detachment". Li Hongzhang's "diplomacy" also has "scenery". 1896, he was "seventy-four years old, with more than 30,000 miles at sea" and was honored as "Chitose". He wrote an impromptu poem at the welcome banquet in The Hague, the Netherlands: "I was in and out of the Ming Dynasty for 50 years, and suddenly I came overseas to visit immortals. Feast on silk and bamboo, and Chitose snuff reports the news. " The original poem is still hanging in The Hague Hotel, and the ink was sent back to Anhui by the Embassy of China in the Netherlands several years ago. He took the lead in donating 2,800 taels of silver to rebuild the Baogong Temple, and wrote "Rebuilding the Baogong Temple", so there is a saying of "Li Jiaxiu of Jiabao Ancestral Temple".

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