How to use a supercomputer

Question 1: What is a supercomputer? What's the use of supercomputers? Ha ha. Supercomputers are scientific computers. For example, the calculation of the launch orbit of Shenzhou VII, for example, it may take about 70 years for you to calculate with a computer. But it only takes more than three months to use the supercomputer No.4 developed in China.

The difference between supercomputers and ordinary computers lies in the number of operations. At present, the peak performance of supercomputers in China is 1206 trillion calculations per second. Supercomputers usually refer to computers composed of hundreds of thousands or even more processors, which can calculate large and complex problems that ordinary PCs and servers cannot complete. In order to help you better understand the computing speed of supercomputers, we compare the computing speed of ordinary computers to the walking speed of adults, and then supercomputers reach the speed of rockets. Under the premise of such operation speed, people can predict and explain natural phenomena that could not be experimented before through numerical simulation. Baidu Encyclopedia related information: baike.baidu/view/296324

Question 2: How to apply supercomputers There are supercomputers in China, but whether individuals can use supercomputers generally has two functions, one is big data processing and the other is high-precision data processing. In big data processing, for a simple example, a general computer may process several G files at a time, and then it will be severely stuck, while a supercomputer may process hundreds of G files at a time. There is also high-precision data, such as the calculation of pi. For a simple example, if we want to calculate the data of spacecraft automatic docking, the accuracy between 3.1415926-3.1415927 is not enough, and it may need to be accurate to 30 or even 50 decimal places. Only in this way can we ensure that the error is within a reasonable range after being amplified to the power of 10. Such data must be processed by supercomputers, and it is ok for individuals to use supercomputers. In capitalist countries, supercomputers are in the hands of big capitalists and are commercialized in the market. You can apply as long as you have enough money, but there seems to be no such channel in China.

Question 3: What can supercomputers do? Supercomputer usually refers to a computer composed of hundreds of processors (computers), which can calculate large and complex problems that ordinary PCs and servers cannot complete. In order to help you better understand the computing speed of supercomputers, we compare the computing speed of ordinary computers to the walking speed of adults, and then supercomputers reach the speed of rockets. Under the premise of such operation speed, people can predict and explain natural phenomena that could not be experimented before through numerical simulation.

With the rapid development of supercomputer's computing speed, it is more and more used in industry, scientific research and academic fields. At present, the number of supercomputers in China is 22 (China 19, Hongkong 1 Taiwan, and Taiwan Province Province, 2), ranking fifth in the world and leading in the world in terms of quantity and running speed. However, in the application field of supercomputers, we still have a big gap with developed countries such as the United States and Germany. How to use supercomputers to serve our industry, scientific research and academic fields has become an important topic for our future research and development. Supercomputer is the embodiment of a country's scientific research strength, which is of great significance to national security, economic and social development. The development of supercomputers and their applications in China has provided a solid foundation and guarantee for China to become a powerful country through science and technology.

Question 4: What are the artificial intelligence supercomputers? How to use artificial intelligence (AI). It is a new technical science to study and develop theories, methods, technologies and application systems that simulate, extend and expand human intelligence. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, which tries to understand the nature of intelligence and produce a new intelligent machine that can respond in a way similar to human intelligence. The research in this field includes robot, language recognition, image recognition, natural language processing and expert system. Since the birth of artificial intelligence, the theory and technology are becoming more and more mature, and the application fields are expanding. It is conceivable that the technological products brought by artificial intelligence in the future will be the "containers" of human wisdom.

Artificial intelligence is a simulation of the information process of human consciousness and thinking. Artificial intelligence is not human intelligence, but it can think like human beings, or it may exceed human intelligence.

Artificial intelligence is a challenging science, and people engaged in this work must understand computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial intelligence is a very extensive science, which is composed of different fields, such as machine learning and computer vision. Generally speaking, one of the main goals of artificial intelligence research is to enable machines to be competent for some complex tasks that usually require human intelligence. But in different times, different people have different understandings of this "complex work". [ 1]

Question 5: What's the experience of working with a supercomputer? I handed in my homework with Shaheen from our school, and it seems that in 2009 I was ranked as the world 14 supercomputer.

I feel that it is inconvenient to submit all kinds of scripts because they are all submitted on the terminal. So they are all command-line operations, which is equivalent to submitting a script in batches and putting the compiled code in the specified location. Then we waited in line. The queuing algorithm in our school is to specify the maximum running time of each program at the time of submission, and then force the program to stop running, so it is necessary to estimate how long it will take before submission, and run the program with the minimum running time when queuing. In other words, you are expected to run for one hour, and then others are expected to run for 40 minutes, so you have to wait for the other 40 minutes before running your program. So we try to estimate the maximum running time as small as possible.

Submission may take an hour or two, and queuing may take eight or nine hours. For me, this kind of homework is started by deadline more than ten hours in advance, and waiting is really nerve-racking ... if I miss the deadline homework, I won't get any marks ... because the waiting time is longer, there will be an email reminder when the task is completed. Submitting ten tasks at a time will receive ten emails at the same time ... Fortunately, gmail is in the background of the school mailbox, and all kinds of filters are used.

Worst of all, if there is a problem with the previous code, or it is estimated that the submission time is short, or there are other minor problems, it will take another day to submit. It's all the same waiting. Because the supercomputer is used by the whole school, you never know when the waiting time is short ... burning incense at this time. ...

Once we went downstairs to visit the supercomputer room. It was very noisy and we had to shout inside. Shaheen No.2 said it was water-cooled, and you would see the pipeline, and then say, this is water, unlike the whole machine I imagined being thrown into the sea (our school is near the sea), but circulating water cooling. Asked about the water temperature, saying it was 18 degrees when it came in and 32 degrees when it came out. The heat generated by the machine is really exaggerated.

Question 6: How to use a supercomputer (supercomputer suan computer): A computer that can perform a large amount of data and high-speed operations, which ordinary personal computers cannot handle. Its basic components are not much different from the concept of personal computer, but its specifications and performance are much stronger. This is a very big electronic computer. It has a strong ability to calculate and process data, and its main features are high speed, large capacity, various external and peripheral devices and rich high-function software systems. Most existing supercomputers can run at a speed of more than one trillion times per second.

Supercomputer is a computer with the strongest function, the fastest operation speed and the largest storage capacity, which is mostly used in national high-tech fields and cutting-edge technology research. It is the embodiment of a country's scientific research strength, which is of great significance to national security, economic and social development. It is an important symbol of the country's scientific and technological development level and comprehensive national strength.

Question 7: Overview of the application of supercomputers As an element of high-tech development, supercomputers have long been a competitive weapon in the economy and national defense of all countries in the world. After decades of unremitting efforts by Chinese scientific and technological workers, China's research and development level of high-performance computers has improved significantly, making it the third largest research and production country of high-performance computers after the United States and Japan. At present, the number of supercomputers in China is 22 (China 19, Hongkong 1 2 and Taiwan Province Province), ranking second in the world. With the rapid development of supercomputer's computing speed, it has been more and more used in industry, scientific research and academic fields. However, as far as the application field of supercomputers is concerned, there is still a big gap between China and developed countries such as the United States and Germany. The development of supercomputers and their applications in China has provided a solid foundation and guarantee for China to become a powerful country through science and technology. Supercomputer is actually a huge computer system, which is mainly used to undertake major scientific research, cutting-edge national defense technology, large-scale computing topics and data processing tasks in the field of national economy. For example, large-scale weather forecasting, sorting out satellite photos, exploring nuclear physics, studying intercontinental missiles and spaceships, and making plans for the development of the national economy are countless and time-consuming. It is necessary to comprehensively consider various factors and rely on supercomputers to complete it smoothly. Supercomputers are called "economic transformation and scientific research accelerators", and their wide application can promote the enhancement of the country's overall scientific and technological innovation ability. However, supercomputers in China generally face the problems of strong hardware performance and lack of application fields. There are some problems in scientific research institutions, universities and enterprise users, such as high application cost, lagging software development and low equipment utilization rate. Faced with the problem of insufficient application of supercomputers in China, some leading domestic server manufacturers have made efforts to change. In 2009, they released the "Eternal" desktop supercomputer. With the help of CPU-GPU collaborative computing acceleration architecture, the maximum computing power of a single computer can reach 4 trillion times per second, which truly realizes the transfer of supercomputers from huge computer rooms and computing centers to user desktops. Inspur also co-organized with ISC the "First China University Supercomputing Competition and ISC 12 International University Supercomputing Competition China Trial Competition". The competition will adopt 1 benchmark performance test (Linpack test) and four application tests (CPMD, CP2K, Openfoam, Nemo), focusing on the comprehensive performance of the supercomputing composed of the participating teams, which has obvious application orientation and is a comprehensive test of the supercomputing application ability of the participating teams. Inspur Group, the organizer of the contest, also stressed that the contest will become an authoritative, professional and fair competition and exchange platform in the field of supercomputing applications, and promote the applied research and personnel training of supercomputing in China. The "cold war" of simply pursuing super-top ranking position has passed, and the era of application-led computing has arrived. Jack Dongarra, founder of the Linpack standard, said: This standard based entirely on vertical values is outdated, and the new HPCG PDF Link test platform will be related to the computing and data access modes in mainstream applications. It should be said that Donggara's viewpoint represents the frontier of supercomputing application. A worldwide horizontal application super revolution has begun. In China, there is a leading supercomputing enterprise like Shuguang Company, which dares to practice in the field of cloud computing and big data, and perfectly combines innovative technologies with applications. The demand for more complex computing by applications is becoming more and more common. These calculations need a high-bandwidth and low-latency environment, and data needs to be accessed through irregular patterns. The benchmark of supercomputer needs to be updated frequently to ensure that it can correctly reflect the changes in the way computers are used.

Question 8: Ask experts to answer questions. What CPU does China's supercomputer use? The whole hardware system seems to have more than 10,000 nodes, and each node is operated by Xeon Phi and Xeon E5. I don't know the details.

Question 9: What is the use of supercomputers?

：