Fortune-telling Gao 'an _ Gao 'an's fortune-telling?

An Overview of Seven China Dialects in Basic Dialects

Generally known as northern dialect, that is, northern dialect in a broad sense, commonly known as' great north dialect'. Among the main dialects of Chinese, Mandarin has a prominent position and influence. /kloc-In the past 0/000 years, many outstanding literary works in China, from Tang and Song vernacular to Yuan Qu to novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, have been created on the basis of northern dialects, which have been the political, economic and cultural heart of China since the Yuan Dynasty. They have always used northern dialects in officialdom, hence the name' Mandarin'. In fact, it is a communicative language widely used by people in various dialect areas of Chinese. Putonghua, which is being popularized all over the country, is the national common language of modern China developed on the basis of "Putonghua".

Dialects are used in all Han areas in the provinces north of the Yangtze River. The lower reaches of the Yangtze River along the Yangtze River above Zhenjiang and below Jiujiang; All areas of Hubei Province except the southeast corner; North of Guangxi province and northwest corner of Hunan province; Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces are all Han areas except ethnic minority areas. In addition, in unofficial dialect areas. There are also a few mandarin dialect islands formed due to historical reasons. For example, the "military dialect" in Yaxian and Danxian counties of Hainan Island, the "local dialect" in Chengguan of Nanping, Fujian, and the "Kyoto dialect" in Yangyu, Changle, and so on. The population exceeds 700 million.

According to its linguistic features, regional Mandarin dialects can generally be divided into four branches, namely, four dialects (or four sub-dialects): North China Mandarin, Northwest Mandarin, Southwest Mandarin and Jianghuai Mandarin.

North China Mandarin is a narrow northern dialect, which is popular in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and parts of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Among them, the dialects of the three northeastern provinces and Hebei Province are closest to the national common language-Mandarin. Shandong and Henan Mandarin have their own characteristics. Recently, some linguists believe that Jiaoliao Mandarin and Zhongyuan Mandarin can be established separately. Among them, the Central Plains Mandarin includes parts of Lu Yu, and areas north of the Yangtze River such as Xuzhou, Fuyang, Xi 'an and Yuncheng in Shanxi.

Northwest Mandarin is spoken in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and parts of Qinghai, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. The language used by the Han people in Xinjiang also belongs to the Northwest Mandarin. Shanxi, its neighboring northern Shaanxi and the area north of the Yellow River in Henan Province retain the ancient Rusheng characters, which are different from the general Northwest Mandarin and North China Mandarin. Recently, some scholars believe that another kind of "Jin dialect" can be established according to the characteristics of "Rusheng" and be independent from the Mandarin dialect. At the same time, some scholars suggest that the Northwest Mandarin, as a branch of Mandarin dialect, should be narrowed down to include only the dialects of Lanzhou, Gansu and Yinchuan, Ningxia, and renamed as Lanyin Mandarin.

Southwest Mandarin is spoken in most parts of Hubei Province (except the southeast and east), Han areas in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces, and northern marginal areas in Hunan and Guangxi provinces. Southwest Mandarin has a vast territory, but its interior is relatively consistent.

Jianghuai Mandarin, commonly known as Xiajiang Mandarin, is popular in areas along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, most areas north of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province (except Xuzhou), areas above Zhenjiang on the south bank of the Yangtze River and below Nanjing, and areas along the Yangtze River in Jiangxi Province. Jianghuai Mandarin is a branch of Mandarin dialect, with great internal differences and complicated language phenomena. Commonly known as Cantonese and Guangfu Dialect, the local people call it Vernacular, which is a dialect with complicated language phenomena, more ancient sounds and characters and less internal differences among the seven major Chinese dialects.

Guangzhou dialect is popular in Guangdong and Guangxi, centering on Guangzhou dialect. The user population is around 40 million. The visit area is roughly as follows:

There are 47 counties and cities in Guangdong Province that are pure Cantonese dialect or mainly Cantonese dialect, accounting for more than 1/3 of the total area of the province, namely Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhaoqing, Jiangmen, Shenzhen, Maoming, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Nanhai, Panyu, Dongguan, Shunde, Longmen, Fogang, Zengcheng, Conghua, Huaxian, Qingyuan, Lianxian and Yangxian. In addition, Cantonese is also spoken in Huizhou, Shaoguan, Zhanjiang, Haifeng, Boluo, Huiyang, Huidong, Renhua, Lechang, Yingde, Baoan, Dianbai, Suixi, Haikang, Xuwen and Lianjiang 16 counties and cities.

There are 23 counties and cities in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region that speak Cantonese, namely Nanning, Hengxian, Guixian, Guiping, Pingnan, tengxian, Wuzhou, Yulin, Beiliu, Rongxian, Bobai, Luchuan, Qinzhou, Hepu, Pubei, Lingshan, Beihai, Cangwu, Cenxi, Zhaoping, Mengshan, Hexian and Zhongshan. In addition, there are many overseas Chinese whose mother tongue is Cantonese, who are mainly distributed in Southeast Asia, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. Almost more than 90% of overseas Chinese and Chinese Americans come from Cantonese dialect areas.

According to its linguistic features and geographical distribution, Cantonese can be divided into four parts: ① Cantonese is mainly distributed in the Pearl River Delta, central Guangdong, southwest Guangdong and parts of northern Guangdong Province, which is the most populous and widely used part of Cantonese, represented by Cantonese, and has great representation and influence in Cantonese. ② Siyi tablets, mainly distributed in Taishan, Kaiping, Enping, Xinhui, Doumen and other counties, represented by Taishan dialect. (3) Levin, mainly distributed in Zhanjiang and Maoming counties, and Yangjiang and Yangchun counties in Jiangmen, represented by Yangjiang dialect. ④ South Guangxi is mainly distributed in Nanning, Hengxian, Guixian, Guiping, Pingnan, tengxian and Wuzhou along Yongjiang, Yujiang and Jiang Xun in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yulin, Beiliu, Rongxian, Bobai and Luchuan counties in Yulin region, and Qinzhou, Hepu, Pubei, Lingshan, Beihai and Wuzhou regions in Qinzhou region. Its pronunciation is consistent, but there are some differences. According to their internal similarities and differences, southern Guangxi can be divided into four dialects: Guangfu dialect, Yongxun dialect, Goulou dialect and Qinlian dialect. Gan dialect is the main language used by Jiangyou people of Han nationality, and its users are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River, Fuhe River Basin, Poyang Lake and its surrounding areas, eastern Hunan and northwestern Fujian, southeastern Hubei, southwestern Anhui and southwestern Hunan. In addition, there are a few Gan-speaking islands in Zhejiang and Shaanxi. The population using Gan dialect is about 55 million, accounting for 5% of China's population, ranking 38th in the world. Gan dialect can be divided into nine dialects, represented by Nanchang dialect. There is a high degree of intercommunication between Gan dialects.

. Gan dialect is not' Jiangxi dialect'. In addition to Gan dialect, there are Hakka dialect, Wu dialect and Jianghuai mandarin in Jiangxi province, and there are also Gan dialects in the surrounding provinces of Jiangxi.

Gan dialect is popular in north-central Jiangxi province, eastern Hunan and northwest Fujian. Dialects popular in some counties and cities in southeastern Hubei and southwestern Anhui are similar to Gan dialect in characteristics, and some scholars believe that they can also be classified as Gan dialect.

More than 60 counties and cities in Jiangxi Province speak Gan dialect. Including Nanchang, Jingdezhen (urban area), Pingxiang, Yichun, Fuzhou and Jinggangshan: Nanchang, Xinjian, Anyi, Jing 'an, Fengxin, Gao 'an, Yifeng, Tonggu (some people think it is Hakka), Shanggao, Wanzai, Fenyi, Xinyu, Qingjiang, Fengcheng, Jinxian, Dongxiang and Linchuan. Most counties and cities in Anfu, Ninggang, Suichuan, Wan 'an, Shangrao and Jiujiang: Boyang, Yugan, Wannian, yingtan, Guixi, yujiang county, Yiyang, Hengfeng, Lead Mountain, Leping, Yongxiu, Dean, Xing Zi, Duchang, Pengze, Wuning, Xiushui, Guangchang and Ganzhou. In addition, there are 13 counties in the eastern border of Hunan Province: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Youxian, Chaling, Lingxian, Guidong, Rucheng, Changning, Zixing and Anren. Some people think that Yueyang and Yongxing also belong to the Gan dialect area. Four counties and cities in northwest Fujian: Shaowu, Guangze, Jianning and Taining; Eight counties bordering Jiangxi in southeastern Hubei: Tongcheng, Puyin, Chongyang, Tongshan, Yangxin, Xianning, Jiayu and Daye; According to the preliminary understanding, the dialects of Wangjiang, Dongzhi, Susong, Huaining, Taihu Lake, Buried Hill, Yuexi, Tongcheng and other counties in Anqing, southwest Anhui Province are similar to Gan dialect, but their attribution is uncertain at present, and they may also be classified as Gan dialect. The user population is around 30 million. An important factor in establishing a clan is having a common language. The common language of Hakka people is Hakka dialect. Hakka dialect, also known as Hakka dialect, Hakka dialect and Hakka dialect, belongs to one of the seven major dialects of Chinese. In terms of distribution, it is mainly distributed in seven provinces, including Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Taiwan Province and Sichuan, Taiwan Province and Hongkong, as well as overseas Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Specifically, it is mainly distributed in China: Changting County, Liancheng County and Shanghang County in Fujian-western Fujian; Guangdong Meizhou, Huizhou, Jiaoling and other counties and cities 16; Ningdu, Ruijin, Xingguo and other counties and cities in southern Jiangxi 14. In addition, non-pure counties, such as Nanjing, Pinghe, Shaoan and Longyan in Fujian; Chaozhou, Haifeng, Shaoguan and Dongguan in Guangdong; Hakka is also spoken in many areas of Tonggu, Guangchang, Yongfeng and other counties and cities in Jiangxi. In addition, Hakka dialect is distributed in Taiwan Province, Hainan, Sichuan and Hunan to varying degrees. According to internal differences, Hakka dialects can be roughly divided into three types: Hakka dialects in western Fujian represented by Changting dialect, Hakka dialects in eastern Guangdong represented by Meizhou dialect and Hakka dialects in southern Jiangxi represented by Panlong dialect in Ganxian county. Further, it can be divided into the following eight parts: Tingzhou Film (also known as Minke Film), Yuetai Film, Yue Zhong Film, Huizhou Film, Peyo Film, Ninglong Film, Yugui Film and Tonggu Film.

Hakka dialect retains more ancient sounds and is known as the "living fossil" of ancient Chinese. Commonly known as' Fulao dialect', it is a dialect with the most complicated language phenomenon and the biggest internal difference among the seven major dialects of Chinese.

The popular areas of Min dialect are mainly in Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan Province, southern Zhejiang and parts of Jiangxi, Guangxi and Jiangsu. The user population is around 40 million. The specific locations are as follows: 54 counties and cities in Fujian Province: Fuzhou, Minhou, Changle, Fuqing, Pingtan, Lianjiang, Luoyuan, Minqing, Yongtai, Gutian, Pingnan, Ningde, Xiapu, Zhouning, Shouning, Fuan, Zherong, Fuding, Putian, Xianyou, Xiamen, Jinmen, Quanzhou and Jinjiang. The above areas account for about 3/4 of the province's area.

12 counties and cities in eastern Guangdong: Shantou, Chaozhou, Chenghai, Raoping, South Australia, Jieyang, Jiexi, Puning, Huilai, Chaoyang, Lufeng, Haifeng, Huidong, Fengshun, Tai Po and some other counties; 14 counties and cities in Hainan Island: Haikou, Qiongshan, Wenchang, Qionghai, Wanning, Lingshui, Sanya, Yaxian, Qiongzhong, Tunchang, Ding 'an, Chengmai, Changjiang and Dongfang (except for ethnic minority areas); Five counties and cities in Leizhou Peninsula: Zhanjiang, Suixi, Lianjiang, Haikang and Xuwen. In addition, some districts and townships in Zhongshan, Yangjiang and Dianbai, which are mainly Cantonese, also speak Min dialect. The above area accounts for about 1/3 of the whole province.

In 2 1 counties and cities in Taiwan Province Province, except for Gaoshan ethnic minority areas, which account for about 2% of the population, and Zhongli, Zhudong, Miaoli and Hsinchu areas between Taipei and Changhua, as well as Pingtung and Kaohsiung counties and cities in the south, and parts of Hualien and Taitung in the east, the rest Han residents speak Hakka dialect, accounting for more than 3/4 of the total population. Most areas in Taishun, Cangnan, Dongtou and Yuhuan counties in southern Zhejiang, a few areas in western Pingyang county, and some areas in Putuo and Shengsi counties in Zhoushan Islands also speak Min dialect.

A total of 120 counties and cities use Min dialect. In addition, Fujian dialect is also spoken in a few places in Yushan, Qianshan, Shangrao and Guangfeng counties in the northeast corner of Jiangxi Province, Guiping and Beiliu counties in the south-central part of Guangxi Province, and Yixing and Liyang counties in Jiangsu Province. Among the overseas Chinese living in Nanyang Islands and Indochina Peninsula, millions of people have spoken Min dialect as their mother tongue for generations. In Chinese communities in Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar and China, Min dialect is also one of the main social communication languages.

According to its linguistic features, Fujian dialect can be roughly divided into five dialects: Minnan dialect, Mindong dialect, Minbei dialect, Minzhong dialect and Puxian dialect. Minnan dialect is one of the most populous and extensive dialects in Fujian. Including 24 counties and cities in Fujian Province centered on Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. Fujian dialect, which is popular outside Fujian province, basically belongs to Minnan dialect. Minnan dialect is represented by Xiamen dialect, while Chaozhou dialect and Wenchang dialect also have great influence in eastern Guangdong and Hainan Island respectively.

Fujian Oriental dialect is popular in the eastern part of Fujian Province, including the lower reaches of the Minjiang River with Fuzhou as the center and the mountainous areas with Fu 'an as the center, with a total of 18 counties and cities, represented by Fuzhou dialect.

Northern Fujian dialect is popular in Jian 'ou, Jianyang, Nanping (township), Chong 'an, Songxi, Zhenghe and Pucheng (south) in northern Fujian, with Jian 'ou dialect as the representative.

Minzhong dialect is popular in Yong 'an, Sanming and Shaxian areas in central Fujian, represented by Yong 'an dialect.

Puxian dialect is popular in Putian and Xianyou along the eastern coast of Fujian, with Putian dialect as the representative. Also known as Jiangsu and Zhejiang dialect or Jiangnan dialect. "Wu" is a continuation of ancient regional names.

Wu dialect is spoken in southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, northeastern Jiangxi, northwestern Fujian and parts of southern Anhui. There are about 1 10 counties and cities with a population of about 70 million. Details are as follows:

There are 2/kloc-0 counties and cities in Jiangsu Province that belong to or are dominated by Wu dialect: Danyang, Jintan, Gaochun, Liyang, Yixing, Wujin, Changzhou, Jiangyin, Shazhou, Jingjiang, Nantong, Haimen, Qidong, Changshu, Wuxi, Wuxi, Suzhou, Wuxian, Wujiang, Taicang and Kunshan. Kongzhen, Xinqiao and Baima in the south of Lishui County also belong to Wuyu District. Shanghai and its 10 counties: Shanghai, Songjiang, Qingpu, Jinshan, Fengxian, Chongming, Nanhui, Chuansha, Baoshan and Jiading all speak Wu dialect. Except for Chun 'an (including Old Sui 'an) and Jiande (including Old Shou Chang) in the west, Zhejiang Province is basically within the scope of Wu dialect, but Dongtou, Yuhuan, Pingyang, Cangnan, Taishun and Qingyuan in the south of Zhejiang Province are the staggered distribution areas of Wu dialect and Min dialect. Xiabao and Gantan in the north of Jiande County and the towns and villages in the east, and Tangcun, Liye and Dadiankou in the south still belong to Wuyu District. Yushan, Guangfeng, Shangrao and Shangrao in the northeast of Jiangxi Province are also Wu dialect areas. In addition, Pucheng County and its northern towns in the northwest corner of Fujian Province, Meizhu and Gangnan in the north of Langxi County in southern Anhui Province, Si Xia and Lucun in Guangde County also speak Wu dialect.

According to its linguistic features, Wu dialect can be divided into five types: Taihu dialect, Taizhou dialect, Dongou dialect, Wuzhou dialect and Liqu dialect.

Taihu Lake film is a northern Wu dialect film, including 265,438+0 counties and cities in Jiangsu Wu dialect, Shanghai and its subordinate counties, three old houses in Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou in Zhejiang, and two old houses in Ningbo and Shaoxing in eastern Zhejiang, represented by Shanghai dialect or Suzhou dialect. This area has the widest distribution area and the largest population, which can be further divided into six small areas: ① Changzhou small area, including Shazhou, Jiangyin, Wujin, Yixing and other counties and cities in southern Jiangsu in the west, some villages in langxi and Guangde in Anhui Province, Lao 'an dialect in Jingjiang and Jiangbei, and Tongdong dialect in eastern Nantong, Haimen and northern Qidong also belong to this small area. (2) Jiangsu film, including Shanghai stock market and its counties, Changshu and Wuxi, as well as southern Jiangsu to the east of Wu dialect, Jiaxing, Pinghu, Jiashan, Haiyan, Tongxiang and Haining in Zhejiang, Nantong and Haimen to the north of the Yangtze River and Qihai dialect to the south of Qidong, all belong to this film. ③ Small pieces of Huzhou, including Huzhou, Changxing, Anji, Deqing and Yuhang. (4) Hangzhou small piece, namely the urban area of Hangzhou and its suburbs. ⑤ Shaolin plot, including Lin 'an, Fuyang, Tonglu, Xiaoshan, Shaoxing, Shangyu, Zhuji, Xinchang, Yuyao, Cixi, Xiabao and towns east of Gantan in Jiande County. ⑥ Mingzhou small piece, including Ningbo, Yinxian, Zhenhai, Fenghua, Xiangshan, Ninghai, Dinghai, Putuo and Daishan.

Taizhou includes Tiantai, Sanmen, Linhai, Xianju, Huangyan, Jiaojiang, Wenling and Yuhuan. Taizhou dialect is also spoken in the area south of Tea Road in Ninghai County and north of Qingjiang River in Yueqing County. This piece is represented by Linhai dialect.

Dongou film is a Wenzhou film. Wenzhou dialect used to be called Ou dialect, which is popular in Wenzhou, Ouhai, Yongjia, Yueqing, Ruian, Pingyang, Wencheng, Dongtou, Cangnan and Qingtian. This piece is represented by Wenzhou dialect.

Wuzhou film includes Jinhua city, Lanxi, Pujiang, Yiwu, Dongyang, Wuyi, Yongkang and Pan 'an in Jinhua area of central Zhejiang, represented by Jinhua dialect.

Liqiu tablets include Chuzhou tablets and Longqu tablets: ① Chuzhou tablets include Jinyun, Lishui, Yunhe and Qingtian counties and Jingning She Autonomous County. Southern Wuyi County, Old Yiping County, Nantian District of wencheng county, northern Taishun County and northeastern Qingyuan County also belong to this small piece. ② Small pieces of Longqu, including Longquan, Qingyuan, Songyang, Suichang, Jiangshan, Changshan, Hua Kai, Quzhou and Longyou. The northern part of Pucheng County in Fujian Province, and Yushan, Guangfeng, Shangrao and Shangrao cities in Jiangxi Province also belong to this small piece. This piece is represented by Lishui dialect. Huizhou dialect, also known as Huizhou dialect, is a branch of ancient wuyue language family and a new Chinese dialect in Atlas of Chinese Language. Some scholars tend to classify Huizhou dialect as Wu dialect. It is the language of the old Huizhou prefecture, most of the old Yanzhou prefecture and some of the old Raozhou prefecture in the northwest of Jiangxi province, with a population of about 4.36 million. In ancient Huizhou dialect, Shexian dialect is the representative pronunciation. Now, due to the change of administrative center, Tunxi dialect has become the representative pronunciation of Huizhou dialect. Huizhou dialect retains many archaic factors, which is quite different from northern Mandarin. Like Wu dialect, the forced tone sandhi phonetic feature of Huizhou dialect is also a significant difference from Mandarin.

Huizhou dialect can be subdivided into five parts, namely Ji Hui, Yixiu, Wuqi, zhouyan and Zhan Jing.

Shexian County, Jixi County, Huizhou District, Tangkou Town, huangshan district, and northern Chun 'an County, Zhejiang Province.

Xiuning County, Yixian County and Tunxi District.

Qimen County, Wuyuan County and Fuliang County, Dexing City, Jiangxi Province.

Jiande city Yanzhou Film in Chun 'an County, Zhejiang Province.

Zhan Jing in the west of Jingde County and Zhanda Town in shitai county are one of the seven major dialects in Chinese, with a small geographical scope. There are many different dialects in Hunan province, and Xiang dialect is the most influential one. Hunan dialect, represented by Changsha dialect, is distributed in most areas of Hunan Province. From the internal phonetic differences, there are differences between the new Xiang dialect and the old Xiang dialect. The old Xiang dialect is widely popular in Ningxiang and Hengyang in central Hunan, while the new Xiang dialect is popular in Changsha, Zhuzhou and other large and medium-sized cities.

Hunan dialect is popular in Yueyang, Nanxian, Miluo, Xiangyin, Yuanjiang, Yiyang, Taojiang, Anhua, Ningxiang, Changsha, Wangcheng, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan, Xiangxiang, Shuangfeng, Lianyuan, Loudi, Xinhua, Lengshuijiang, Xupu, Chenxi, Shaoyang, Shaodong and Xinshao. In addition, counties such as Quanzhou, Guanyang, Ziyuan and Xing 'an in northern Guangxi also speak Hunan dialect. The estimated population is over 25 million.

Due to social, historical, geographical, political reform and other factors, the south, north and west of the ancient Xiang dialect have long been surrounded by the Mandarin dialect, and the east has been influenced by the Jiangxi dialect, which has led to the continuous change of the phonetic system and gradually formed a special situation in which the new Xiang dialect and the old Xiang dialect are obviously different but coexist. Geographically, the new and old Xiang dialects are only distributed in the north and south. Therefore, some people call it North Xiang dialect and South Xiang dialect, which are two dialects of Xiang dialect. The difference between the new Xiang dialect and the old Xiang dialect is mainly manifested in the phonetic system. The old Hunan dialect in the south is relatively conservative, and the ancient voiced initials are still mainly read; Influenced by the dialect of Mandarin, the northern Xinxiang dialect tends to be closer to Mandarin gradually, and the prominent phonetic performance is from complex to simple, and the ancient voiced initials have been generally pronounced as voiced initials. China Northern New Xiang Dialect is mainly used in northern and central Hunan, such as Changsha, Zhuzhou and Yiyang. The old Xiang dialect in the south of China is widely used in central Hunan, southeastern Shui Yuan, Xiangshui and western Zishui Valley, such as Xiangxiang, Shuangfeng, Shaoyang and Wugang.