Brief introduction of Mozi

A great thinker and founder of Mohism in the early Warring States period. The surname is inexplicable, and the year of birth and death is unknown.

Modern scholars generally believe that Mozi was born around 476 BC and died around 390 BC. Mozi's birthplace is also controversial. Biography of Mencius and Xunzi in Historical Records said that he was a "doctor of Song Dynasty", while Lu Chunqiu of course thought that he was a native of Lu, and some said that he was originally a native of Song and lived in Lu for a long time. Mozi claimed that "there is nothing in the throne today, and there is no agricultural difficulty under it", which seems to belong to the "scholar" class at that time. But he also admitted that he was a "bitch". He may have been a craftsman or a small owner of handicraft industry, and he has quite rich production skills. Mozi "worked hard day and night, taking self-suffering as the extreme", and wandered among vassal States for a long time to publicize his political views. According to legend, he prevented Chu from attacking the Song Dynasty and advocated universal love without attack. He "guards the south" and advocates "storing scholars" to guard. He also visited Chu many times and presented books to King Hui of Chu. He refused the land given by the king of Chu and defected to Qi in his later years in an attempt to stop Xiangzi from cutting Lu, but without success. The king of Yue asked Mozi to be an official and promised to fief 500 Li. He took "listen to my words, use my way" as the condition to stay or stay, regardless of fiefs and titles, in order to realize his political ambitions and opinions.

The main contribution of Mozi's philosophy is epistemology. He regards the direct feeling experience of "the truth of eyes and ears" as the only source of understanding. He believes that judging the existence of things should be based on what everyone sees and hears, not personal imagination. Based on this simple materialist empiricism, Mozi put forward the criteria for testing the truth and falsehood of knowledge, namely, three tables: "The origin of knowledge lies in the matter of ancient sages", "The truth of people's eyes and ears is observed below", and "Abandoning criminal politics and observing the interests of the people in the country". Mozi integrated "matter", "reality" and "benefit" and tried to eliminate personal subjective prejudice by taking indirect experience, direct experience and social effect as the criterion. On the relationship between name and substance, he put forward the proposition of "not taking it by name, taking it by name" and advocated naming it by substance. Mozi's epistemology also has great limitations. He ignored the role of rational knowledge and unilaterally emphasized the authenticity of sensory experience. He once concluded that there were ghosts and gods on the grounds that someone "tasted the things of ghosts and gods and smelled their voices". There are profound internal contradictions in Mozi's world outlook. On the one hand, he emphasized "non-fate" and "respect for power" and thought that it was not "fate" but "power" that determined people's different experiences. He pointed out that "you can't live without strength" and fully affirmed the role of "manpower" in social life and the process of transforming nature. On the other hand, Mozi also affirmed the role of "ambition" and "ghost". He described "Heaven" as a personality god with will, and preached that "those who obey the will of God will be rewarded". "Those who go against God's will" will be punished. He believes that "loving each other and benefiting each other" means "obeying God's will" and "opposing evil and stealing from each other" means "violating God's will". He also believes that ghosts and gods can "reward the good and punish the evil". He said that the will of the heavenly ghosts and the interests of the people are the same thing. The heavenly ghosts are committed to "promoting the benefits and eliminating the evils" for everyone, and have actually become a tool for Mozi's management. Politically, Mozi put forward the ideas of "universal love", "mutual non-aggression", "Shang Xian", "Shang Tong", "frugal use", "frugal burial" and "unhappy". The core of his social and political thought is "being different", and "breaking without breaking" is his concrete action program. He believes that as long as everyone "loves each other and benefits each other", there will be no bullying, arrogance, ignorance and mutual attacks between countries in society. He sharply exposed and criticized the evils brought by the rulers' waging war and the luxury and enjoyment in ordinary customs and habits. In the principle of employing people, Mozi advocated meritocracy, opposed cronyism, and advocated that "officials are impermanent and expensive, and the people are not cheap." He also advocated that from the emperor, governors to chiefs at all levels, we should "choose the best people in the world and use them" to act as; The people should obey the monarch and realize "universal justice".

Mozi is also one of the important pioneers of China's ancient logic thought. In Mozi, he consciously and extensively used the method of logical reasoning to establish or demonstrate his own political and ethical thoughts. Mozi first put forward the idea that name and reality must match. He also put forward logical concepts such as argument, category and reason for the first time in the history of China's logic. In Geng Xu Pian, it is required to "be able to discuss" and learn "discussion" as a kind of specialized knowledge. When refuting other people's views, he often said that "my son didn't judge me, and he didn't understand the truth", and he took "following the truth for no reason", that is, following the truth for no reason, as the principle of debate. Although Mozi's "argument" refers to the debating technique, it is based on the knowledge of categories (things and the like) and reasoning (grounds and reasons), so it belongs to the category of logical analogy or argumentation. Mozi's "three forms" are not only the ideological standard of speech, but also the factors of reasoning and argumentation. Mozi is also good at revealing the enemy's contradictions by analogy. Due to Mozi's advocacy and enlightenment, Mohism developed the tradition of attaching importance to logic, and later Mohism established the first system of ancient logic in China. Mozi's philosophical thought reflects the duality of the small working class liberated from patriarchal slavery. The reasonable factors in his thought were inherited and developed by later materialist thinkers, and the dross of his mysticism was absorbed and utilized by theologians after Qin and Han Dynasties. Mozi, as the founder of mohists in pre-Qin Dynasty, had a great influence in the history of China philosophy. Mozi gave a lot of lectures, but he didn't write anything himself. Shang Xian, Shang Tong, fraternity, non-attack, salvation, funeral, celestial record, Ming ghost, Le Fei and Fei Ming are all records of his disciples' thoughts and speeches. This is an important basis for studying Mozi's thought.

On Mozi's Thought

Mozi, as the founder of an important academic school in the history of China's thought, had a very far-reaching influence on the development of China culture with his unique opinions and unique opinions. This paper attempts to make a brief comment on Mozi's main viewpoints, hoping that these immature opinions of the author can be of little help to the study of Mohism.

one

As we all know, Mozi once studied Confucianism and was also influenced by Confucianism. Later, because he felt that "the ceremony disturbed him, he was unhappy, buried the poor in a thick way, and hurt his life for a long time" ("Huainanzi"), he resolutely raised the banner of rebellion and started his own business. It can be seen that Mozi started from the perspective of practical learning, and this spirit of practical learning runs through the whole book of Mozi and is in the same strain. Mozi regards "promoting the benefits of the world and eliminating the harm of the world" as the general purpose of Mohism. It can be said that all Mozi's main propositions, such as universal love, non-aggression, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality, unhappiness and unhappiness, are based on this purpose.

two

"Universal love", that is, "love everyone equally", is undoubtedly the core proposition of Mozi. Further study of Mozi, we find that the original meaning of Mozi's so-called "universal love" can be more accurately described as "love your neighbor as yourself". This is contrary to the "pushing love" advocated by Confucianism, and it is "pro" and "respect". The key to the disagreement lies in the problem of "loving the poor and not being poor". Confucianism insists on it, but Mohism thinks it is not. To be fair, the ideal taste of "universal love" is a bit too strong, and I'm afraid it's hard for a great sage like Mozi to practice it. When we read the second and second books of All-in-One Love, we saw that Mozi spent a lot of time refuting the accusation that all-in-one love was difficult, but it was difficult to convince readers.

Mozi's reasons for defending his claims are worth considering:

The first one comes from the practical level. Mozi said that if you don't love other people's relatives, others won't love your relatives. The different results of love can only be "mutual evil", so the way of "universal love" must be adopted. This is closely related to a concept of Mozi, that is, "those who love must love it, and those who are evil must hate it", and the journey of love and evil will be rewarded accordingly. In fact, this is not correct, but it is emphasized that only selfless love can summon love, and only when the whole society establishes the fashion of mutual love can people live happily in it, which cannot but be said to be Mozi's painstaking efforts.

The second reason has a strong religious meaning. Different from other schools, Mohism believes in a personalized "heaven", which has its own sacred will. This will, according to Mozi, requires people to "love each other and benefit each other." The way of argument is unique, to the effect that God raised us equally, which shows his love for mankind. He won't want to see the world killing each other, but he is bent on making people love each other and benefit each other. This reminds people of Christian teachings. On this basis, the ideal of universal love and the idea of universal love are interlinked.

Looking at these two reasons together, we find an extremely important feature of Mozi: he is a figure who combines extreme pragmatism and extreme idealism, but these two theories usually cannot coexist, and they form a tension in Mozi's thought. It was under this tension that Mozi put forward the "difficult" moral standard at that time and put it into practice wholeheartedly. This is not an easy task, only a saint can endure all difficulties and hardships to complete it.

three

"Non-aggression" is probably the most well-known proposition of Mozi besides "universal love". "Non-aggression" directly stems from the ideal of "universal love". Mozi, with the idea of "non-attack", tried his best to persuade kings of all countries to stop fighting and fighting, so as to save the people of the world from suffering.

Mozi was indignant at some war apologists who talked about benevolence, righteousness and morality, and criticized them for "knowing small things but not big things". In order to make his claim more convincing, Mozi not only used strict logical reasoning to prove that the attack was against heaven, but also cited examples of defeat caused by aggressive wars in history, explaining the essence of harming others and benefiting themselves. These words were said by Mozi to the rulers from the standpoint of the civilian class, which reflected the aspirations of the civilians. But he was keen on annexing monarchs of various countries, but he didn't listen to the preaching of "non-attack", and Mozi's efforts had little effect. In fact, Mozi is doing something that he knows he can't do, but his humanitarian spirit and indomitable will to struggle are very valuable.

four

Mozi's ideological system contains a complete theory of governing the country, which can be represented by "Shang Xian" and "Shang Tong" at the specific administrative level. In fact, this is the unanimous opinion of all pre-Qin schools except Taoism. Mozi's Shang Xian is more thorough than Confucianism in breaking the concept of family status and employing people in an eclectic way, so it can't be regarded as distinctive. Shang Tong's idea is the most distinctive. "Shang Tong", as an image metaphor, is like when we go out for a military parade, we all look up at the platoon leader, and then the platoon leader looks up at the first person in his column, and so on, and finally the queue is uniform. Mozi asked the people at the next higher level to "keep up" with the people at the next lower level, and the people at the next lower level "keep up" with the people at the next lower level until the son of heaven and heaven. This kind of "alignment" is all-round, and people's ideas, emotional attitudes, behaviors and stand standards are all-encompassing. Why are you so eager to unify people's thoughts and behaviors so as not to be suspected of tyranny? It is to curb "chaos." Mozi, who was in troubled times, witnessed the disaster brought by "chaos" to the people and was deeply bitter about it. Therefore, it is inevitable to launch radical ideas and pay for them. This is something we can understand but disagree with.

From the viewpoint of Shang Xian and Shang Tong, we also found an internal contradiction of Mozi's thought, that is, the conflict between elitism and the position of civilians. On the one hand, Mozi is almost a spokesman for the interests of the civilian class, and his egalitarianism ideal is very obvious; On the other hand, he realized that governing the country must rely on elites and maintaining social order requires a strict hierarchy. It seems that the opposing sides of this contradiction have not been logically unified in Mozi's thought, but the existence of contradiction is also beneficial to prevent Mozi from slipping into the position of populism or discriminating against civilians.

five

The most direct embodiment of pragmatism in Mozi's thought should be the proposition of "saving money", "saving burial" and "unhappy"

The concept of "frugality" is very strong among the hard-living civilians. Mozi has to stand on the standpoint of civilians and insist on this proposition. He regards all useless "clever, flashy" things as waste, and asks those who are powerful to live a poor and simple life like him. Regardless of whether his appeal will never get a strong response, we look closely and find that this proposition is actually closely related to a kind of understanding. This understanding is that the world is not rich in materials, and every penny should be fully utilized to make everyone warm. Any luxury consumption may be at the expense of depriving another part of people of food and clothing, and must be resolutely opposed. Later, Xunzi tried to shake Mozi's whole argument by denying this understanding. It can be seen that the root of the theoretical differences between the two factions lies in the different understanding of social reality by people of different classes.

The thought of "frugal burial" can be regarded as the concrete expression of the concept of "frugality" in funeral ceremonies. But this seems to have angered traditionalists even more, because at that time, funeral ceremony was an extremely important part of the whole etiquette system and even the political system, and denying the long funeral was tantamount to challenging the whole tradition of "rule by courtesy". Adhering to this idea is under great pressure. Mozi did not succumb to this pressure and advocated "saving burial" because pragmatism considerations prevailed. This is a noble pragmatism. In order to eliminate the disadvantages of "wasting people's money", Mozi really put people's well-being first and declared war on traditional forces.

The concept of "unhappiness" is an example of pragmatism going from rationality to extremes. How can you abandon all music and art? People have been criticizing Mozi for this, and I also think Mozi has gone too far here. Pragmatism, if confined in a narrow space, will be absurd and will eventually lose the sympathy of most people, which cannot but serve as a lesson for the Great Sage.

six

When discussing "universal love" earlier, we have touched on the religious elements in Mozi's thought. Although Mozi's religion advocates respecting heaven and ghosts, it strongly opposes the conclusion of the theory of destiny. In his view, the existence of heavenly ghosts does not directly control people's behavior, but gives fair rewards and punishments to people's good deeds and evil deeds. The most terrible consequence of the fate conclusion is that it is convenient for people to shift the responsibility to "Heaven", which makes people feel that everything is all right, and relieves the constraints on people's behavior (which should have been achieved through rewards and punishments), which eventually leads to man-made disasters and chaos in the world. Therefore, we must advocate the idea of "non-destiny", establish the enterprising spirit of people all over the world, and encourage them to practice good deeds for good deeds.

Obviously, this "doomed" thought is a positive outlook on life, which requires people to pursue a happy life with subjectivity. Compared with the popular concept of "destiny" at that time, this is really very advanced and healthy.

seven

Generally speaking, Mozi, as a passionate savior, put forward a set of political, religious and ethical propositions from the perspective of pragmatism. His thoughts complied with the demands of the common people and thoroughly exposed and criticized various social abuses at that time. Although there are many imperfections, he still loses his brilliance and deserves to be a unique great man in the ideological trend of pre-Qin philosophers.

I. People-oriented

The article "Mozi's Self-cultivation" holds that although a gentleman uses troops in array, courage is its fundamental; Although there is a funeral, mourning is the root; Although scholars are learned, their conduct is the foundation. Therefore, when planting trees, the foundation is unstable and lush foliage is not required; If you are not close to the people around you, you will not ask people far away; Don't talk about diplomacy if you don't even join your relatives; If there is no end and beginning to do things, it is not required to achieve a variety of careers; The list of things is unclear. You don't need to be knowledgeable.

I smell it. Therefore, when the ancient holy king ruled the world, he must observe the left and right and attract wise men from afar. The gentleman observes people in detail, so the behavior of people around him is repaired; When you see someone who doesn't practice or has a bad reputation, you ask yourself, so that you can reflect on yourself with resentment and take action.

To correct it. Don't listen to rumors, attack and reprimand others, don't say it; I can't remember the idea of killing other people's children. In this way, even if there are low-ruined people, there is nothing to rely on.

Mozi means that everything has its roots. For the natives, character is the foundation. A gentleman can learn from the good behavior of people around him, and reflect on himself when he sees people with bad conduct, so that his conduct can be corrected. Don't listen to gossip, don't speak ill, and don't have the heart to hurt others. Although there are bad people, it won't do either. Mozi's thought is that if a gentleman wants to make a difference in society, he must cultivate himself first. This is about the necessity of cultivation. The article "Cultivation" says: "Without a strong will, there will be no wisdom, and without faith, there will be no success. Those who can't divide people by wealth are not friends; " Those who don't care about keeping the way, don't know everything and don't observe right and wrong are not enough to swim. "It means that people who are not strong-willed will not develop their intelligence, and people who do not keep their promises will not succeed. People who can't give money to others are not worth making friends; People who can't faithfully adhere to the way of being a man, can't widely understand things, and can't distinguish right from wrong are not worth walking with. The article "Cultivation" also said: "The original turbidity is unclear, and those who don't believe it lose their reputation." Therefore, it means, "the source is turbid, and the water flow cannot be clear; If you don't believe in your behavior, your reputation will be ruined. "Mozi emphasized the importance of gentleman's self-cultivation here. If people want to achieve something in society, they must start with their own self-cultivation and shape noble character. This is the starting point of all undertakings. In addition, Mozi also emphasized the influence of friends on people in the article Dyeing.

"All Love" said: "In Mozi's words,' The reason why benevolent people do things is to promote the benefits of the world and eliminate the harm of the world, so that they can do things. "'it means that what an upright person has to do must be to prosper the interests of the world and eliminate the dangers of the world.

Harm, as their own business. In other words, a gentleman should promote the public interests of the world and eliminate the public hazards of the world.

The Eight Classics also said, "Righteousness is beneficial." It can be seen that Mozi's "promoting the interests of the world" is to advocate justice or justice in the world. To this end, people with lofty ideals must have a strong sense of social responsibility and social justice. This is also the foundation of being a man.

Where is the truth? "Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world" can be described as an extension of this meaning.

Faced with the ugly phenomenon of "the strong rob the weak, the people are violent and few, the people are stupid, and the people are arrogant and cheap" (Under Love), Mozi put forward: "The law of mutual love and mutual benefit is easy." (Mozi. In love ") It means,

Change the ugly disadvantage by everyone caring for each other and giving benefits to each other at the same time. Mozi believes that "doing something beneficial to others does not mean only benefiting others." In fact, the interests are mutual, so don't do things that harm others and benefit themselves. Sacrifice him

People's interests will also harm themselves. ..... Only when people don't harm each other, benefit each other, and personal interests are based on the overall interests, can the desire of enriching the country and securing the people be realized. "Mozi based his personal interests on the overall interests.

The concept of interests is prominent, because without the overall interests, personal interests can not be realized at all. The overall interest is supreme, that is, the national interest is supreme and the social interest is supreme.

"All Love" II: "But what about mutual love and mutual benefit? Zi Mozi said:' regard the country as a country, regard the home as a home, and regard people as a body, then see it.' What do you mean by "mutual love and mutual benefit"? It is to look at other people's country like your own country, look at other people's families like your own family, and look at other people's bodies like your own. Mozi put forward an important principle in interpersonal communication-transposition principle. "Treat others as yourself" means to consider problems from the other side's point of view, so as to avoid misunderstandings and eliminate conflicts.

Only by realizing "love each other and bring out the best in each other" can we achieve "princes love each other, fields love each other, householders love each other and do not usurp each other, people love each other and do not steal, princes and ministers love each other, fathers and sons love each other, filial piety and brothers love each other." Everyone in the world loves each other, and the strong don't hold the weak and the public.

Don't rob widows, rich people don't bully the poor, expensive people don't be stingy, and deceivers don't cheat fools. All the disasters and resentments in the world can make those who can't get up live by loving each other and be praised by benevolent people. "("All Love ") That is to say, governors will no longer fight fiercely because of love, and lay people will no longer usurp each other because of love.

Everyone loves each other and no longer hurts each other; The monarch and ministers are loyal because of love, the father and son are filial because of love, and the brothers are harmonious and coordinated because of love. When all men and women love each other, the strong will not control the weak, the majority will not plunder the few, and the rich will not bully the poor.

The poor, the noble will not look down on the lowly, and the cunning will not deceive the ignorant. All evil, usurpation, complaints, resentment and so on. Tianyi can stop it because love appears, so people with lofty ideals praise it.

It can be seen that only "love for profit" can eliminate the source of all evil in society; Only "love and benefit" can build a harmonious society and a coordinated group organization. China people pay attention to maintaining the harmonious situation and the overall interests.

Maintain good interpersonal relationships. This is an integral part of China's cultural spirit. Mencius, who was a hundred years later than Mozi, said: "The people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light." He also said: "The weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as people." This also emphasizes people-oriented and people-oriented.

The importance of harmony undoubtedly reflects the influence of Mozi's thought. "Mutual benefit" means giving benefits to each other, that is, benefiting others and for others. In Mozi's view, "being human" is the goal of "being human" and also the angle, direction and criterion considered by "being human". Its profound meaning is that human behavior should be beneficial to the people and the country.

The essence of Mozi's thought of "mutual love and mutual benefit" is a kind of flexible management, which improves interpersonal relations, eliminates destructive conflicts, creates a good social environment, makes people "love themselves" and "love others", satisfies everyone's interests, and conforms to people's natural needs and social moral and legal norms. Daisaku Ikeda of Japan thinks that the love of Mozi is more needed by modern people than that of Confucius. "William ouchi in z theory.

This corporate culture is the reappearance and resurrection of Mozi's thought, which undoubtedly plays a great role in enhancing the cohesion of enterprises. Therefore, enterprises can create a successful corporate culture according to Mozi's thought. "Love each other and benefit each other" is also very important in interpersonal communication.

The principle of importance-the embodiment of respect and reciprocity.

Generally speaking, any human-centered theory is called "humanism", while in philosophy, it usually refers to the theory that people are separated from their specific historical conditions and social relations and only regarded as a kind of creature, and its representative is Feuerbach of Germany. place

People-oriented management refers to all activities that establish people's dominant position in the management process and then mobilize people's initiative, enthusiasm and creativity. It is precisely because Mozi asked managers to love their subordinates and think for them that they can fully mobilize their enthusiasm.

The enthusiasm and creativity of subordinates. Mozi changed from self-cultivation to loving, benefiting and serving others. After all, its essence is to put forward the idea of "people-oriented management" in management. Until the 1930s, American mayors and others hawson.

After the experiment, we began to pay attention to people's feelings, the need for respect and the value of people. This is about two thousand years later than Mozi.

"The Analects of Confucius Liren" said: "A gentleman means justice, and a villain means benefit." It means that a gentleman understands and values "righteousness" and a villain understands and values "profit". Mozi's thought of unity of righteousness and benefit is a sublation of Confucius' thought.

It overcomes the hypocrisy of a gentleman who only talks about righteousness but not profit, so as to regularize profit bravely and make righteousness and profit move from opposition to harmony and unity. Mozi's thought of unity of righteousness and benefit is essentially an economic ethics thought, which has important reference significance for contemporary management practice. Managers should pay attention to the "unity of righteousness and benefit" to their subordinates, and can't just talk without practice. The rewards from superiors to subordinates should also be both spiritual and material.

Second, Shang Xian made.

Mozi has a profound understanding of the value of talents. The "pro-soil" article says: "If you enter its country and don't keep its soil, you will die. If you don't worry about not seeing a sage, you will slow down your husband. Non-virtuous people are not in a hurry, and non-scholars are not worried about the country. Those who can't forget their scholars for a long time but can survive in their own country,

Never. "It means that if you manage a country, but you can't collect benign soil, you will be conquered. If a saint is found but not eager to use him, he will ignore his monarch. Without talents, we can't handle the crisis, and without talents, we can't consider state affairs with them. There has never been anything that can save the country by ignoring talents and forgetting fertile land. Sages are so important to the country, and what about enterprises with increasingly fierce competition? " "Shang Xian Lun" says: "If there are many virtuous people in the country, the country will be easy to govern; If there are few virtuous people, this country will be governed very weakly. Therefore, the adult's business lies in the sages. "It means that if there are many virtuous people in the country, then the governance of the country will be stable and stable; If there are few virtuous people in the country, then the governance of the country will be weak and turbulent. Therefore, everyone's first task is to increase the number of virtuous people. Mozi has an important premise here, that is, the country must be governed by sages. Then, Mozi took the example of "the minister who is good at shooting emperors" to illustrate the way for a country to obtain sages. For example, people who want to shoot imperial officials will be rich or expensive, respected and respected, and then those who are good at shooting imperial officials will be available to everyone. Moreover, people with virtue, who are sincere, eloquent and knowledgeable in Taoism, are the treasures of the country, and the help of the country will be rich, expensive, respected and praised. Then the good soil of the country will also be used by all. "That is to say, to increase the number of people who are good at archery and driving in China, they must be rich, noble, respected and praised, and then they can obtain and increase the number of people who are good at archery and driving. Moreover, people with virtue are rich in virtue, speculative in speech and extensive in Taoism. This is the wealth of the country. With the help of the country, it will certainly become rich, noble, respected and praised. Then there will be more virtuous places in China.

It can be seen that Mozi's emphasis on the quantity and quality of human resources actually determines the fate of an organization. Some developed countries and their enterprises attach importance to talents, do not hesitate to attract and hire talents, inject high value-added human capital into the country, and think about the economy.

Economic development has injected new vitality. For example, in Microsoft, the first task is to find and hire the best talents. Bill Gates believes that Microsoft's success lies in "hiring a group of smart people". In fact, this only fully proves the correctness and rationality of Mozi's Shang Xian Thought.

"On Shang Xian" also said: "Therefore, the ancient sage ruled, while Shang Xian was virtuous. Although he is in agriculture and industry, he can do it if he can. Give it a high rank, give it a big reward, let it do it, and give it a breathing space. As the saying goes,' if the title is not high, the people will respect it, if the wealth is not rich, the people will not believe it, and if the government decrees continue, the people will not be afraid'. People who give to the three sages are not given by the sages, but want to achieve their own goals. Therefore, when the time comes, it is necessary to lay down morality and be an official. If you work, you will enjoy the temple, and if you work, you will be rewarded. " The Forbidden City is impermanent and expensive, but the people have no ultimate dignity. If you can raise it, you can raise it, if you can't raise it, you will fall, raise justice, and settle personal grievances. That's what you say. "It means that, therefore, the ancient sages and emperors ruled the country, arranged positions for people with high moral character, and advocated talents. Even among farmers, craftsmen or businessmen, capable people recommend them, give them high titles, reward them with generous salaries, appoint them to handle political affairs, and decide to give them administrative orders. He also said that if the title is not high, the people don't respect it, and the salary is not rich, then the people don't believe it, and if the decrees are not arbitrary, then the people are not afraid. The purpose of awarding these three things to talented people is not to reward them, but to make them successful in their careers. Therefore, at this time, according to the grade of morality, the official position serves the country, the remuneration is determined according to the labor performance, and the salary is distributed according to the merit. Therefore, officials will not always have money, and the people will not be poor all their lives. Talented people will be recommended, and incompetent people will be eliminated. The recommendation should be strict with righteousness and avoid personal grievances. This is what Mozi said. In fact, Mozi's "Jue", "Ling" and "Lu" are, in today's popular language, duty, power and benefit. If you want to reuse the sages, but don't give them, even the sages can hardly play their role.

Mozi also said: "if you are proud, the wise can't help but lift it;" If you are not satisfied, the wise will lift it; ..... People who are virtuous are also the foundation of politics. " ("Shang Xian Lun") means that an official is proud, and a wise man must use it; When you are not satisfied, the wise have to use it; Advocating sages is the foundation of governing the country. It can be seen that Mozi advocates elite enlightened governance. Although "Confucianism also advocates the selection of talents, their talent scope is limited to gentlemen who are in office or not, excluding' villains' or' savages', while Mozi expanded the talent scope to the' bitch' class." It can be seen that the scope of Mozi's selection of sages is not limited to this. Mozi also emphasized three points to pay attention to when talking about selecting talents and appointing people, that is, "don't be the father and brother of the party, don't be partial to wealth, and don't win." However, if managers are corrupt, they should "look up and abolish them, and abolish them as slaves." (Shang) These are also very useful for today's personnel management. When employing people, nepotism is emphasized, and the position can only be promoted but not lowered, and corruption is more serious. These are all abnormal phenomena. Only by breaking these old ideas and boldly selecting and appointing talents can we promote the healthy development of the economy.

Only in this way can we promote social civilization and progress.

Mozi also put forward the system of trial before appointment, supervision before appointment and comment after appointment. First, Mozi emphasized "listen to what he says, do what he does, and observe what he can do." These are all manifestations of "being cautious for officials", which are actually inspections and trials before taking office; Secondly, the article "Pro-business" said: "A monarch must have his ministers, and there must be a down." This means that the monarch must have ministers who dare to stop, and the boss must have subordinates who dare to put forward counter-arguments. Shang ditto says, "If you are happy but not good, tell me. ..... If there is a discipline in the world, it will be recommended. " In other words, when you hear good or bad things, you should report them to your boss. If your boss is wrong, you should convince him. If there are good things (people, things, ideas, etc.). ) Next, you should approach your boss and recommend it. If the appointment is not effective, or there are serious mistakes in management, it should be "suppressed and abolished, and poor and mean, thinking that it is a slave." As a matter of fact, this is a strict supervision system. Thirdly, Shang says, "Like the saints, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen and Xia of the past three generations. ..... everyone praised it as a "holy land", and it never stopped. ..... If the sound is three generations of violence against Zhou Wang, you and Li are also. ..... So all the people don't say "king of violence", so far.

It's already started. "This is actually a post-appointment review system.

Mozi also emphasized the rational division of labor according to ability in order to maximize benefits. In Saving Money, it says: "Every group of workers in the world, such as wheels, carts, pottery, metallurgy and catalpa wood, make them do their best." Plough Column said: "If the police build a wall, they can build it, they can build it, they can make it real, they can be happy, and then the wall is built. Righteousness is still right. We can talk about debates, tell stories and learn from them.