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The Friendly Relations between Tubo and Tang Dynasty

When Langri talked about praise, Tubo and Tang Dynasty had economic and cultural exchanges, and Shang Dynasty also had exchanges. After Princess Wencheng entered Tubo, Tubo and the Tang Dynasty became "the country of nephews and uncles", and the close relationship between the two ethnic groups of Han and Tibet further developed. With the help of Princess Wencheng, she actively carried out economic and cultural construction, and received support and help from the Tang Dynasty in terms of manpower, material resources and technology. Frequent personnel exchanges between the two countries help each other. In the past, there was a border conflict between the two countries. Since their marriage with the Tang Dynasty, the border has been peaceful for more than ten years, and they have always regarded themselves as the son-in-law of the Tang Dynasty. In 644 AD, Emperor Taizong made an expedition to Gao.

Li Huichao, abandoning religion, made a big boast of Lu Dongzan to celebrate. His watch reads: "The Holy Son of Heaven pacifies all directions, and the sun and the moon shine."

This country, for male and female servants, is very different from South Korea and lacks etiquette.

The son of heaven received a million dollars, crossed Liao to beg for it, and the city was trapped, just around the corner. Yi Di didn't know your majesty had arrived, but when he was young, he heard that he had returned to China. The geese flew faster, but not as fast as your majesty. Nu Wa's son-in-law is a great event. Goose, geese, pretend to be golden geese. "The seven-foot-tall golden goose made of gold is dedicated to Emperor Taizong. It can hold wine in a triclinic way.

In 648, the envoys of the Tang Dynasty went to India (Tianzhu). Arona Shun, who was in Tianzhu, took away the precious tribute contributed by various countries, so Wang Xuance, the messenger, fled to Tubo, abandoned Zongnongzan, immediately sent more than 1000 soldiers and 7,000 mud polo cavalry, followed Wang Xuance to attack thieves, captured Arona Shun, and then sent messengers to see Tang Xianjie.

In 649, Emperor Taizong collapsed and acceded to the throne, making Xu a captain and king of Xihai County. I am deeply proud of abandoning the official title of Zongzan Tang and regard myself as a courtier. I wrote a letter to Stuart Wuji, the minister of the Tang Dynasty, and others. The letter said: "The son of heaven has just ascended the throne, and if his generals are unfaithful, they should send troops to the country to get rid of them." Express willingness to do the duty of a vassal. At the same time, fifteen kinds of gold, silver and jewels were presented, and they were invited to pay homage in front of the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong to express their deep condolences and nostalgia for Emperor Taizong. Tang Gaozong appreciated his loyalty and friendship, named him King Bao, and set up a stone statue of him in front of the tomb of Emperor Taizong. Abandoning the sect and praising the craftsmen who asked for silkworm eggs, wine making, flour grinding and paper and ink from the Tang Dynasty, Tang Gaozong agreed to his request and sent outstanding craftsmen to teach technology in Tubo to help the construction of Tubo.

In 649, the Tubo abandoned the Sect and became ill. He lives in Mogang Villa in Peng Yu to recuperate. He died in the spring of 650 and was buried in Qiongwa. Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty sent messengers to attend the funeral. After arriving in Chang 'an in summer and May, tachileik, a high sectarian general, went to Kuangji to pay his respects to Tubo. By the time Nong Zan died, his first son, Gong Ri Gong Zan, was dead, and his son Gong Ri Gong Zan and the son of Kunjiao Mangmu Jiechiga, Manglun Mangzan. After his death, his minister made his grandson Munlon Munzan succeed him as Zampa. Before Nippolo Bhrikuti Devi died. Apart from Princess Wencheng, he abandoned Zong Nongzan and married Xiang, Ru and Mu, but they all had no children.

After marrying Princess Wencheng, she lived with the princess for three years in nine years. Abandoning Zongnong and praising her death, Princess Wencheng did not ask to return to the Tang Dynasty, and continued to live in Tubo for 30 years until Princess Wencheng died in 680. Tang Gaozong sent messengers to mourn the sacrifice. During this period, she still loved the Tubo people, cared about production and people's lives, and was respected and loved by the Tubo people. There was a time when the Tang Dynasty was at war with Tubo, but the Tubo people loved her as always. When she died, Tubo held a grand funeral for Princess Wencheng, which was recorded in Tubo history books and unprecedented in Tubo. Tubo people miss Princess Wencheng very much, and there are many stories about Princess Wencheng among the people. Poetry praises Princess Wencheng, and drama and dance all commemorate Princess Wencheng, which shows that the Tibetan people have deep feelings for Princess Wencheng.

China ancient northern and northwestern nationalities. Originally called Uighur, it was renamed Uighur in Tang Dezong. In the early Tang Dynasty, there were nine surnames named Tiele in Mobei, and Uighur was one of them. The Uighur tribal alliance was headed by Yao, and most of the later Uighur Khan came from this clan. He lives in Xiane River (also known as Dilingshui, now Serenge River in Mongolia) and Wenkun River (now Erhun River in Mongolia). Uighurs use the Turkic Rooney script and believe in the primitive religion Shamanism.

Uighur is an influential minority active in northwest China in Tang Dynasty. He had frequent contacts with the Tang Dynasty in the aspects of Mei rule and economy, and influenced each other. Five or six centuries ago, Turks rose in northern China. After the rise of the Turks, there were both friendly exchanges and wars with the Tang Dynasty. The rise of Uighurs was later than that of Turks. After becoming more powerful in the eighth century, there was also a war with Tang. However, in the end, Uighurs were unified in the Tang Dynasty. But the ways and means of unification are different: Uighur was unified in the Tang Dynasty under the circumstances of natural and man-made disasters and civil strife. At the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty, the East and West Turks became strong again. After the reunification of the Tang Dynasty, the Turks became more prosperous and sent troops to harass them.

After Huihe helped the Tang Dynasty destroy Xue Yantuo in Mobei in the twenty years since Zhenguan of Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty took Huihe as its headquarters, established the Governor's Office of the Han Dynasty, and made the first territory of Huihe the Governor's Office of the Han Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, traffic avenues were built, post stations were set up and taxes were collected in the Uighur area. Not only that, the mansion of Hanhai Dudufu is located in the state, and there is a secretariat in the state. Under it, there are official systems such as Chang Shi and Sima, and they are also the leaders of the Uighur people. "Its governor and secretariat gave yellow croaker, and gold was the text."

The normal relationship between the Central Plains Dynasty and Jimi Prefecture, which occurred in the Tang Dynasty from 744 to 840, is mainly manifested in the following aspects.

(1) Uighur Khan has the title of Tang Dynasty in all previous dynasties.

(2) Uighur leaders and ministers below them were directly appointed and removed by the Tang Dynasty.

(3) The Uighur army was directly recruited by the Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty.

1. Dependency

2. Directly merged into Tang Jun..

3. The Tang Dynasty directly stationed troops in the Uighur area of Mobei.

4. Uighur soldiers and civilians moved to the mainland of the Tang Dynasty.

5. The Tang Dynasty recruited Uighur soldiers to quell the Anshi rebellion.

6. The Uighurs defended the Northern Dynasties and recovered Luntai and Xizhou for the Tang Dynasty.

The special relationship between Uighurs and the government of the Tang Dynasty is first manifested in the fact that Uighurs helped the Tang Dynasty to quell the Anshi Rebellion and resist the Tubo's attack on the Western Regions. After the "An Shi Rebellion" broke out in 755, due to the lack of strength of the central government, the Tang government had to borrow soldiers from abroad to counter the rebellion. As a close neighbor of the Tang Dynasty, Uighur did not take advantage of this chaotic situation to expand the Tanghe River. Instead, at the request of the Tang government, it sent troops to help the Tang Ping Rebel Army in 756, 757 and 762, and recovered Chang 'an, Luoyang and Hebei, making contributions to the reconstruction of the Tang Dynasty. In return, the Tang government, in addition to giving generous rewards, also stipulated that Hui horses must be purchased with Tang silk, which opened a long-term silk horse trade between the two sides. In addition to helping the Tang Dynasty to pacify the Anshi Rebellion, with the support of the Tang government, Uighur also joined forces with Anxi, Beiting and other places to protect the government, jointly resisting the Tubo's attack on the western regions, and once reopened the east-west land traffic cut off by Tubo after the Anshi Rebellion.

The special relationship between Uighur and Tang government is manifested in the blood relationship between them. The marriage began in the "An Shi Rebellion", and Princess Uighur first married the imperial clan of the Tang Dynasty. In 756, Graham married Ke Dunmei to the Dunhuang King of the Tang Dynasty, and Su Zong made her a princess. There were six princesses in the Tang Dynasty, namely Princess Ningguo, Princess Xiao Ning, Princess Hui Chong, Princess Xian 'an, An Gongzhu Shou and granddaughter Pugu Huai 'en. Among them, Princess Ningguo married Graham in 758, which was the first time in the history of China that the Emperor of the Central Plains married his own daughter to a frontier ethnic leader, highlighting the unique relationship between the two sides. Affinity objectively strengthened the introversion of Uighur and promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between Uighur and Tang Dynasty.

The special relationship between Uighur and the Tang government is also manifested in the psychology of mutual trust. Compared with the relationship between the Central Plains Dynasty and other ethnic minorities, the mutual trust between Uighur and the Tang government is very strong and powerful. Both sides have repeatedly described this relationship as the relationship between nephews and uncles, which is a reflection of this psychology. It is this special relationship of long-term friendly cooperation between the two sides that makes Uighur one of the important media for cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries in the Tang Dynasty.

The relationship between Uighur and Tang Dynasty

First place: Princess Ningguo

Second place: Princess Xiao Ningguo (also known as Princess Shao Ningguo)

Third place: Princess Xian 'an

Fourth place: Princess Taihe

The Influence of Uighurs' Affinity to Tang Dynasty

1. Since the relationship between Uighurs and the Tang Dynasty, there has been a "brotherhood" and a good relationship with their nephews. Not only was the relationship between Uighur and Tang Dynasty basically harmonious during the Khanate period, but it also influenced the whole history of Uighur after the Khanate period.

Second, it is conducive to the economic exchanges between the two sides, that is, with the help of the kinship between Uighurs and the Tang Dynasty, large-scale horse silk trade and the exchange of livestock products in the north and agricultural products in the Central Plains.

Third, it is conducive to the cultural exchange between the two sides, that is, the exchange of living customs, ethical concepts and music art.

Five pro-Uighur conditions in Tang Dynasty;

(1) Uighur Khan surrendered to Tang,

(2) The number of Uighur envoys entering the Tang Dynasty at one time shall not exceed 200.

(3) Ensure that the number of horses does not exceed 500,

(4) (5) Uighur messengers are not allowed to carry the Tang people and Hu merchants to the fortress.

Mohe

This kind of cymbal is also called black water cymbal in many cases. In the northern part of Bohai Kingdom in Tang Dynasty, it was the Governor's House of Heishui in the northeast of Tang Dynasty. The jurisdiction of Heishui Dudufu is equivalent to the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang. The military and political integration system set up in Heishui in the Tang Dynasty in Heishui area is located in the north of Bohai State.

In 722 AD (the tenth year of Tang Kaiyuan), Ni Shuli, the leader of Heishui, went to the Tang Dynasty to pay tribute. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty made him the secretariat of Boli House, living in Boli (now Khabarovsk, Russia) at the intersection of Heilongjiang and Ussuri River.

In 725 (the thirteenth year of Tang Kaiyuan), "Anton ordered Xue Tai to establish a black water army in Heishui, and later took the largest tribe as Heishui House, still taking its leader as the commander-in-chief, and the secretariat of each department was subordinate to Yan." (Biography of the Old Tang Dynasty)

In 728 (the 16th year of Tang Kaiyuan), Tang Tingci, the viceroy, surnamed Li, was appointed as the county magistrate, and was given the posts of General Yunhui and General Heishui. The central government of the Tang Dynasty sent a long history to supervise its tribes. The area under the jurisdiction of Heishui Dudufu is "Bohai Sea in the south, East China Sea in the north, Shiwei in the west, 2,000 miles from north to south and 1,000 miles from east to west" (Biography of Heishui in the New Tang Dynasty), including the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang and the vast areas east of Wusuli River that enter the sea.

Around 8 15 AD (the tenth year of Tang and Yuan Dynasties), the commander-in-chief of Heishui was disintegrated, and all parts of Heishui belonged to Bohai State. Heishui county has a history of about 90 years.

Nanzhao

In the 26th year of Kaiyuan (AD 738), Tang Ting named him "King of Yunnan".

In 794, Yimou Xun was named Nanzhao King by the Tang Dynasty, and from then on it was called Nanzhao Kingdom, also known as Hetuo. In 860, Shilong changed its name to a country of gifts (or ceremonies) and called himself the emperor. In the fourth year of Tang Xizong's official career (877), Nanzhao died in the Long Dynasty, and the sub-law (Longshun) was established, hence the name "Dafeng Ren". Feng Ren is also called Feng Min. "Phoenix" means "bang" in the ancient sound, which means the same thing. "Wind", "bang" and "wave" are pronounced the same. "Fengren" is "Bo Ren". Nanzhao called Erhai Ten Veins "Republic of China", that is, "Great Kingdom". The word "Bo" is also called "Bai". The appearance of the special name "Dafeng people" indicates that after nearly a century of conflict and integration, the barbarians along Erhai Lake have formed a nation-Bai nationality, which has a great influence in the history of China.

Nanzhao unified Erhai area with the support of Tang Dynasty, and the continuous expansion and consolidation of Nanzhao regime promoted the multi-ethnic integration in Erhai area. The process of the establishment, consolidation, expansion and development of Nanzhao State is the process of the integration and development of Bai nationality.