Introduction of Zhu characters

Zhu went in and out of Buddhism and Taoism in his early years. At the age of 3 1, Dong Li, a disciple of Cheng Yi's three biographies, officially started his career and joined Confucianism, becoming an important figure in Confucianism after Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi. In the second year (1 175), Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan met at the Ehu Temple in Qianshan, Shangrao, Jiangxi Province. This was a famous meeting of the Ehu Lake, and the differences between Zhu and Lu were more obvious. On the basis of Bailuyuan Sinology, Zhu Jian established Bailudong Academy, formulated "learning rules", lectured and taught. The main purpose of restoring Yuelu Academy in Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan) is to gain knowledge from poor management, oppose worship and practice, and respect. He inherited Cheng Cheng and thoroughly explored the failure of the sages. His knowledge is also called Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism. During his tenure as a local official, Zhu advocated resisting gold, loving the people and saving taxes, saving money and neglecting labor, limiting land merger and high-interest exploitation, and implemented some reform measures. During his study, Zhu wrote a lot, involving Confucian classics, history, literature, Buddhism, Taoism, music and natural science. His works were included in The Quotations of Zhu, and Emperor Kangxi wrote a preface to The Complete Works of Zhu.

Zhu was born in the fourth year of Jianyan (1 130), a native of Youxi. Shortly after his death, his father was promoted to provincial secretary of the imperial court, but he was expelled from the imperial court for opposing peace in Qin Gui. Zhu Song returned to his hometown in Jianyang, Fujian. Zhu spent his childhood with his father in Jianyang.

According to legend, Zhu Song once asked someone to tell a fortune. The fortune teller said, "Richness is also expensive. Giving birth to a child is Confucius. " This is a fact, and I am afraid that future generations will attach importance to it. Zhu has become a great scholar. There is Nanjian House near Jianyang, which is the original spreading center of Taoism in the south. Zhu Song is very keen on Taoism and has close contacts with local Taoists. This environment had a profound impact on Zhu's life.

Zhu was taught by his father since childhood and was brilliant. At the age of four, my father pointed to the sky and said, "This is the sky." Zhu asked, "What's in the sky?" His father was frightened. He is diligent in thinking and learning. At the age of eight, he could read the book of filial piety. He wrote an inscription in the book: "If not, he is not an adult." Zhu's father died when he was a teenager. His father is a good adviser to Liu Zi, Liu Mianzi and Hu Xian. They are all Taoists. At that time, some Taoists rejected Buddhism and some were obsessed with learning Buddhism. They all belong to the latter. Therefore, Zhu is not only keen on Taoism, but also interested in Buddhism. In the seventeenth year of Shaoxing (1 147), 18-year-old Zhu took part in rural tribute. It is said that he was admitted with the theory of Buddhism and Zen. Examiner Cai Zi also said to people: "In my next life, all three strategies want to handle important matters for the court, and the future is very special."

In the eighteenth year of Shaoxing (1 148), Zhu Kao was a scholar for three years, and he was appointed as the director of Tongan County, from which he began his official career. On his way to his post, he met Dong Li, a famous Taoist priest and disciple of Cheng Yi. After thirty years in Shaoxing (1 160), Zhu, at the age of thirty, made up his mind to study in Yaodong. To show his sincerity, he walked from Chong 'an to Yanping for hundreds of hours. Dong Li admired the student very much and named him Hui Yuan. As a result, Taoism in China was well known to Zhu. Zhu believes that there is a standard above surrealism and super-society, which is the standard of all people's behavior, and this is "justice". Only by finding (unreasonable) and following the principle of nature, emphasizing that human nature is good and "natural is reasonable", because different temperament, human nature has good and evil. Therefore, turbidity and malignancy are actually human desires. People's desires blind their own hearts and will damage justice. Nobody wants to be natural. Therefore, it teaches people to "save righteousness and destroy human desires." To "uphold justice", we must first "manage tomorrow". If you want to "manage tomorrow", you must understand the truth of things day by day, and if you accumulate more, you can suddenly get through it. Advocate the cultivation method of "self-cultivation needs respect, learning depends on knowledge" In three years (1 176), Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan, a famous scholar at that time, met and exchanged ideas at Ehu Temple in Shangrao, Jiangxi. Zhu advocated "managing everything", emphasizing "learning from others", and advocating reading more sage books and observing more things. The Lu brothers believe that "the mind gives birth to everything", the object is earnest mind, and truth and bright mind are naturally interlinked, so there is no need to read more books or be busy investigating foreign things. This is the famous "Goose Lake Meeting" in China's ideological history. Since then, there have been two schools: Neo-Confucianism and Psychology. Huang Zongxi, a thinker in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, commented on "Goose Lake Club" and said: "Mr. (Zhu Lu) and Mr. Li have the same reason, support Zoroastrianism and believe in the teachings of Confucius and Mencius. Even if they disagree in the end, different people have different opinions.

In the autumn of the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1 16 1), the relationship between Song and Jin was tense, and Yan Liang, the gold owner, divided his forces and went south on the north bank of the Yangtze River. Song Gaozong had intended to escape from Hainan, but he gave up because of his right-hand man Chen's dissuasion. Soon, the nomads from the army were defeated, and the news reached Yanping, where Zhu was studying. Zhu was ecstatic about the country's victory and wrote a poem to celebrate it, expressing his uncontrollable joy. At the same time, I wrote to the minister in charge of military affairs, pointing out that it is unwise to attack with victory and sit back and watch the Central Plains not advance. Shortly after Emperor Gaozong abdicated, filial piety succeeded. Under the pressure of the broad masses of soldiers and civilians, Zhang Jun of the anti-Japanese faction was used to rehabilitate Yue Fei's unjust case, and Zhu of the faction was demoted to play filial piety at this time, and three suggestions were put forward: (1) Emphasize the study of understanding things; (2) dismissal and negotiation; (3) appointing talents. In the memorial, he clearly expressed his opposition and proposition.

This memorial hall makes Zhu lucky to be called. He hurried to Hangzhou, just as Song Jun was defeated, and the court sent someone to make peace. Zhu still strongly opposed it, and even said a few words when Xiao Zong met him. Xiaozong felt Zhu's loyalty and ordered him to be the record. This position is not his strong suit, which is a bit ironic. Zhu took the opportunity of meeting with Zhang Jun and put forward the concrete idea of northern expedition to the Central Plains. However, Zhang Jun soon left for other places and died on the road. Zhu made a special trip to (now Nanchang) to cry and lament the frustration in resisting gold. At this time, the lords and factions in the imperial court were rampant, and nomadic people crossed the Huaihe River. Zhu was worried, but there was nothing he could do. In the first year of Longxing (1 163), Zhu returned to Chong 'an, Fujian. Before he left, he wrote in a letter to his friends: "Those who are in trouble (hinder) the restoration of the country will make peace; Those who are prepared for the routine of bad boundaries are said to be making peace; The idea of making peace attracted the loyalty of our people, at the same time rejected the hope of the old countries for the Soviet Union and sharply attacked those who made peace and surrendered.

After 1 164, he became a nephew, and the relationship was temporarily eased, so Zhu plunged into Neo-Confucianism. He built a "cold spring building" in his hometown and lived here for more than ten years, compiling a large number of Taoist books and giving lectures, which were full of students. During this period, he failed to respond to the court many times.

1 178, Zhu made a comeback and became "Zhi Nan Kang Jun". Although he has re-entered the official position, he has not forgotten his academic status. In Lushan Mountain, the former site of Li Bo's seclusion in Tang Dynasty, Bailudong Academy was established to give lectures, and a set of learning rules was formulated. Namely:

"Father and son are related, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, young and old are orderly, and friends are trustworthy".

"Learning order" of "erudition, questioning, careful thinking, discernment and hard work"

"The key to self-cultivation" is "keep your word, respect your deeds, punish and complain, and change your mind".

The "importance of doing things" of "the political power does not seek its benefits, and it is not its merit to know its way".

"Don't do to others what you don't want, and don't do to others what you don't want."

This "Bailudong Academy" later became one of the four famous academies in China, and its "learning rules" became a model of all academies, which had a great influence on later generations.

1 18 1 year, Zhu was dismissed from office and returned to his hometown to build a "Wuyi Jing She" to recruit disciples and spread Neo-Confucianism. In order to help people learn Confucian classics, he carefully selected four books (Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius) for printing and distribution. This is a great event in the history of education. "The Four Books have a far-reaching influence. Later, they became textbooks from the Song Dynasty, which made China form an atmosphere: literati practiced martial arts with swords, and soldiers understood the righteousness by reading the Spring and Autumn Period.

1 193, Zhu worked in Hunan, but he presided over the restoration of Yuelu Academy, another famous academy, which is one of the four major academies. Like Bailudong Academy, it became a place for Zhu to give lectures, teach apprentices and spread Neo-Confucianism. During the Southern Song Dynasty, academies flourished and almost replaced official schools, which was directly related to Zhu's advocacy. (I said: in the fiftieth year, I was an official for only nine years. Zhu is poor and conservative, and his incorruptibility and retreat are commendable. I want to reward him for his hard work. )

Zhu Yisheng resigned many times and had little time to be an official, but he always tried his best to solve the contradictions between the people of the country and do good deeds pragmatically. He retired to the Chong 'an period, when there was famine and peasant uprising in Chong 'an. In view of this, Zhu advocated the establishment of "social warehouse", which was based on official millet. "If the borrower is willing to make a difference, if he is willing to be hungry at the age of ... or unfortunately, he will be half hungry and handsome and tired." The purpose of setting up social warehouses is to prevent landlords and gentry from exploiting farmers with usury during the famine period, which is undoubtedly beneficial to the people. Since then, Zhu has implemented this system in many places. 1 178, Zhu was appointed as the "Zhi Nankang Army" (now in Xing Zi, Jiangxi), and a famine occurred soon after he took office. Zhu asked for tax relief. At the same time, asking the government to build the Changjiang stone dike can solve the problem of disrepair of the stone dike on the one hand, and hire hungry people to solve their food shortage on the other hand. Hungry people call it good. .

Zhu Yisheng devoted himself to demonstrating orthodoxy and supporting the world like Confucius: if Confucius was not born in heaven, the ages would be like a long night.

1 188, Xiaozong called Zhu Right, and entered the book ("Shi Feng"): "If today's people are sick, they will reach their limbs from the inside, and every hair will not be sick.

And take the foundation of the world and the urgency of the present as your majesty's words: the foundation is your majesty's heart; Emergency rules

1 auxiliary wing prince,

Choose a minister,

3 Zhen gangji,

4 change customs and traditions,

Love and support the people,

The same is true of cultivating military and political affairs.

1 18 1 In August, due to the famine in eastern Zhejiang, Zhu was recommended by the Prime Minister and was appointed as the long-term tea salt officer in eastern Zhejiang. Passing through Hangzhou, I entered Qizha and stated my disadvantages. After taking office, he visited incognito, investigated graft and misdeeds of corrupt officials, and impeached a group of corrupt officials and large families. He attacked Wang Huai and others without partiality. Therefore, the instructor wrote a letter attacking Neo-Confucianism, denouncing it as "pseudo-learning", and Zhu was dismissed and returned to his hometown.

Zhu (1 187) was appointed as Jiangnan West Road to raise some prison affairs and manage the judicial, prison, prison and agricultural affairs of Ganzhou (now Ganxian) and Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang). Shortly after leaving, Neo-Confucianism gained momentum, and Zhu's official career was even smoother. A few years later, he was recommended by Zhao Ruyu, the prime minister, and became a waiter and lecturer of Huan, that is, a consultant and teacher of the emperor. Just acceded to the throne fully affirmed Neo-Confucianism, calling Zhu "Confucianism". However, after just over a month in North Korea, due to the military and political power in Korea, Neo-Confucianism was banned, and Zhu proposed to impeach himself with the court. Without permission, he asked for a rest and was reinstated in the secret cabinet. He resigned after being censored. Cai, Zhu's favorite pupil, was sent to Daozhou as an editor. Neo-Confucianism was completely discredited and denounced as "pseudoscience", Zhu was regarded as "pseudo-teacher" and students as "pseudo-disciples". And Zhu lectures with the students every day. Someone advised him to thank him for dismissing his student apprentice, but Zhu just laughed and didn't answer. The year of Zhu was nearly seventy, and it was approved by the higher authorities. He will die next year and live to be seventy-one.

Posthumous title, Li Zongbaoqing gave a surname for three years, chasing lord protector.