Quanzhou ruins: Quanzhou Confucian Temple and Gong Xue.

Quanzhou Wenfu Temple, located in the southeast of Quanzhou city in the 10 century, is a group of quadrangle-style buildings, facing the north and south main streets of the city in the west.

Quanzhou Confucian Temple and Gong Xue are representative heritage elements reflecting the diversified communities of the World Ocean Trade Center. The Confucian Temple is the place where the ancient official commemorates and sacrifices Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, and Gong Xue is the highest-level educational institution in Quanzhou. As the spreading centers of Confucianism, Quanzhou Confucian Temple and Gong Xue are the symbols of Quanzhou's elite groups, including government officials and senior intellectuals. These social elites played an important role in promoting and managing the maritime trade in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. On September 28th every year, Quanzhou Confucian Temple will reach the highest standard. Release the libation ceremony? Sacrifice Confucius. Every year, in traditional festivals in China, such as Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, adult ceremony, teacher worship ceremony and graduation ceremony are held, and Confucian culture has been well inherited and continued. ?

Quanzhou Confucian temple

Ancient official schools in China

Pangu was the name of the ancient official school in China in the 5th century BC. Pass through the Pangong, that is, enter the range of Wenfu Temple. This Pangongmen building was built in12nd century, facing east and west. 19 14 was changed into a cement-like wood structure building, which was the earliest cement building in Quanzhou and pioneered the combination of western-style building materials and traditional wood structure building technology in China. During the reconstruction of 20 13, because the service life of cement components has reached, it was moved to Wenmiao Square for overall protection and display.

Cai qingci

This is the first temple dedicated to rural sages in Quanzhou Confucian Temple, which was built at 1570. The building is simple and basically retains the Ming Dynasty style. At present, the Quanzhou Municipal Government has set up the Quanzhou Library Compilation and Publishing Committee here to compile and publish the precious ancient books and documents in Quanzhou. ?

general layout

Quanzhou Confucian Temple and Gong Xue were founded in 976, and the main pattern was formed in 1 137. The building complex faces south, and the overall layout is left school temple and right school temple. It consists of a group of Confucian temples, a sacrificial building, on the west and a group of palaces, a national local education building, on the east. Both groups have a courtyard layout with a symmetrical central axis. In addition, the two groups are surrounded by Caiqing Temple, Li Wenjie Temple and Zhuangjichang Champion Temple, offering sacrifices to historical celebrities in Quanzhou since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. With a building area of more than 5,000 square meters, the building scale ranks first among the seven southeast provinces in China.

Youmiao

This courtyard in the west is a temple dedicated to Confucius. Include Dachengmen, Chi Pan, Panqiao and Dacheng Store.

Lingxingmen site

Lingxingmen is the first gate of the Confucian Temple. Stars are satellites in the sky, and only high-level sacrificial buildings can be used. Built in 120 1 year, it was destroyed in the 1930s and is still below the surface. What we are seeing now is the analog display on the surface. ?

Dachengmen

The entrance of the Confucian Temple, collectively known as Dacheng Gate, includes Dacheng Gate in the middle, Jinsheng Gate and Yuzhen Gate on both sides, with a construction area of 600 square meters. Dachengmen was built in 1 137, and the existing building is 176 1 the basic pattern when it was rebuilt. "Jin Sheng Yu Zhen" is an image metaphor of Mencius praising Confucius. Dacheng? Displaying Confucius' thoughts is a collection of ancient sages and sages, praising Confucius' great contribution to culture. ?

Dachengmen is a symbol of status. The middle gate is not open at ordinary times, but only when a major ceremony is held. Usually you can only take two side doors. ?

Panchihe bridge

As a fixed form of Confucian Temple complex, Chi Pan is an ancient architectural form. In the 7th century BC, the emperor founded the school, surrounded by water, and built a palace in the center. The school set up by the local governor is the last in the grade, so it is called "semi-water ring" Plate of water? . ?

Chi Pan is connected with the inland river in Quanzhou, which can ventilate the tide, ensure that the drought does not dry up and the waterlogging does not overflow, and keep the water level and activity at a certain level. At the same time, it has the functions of storing water and extinguishing fire. ?

This Panqiao Bridge was built in 1349 (from Yuan Dynasty to Zheng), with a length of about 26.6 meters and protected by railings. Four stone statues are carved on the pillars on both sides of the bridge, symbolizing the scene of peace. There are 72 stone tablets on the bridge, which is a metaphor for 72 sages who were educated by Confucius. ?

Dachengdian whole

The setting of Lingxingmen, Chi Pan, Bridge and Dacheng Hall in the Confucian Temple all reflects the layout characteristics of the Confucian Temple and the Gong Xue complex which are different from the general buildings. Dacheng Hall is the core of the Confucius Temple complex and the central place for offering sacrifices to Confucius. It has the width of seven rooms, double eaves roof, yellow glazed tiles, dragon-shaped columns and painted decorations in the hall, showing unusual architectural specifications and reflecting the prosperity brought to Quanzhou by overseas trade during the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

Dacheng Hall was built in 10 century and rebuilt in 1 137, with a building area of over 800 square meters. Its pattern, columns, wooden beams and other architectural styles still retain the characteristics and historical information of 12 century.

Yuetaiqian

In front of the main hall is a platform, and these bluestone reliefs engraved with flowers and plants at the waist of the platform retain the characteristics of the times of 12 century. The platform is a place where ancient civil and military officials held ceremonies and provided songs and dances when offering sacrifices to Confucius. ?

Dragon Ball

What do these six embossed panlong eaves columns under the eaves of the front hall represent? Six dragons hold saints? . There are also two panlong gold pillars in the temple. These dragon column carvings are simple and simple, which are typical carving styles in the12nd century, highlighting the noble position of Confucius. The column network in the temple consists of two rows of columns, inside and outside, which comes from the Architectural Style of the Song Dynasty. Double slot? . The temple is supported by 48 white stone pillars. ?

Beam frame

The beam frame of Dacheng Hall is a wooden frame with buckets and beams. Both horizontal and vertical frames use logs, also known as logs. Round hall? The ratio of pavement to column height is 34%, which is a typical architectural feature of 12 century. ?

Confucius statue

Confucius was born in the 5th century BC and was the founder of Confucianism in China. What is the statue enshrined in the center of Dacheng Hall? Master Dacheng, master Supreme? Confucius. The portrait of Confucius written by Wu Daozi, a famous painter in the Tang Dynasty, is cordial and sincere, which is inseparable from the physical and mental characteristics of literati. It is a statue of Confucius in cloth, which is closest to Confucius in historical reality. On both sides are his four best students: Yan Hui, Kong Ji, Zeng Shen and Monk. There are also two niches on the east and west sides of the temple, which are dedicated to the statues of twelve Taisha, such as Min Ziqian, Zhong Gong, Zi Gong, You Ruo, Ran Geng, Zai Yu, Ran Qiu, Zi You, Zhu, etc., and become twelve philosophers. ?

What did Confucius advocate in his life? Are you depressed? Zhou Li advocates improving self-cultivation and educating the people with poetry, ceremony and music. Therefore, the temple is equipped with bronze bells, stone flowers, bronze Jiuding, Bagui and other ritual and music supplies, which set off the dignity of the temple.

Horizontal title board

Confucianism, as the mainstream thought in China society, has been respected and advocated by emperors in past dynasties for more than two thousand years. Hanging from the beams above the main hall is a plaque inscribed for Confucius by Emperor China in the 9th century17-/KLOC-0. Are there any imperial books written by Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty? A role model for generations? , Yong Zhengdi imperial book? Did you have a baby? Emperor Qianlong wrote a book? With heaven and earth? , Jiaqing emperor royal book? Sacred collection? Daoguang wrote a book? During the holy society? Emperor Xianfeng's imperial book? Deutsch boy? , Tongzhi emperor imperial book? The Holy Spirit is vertical? Emperor Guangxu wrote a book? Sven is here? The Imperial Book of Emperor Xuan Tong? Neutralization? What about President Lee of the Republic of China? Daoqia Datong? Waiting for the plaque. Inscriptions eulogize Confucius as a God endowed by heaven with lofty moral character. Praise him for founding Confucianism, and affirm his contribution to ancient education in China.

Guan Liang

Dong Gai and Xi Gai were originally places dedicated to Confucius disciples and their descendants. Each bay 18, length112m, width10m. Now, as a social shared space, two exhibitions about Quanzhou City and Quanzhou Confucian Temple have been held in this relocation. ?

Minghuan town xianci

There is also a group of characteristic buildings in Quanzhou Confucian Temple, namely the Fairy Temple in Minghuan Township, which is dedicated to local officials, local celebrities, local gentlemen, intellectuals and other celebrities with outstanding achievements. This group of buildings is an important part of the Confucian Temple. ?

Li Wenjie Temple was founded in 16 17 (forty-five years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty) and rebuilt in 176 1 year (twenty-six years of Qingganlong). The existing buildings basically retain the reconstruction style of Qing Dynasty. Now it is used as Nanyin Training Center. This is a shrine built in 1 137. Chongsheng Temple was specially built to worship Confucius' parents and ancestors, and was rebuilt and renovated in 176 1 year. ?

Zuo Xue

This is the easternmost group of buildings in Quanzhou Confucian Temple complex. It is an ancient official school in Quanzhou, including Zhaobi, Yuying Gate, Xuechi, Xueqiao, Dongxi Study Room and Minglun Hall. ?

Yuyingmen

This is the entrance to Fu Xue, called Yuyingmen, which means a place to train talents. It was built in 1 137, and rebuilt in 176 1 year, retaining the existing shape. ?

Learning bridge and learning pool

Snow Bridge is a bridge connecting Mingluntang and Yuyingmen. The pool under the bridge is called snow pool, water system connection pool and Neigou River, which can adjust the water level and have fire fighting function. ?

Mingluntang

Mingluntang is an ancient official school, also called Fu Xue, which is the highest institution in the state. Founded in Shaoxing in the seventh year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 137), the existing buildings are in the orthodox period of the Ming Dynasty (1436? 1449) reconstruction. Seven rooms are 36.8m wide and five rooms are 21.4m deep. Single-eave hard roof, bucket penetrating the frame. There are 48 thick circular wooden columns in the hall, and the column base is a composite basin plain. The front porch has eight square columns and doors on the left and right. There are seven halls in Minglun Hall of Quanzhou Confucian Temple, which are rare in national universities.

Only after a certain examination and selection can they study here, and students who graduate from here can take a higher-level imperial examination.

The left and right buildings of Minglun Hall are east and west study rooms. As a state-level local public education institution, Quanzhou Gong Xue has trained and transported a large number of political elites and senior intellectuals for the country through the imperial examinations. According to statistics, from the 9th century to the 20th century, during the period of 1 100, there were 2454 people who passed the imperial examinations in Quanzhou, including 14 18 people in Quanzhou in the Song Dynasty, and a number of outstanding figures with important influence at home and abroad emerged. These talents flowed from Quanzhou to the central and other places, established a strong network of political relations, won political capital for Quanzhou to become a national port, and promoted cross-regional business activities. ?

At present, there is an exhibition of Quanzhou education history in Minglun Pavilion.

1 and the 7th-9th century are the periods when ancient education in Quanzhou gradually rose. At that time, local officials were in charge of Confucianism, and Ouyang Zhan became the first scholar in Quanzhou in the eighth century, which created the history of Quanzhou education.

2.10-14th century, Quanzhou's overseas trade was developed, and the local government devoted itself to the development of education. These schools are officially established.

3. When repairing the roof of Dacheng Hall, we found these age tiles 17-20 century to rebuild the Confucian Temple. We left this set as a specimen, and the others were built on the roof of Dacheng Hall.

4. There were also many private schools in this period, which were the sites of private schools; Economic development has promoted the development of education and trained many outstanding talents. Four-phase door , said is 10- 1 1 century Quanzhou a family appeared four prime ministers (equivalent to prime ministers), one of the most famous is, the author of "Wu Yao", is the earliest military encyclopedia in China.

5.15-17th century, Quanzhou's social economy continued to develop, and official schools and private schools developed in parallel, and many outstanding figures emerged.

6.18-19th century, with the establishment of new schools, Quanzhou began the process of modernization of national education.

7. Taiwan Province Province and Quanzhou are separated by a river. /kloc-In the 7th century, Quanzhou's immigration to Taiwan Province Province gradually increased. 1665, Quanzhou people Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Jing and his son established the first Confucian temple in Taiwan Province Province, known as? Taiwan Province first school? .

8. Through overseas transportation and trade, Confucian culture spread to countries such as East Asia and Southeast Asia. This is the first Confucius Temple built by Fujian people in Ryukyu in 1672. This Confucius Temple in Hanoi, Vietnam was founded by T (Lá thá i Kumar), the founder of the Lee Dynasty in Vietnam, in the 1 1 century and rebuilt in the15th century.

Rebuild stone tablet

Next to the west study, there is an inscription 15- 17 left by three parties who rebuilt the Confucian temple in the 7th century. From south to north, they are:

After the renovation of the Confucian Temple in the 0/6th century A.D./KLOC, Wang wrote the Revision of Confucianism in Quanzhou Prefecture. ?

After Fu Xue was rebuilt in15th century (1493), Cai Qing, a famous philosopher in Quanzhou, wrote the book "Rebuilding Fu Xue". Cai Qing Temple, which we just passed, is his memorial hall. ?

Reconstruct/kloc-Confucian inscriptions in the 0/7th century. ?

The inscriptions on the Confucian Temple are rubbings of the Confucian Temple Management Office, printed into books, leaving precious written materials. ?

Quanzhou Confucian Temple and Gong Xue are important buildings in the official mainstream culture of traditional cities in China, and their establishment and renovation have always been valued by local governments. In historical documents, a large number of activities of social elite groups, including local officials, the royal family in the Southern Song Dynasty and local intellectuals, are recorded. For example, Zhao Xi presided over the overhaul of Confucius Temple in 1265- 1266? He is not only well-known in Quanzhou, but also a straight clan of the imperial clan. He and officials of the Municipal Navigation Department held a ceremony of praying for the wind in Jiuri Mountain on 1266, and left an inscription. These people participate in all aspects of national social life, especially the management, solicitation and promotion of maritime trade, and play an important role in the management and operation of national ports.