The history of Xiangxiong culture

Xiangxiong and Tubo are both red-faced racial branches of Gumasang, belonging to the same family, but speaking different languages. Xiang Xiong's royal family was named "Tingge", a clan name in ancient Tibet, and the legend originated from the gods. There are "Wang Xing" and "Jiang Ge" in Tang Yao Hui, and the transliteration of the word "Jiang" is wrong, which is the same as the royal surname "Ting Ge" recorded in Tibetan historical materials. It shows that Xiangxiong and Tubo belong to the same school, not as some people say, Xiangxiong is the Qiang nationality, which was originally the birthplace of the Qiang nationality. "

And established a relationship with the Tang Dynasty before Tubo. According to historical records, as early as the 2nd and 3rd century A.D., Zhada County and Pulan County in Ali region were the central jurisdictions of Xiangxiong. According to the World Geographic Survey, "One-day trip to the west of Gangdise Mountain, there is the training ground of Jambanankua-dome silver city, which is also the capital of Xiangxiong country. This land was once ruled by eighteen kings like Xiang Xiong. The famous Four Saints Zeqibamei in the history of religious culture was born here. There is also a hole in the world where the famous master Xi Rao Shen Jian and other Taisa people cultivated in the late stage of stupid education. " Elephant and Bear Country once built four castles in this central area: Silver Castle with vault, Tiger Castle in Pulan, Rat Castle in Menxiang and Bomo Castle in Mabang. The process of establishing associations: With the continuous improvement of social life, people's demand for spiritual and cultural life is becoming more and more colorful. A number of individuals and associations have sprung up all over Tibet in contemporary times. Out of their sense of responsibility and dedication to society, they engage in many activities beneficial to society according to the needs of human social development. Since the work of 1972, the association has completed and is doing a lot of work for the development of national cultural undertakings. Xiangxiong Cultural Development Association was formally established in April 2005 with the approval of the government and relevant administrative departments, under the personal initiative of the Living Buddha of Longge Danjin Wangzha and the leadership of the association, with the strong support of the higher authorities such as Ali prefectural committee, administrative office and regional religious bureau.

Purpose of the Association: Let the whole society pay attention to and understand the unique humanistic concept and extraordinary advantages of Xiangxiong culture, so that Xiangxiong culture can better serve social progress, harmony and people's happiness, that is, "let the world know Xiangxiong and let Xiangxiong culture go global"

Nature of the Association: The Association is a social group with sociality, public welfare and academic nature. It is composed of a group of people who love Tibetan cultural undertakings, scholars and relevant personnel in the field of Xiangxiong cultural research. Xiang Xiong is a big country on the ancient Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the birthplace of Yongzhong Benjiao. According to the historical records of China, such as Tongdian, Yuangui and Don Yao Hui, "The big sheep is connected to Tubo in the east, the little sheep in the west and the khotan in the north. Things are more than a thousand miles, better than 890 thousand. " The Tibetan history "The Origin of Bonism" contains: "Xiangxiong is connected with Kashmir in the upper part (that is, in the west), with the snow-capped mountain and still snow area of Niubu in Songba (southwest Qinghai) in the north, and with India and Nepal in the south." The Xiangxiong area recorded in Sino-Tibetan history is basically the same. However, brother Xiang is adjacent to Tubo in the east. Where is the boundary? The records of Han history are unknown. The Tibetan history Notes on Buddhism and Iron Pillar supplements this puzzle: "Elephant and Tubo will be bounded by Kara 'a in Tibet, and most of the northwest of Tibet will be under the jurisdiction of Gu Xiangxiong".

According to the records of Tibetan history, Xiangxiong is divided into upper, middle and lower areas, with Qionglong as the center, Riadaguo as the center, and Subi (Songba) Xue Jing Area 6 as the lower area. According to historical data of China, elephants are divided into big and small sheep, and Subi Xue Jing District 6 is listed as an independent country. Brother Xiang's native land is the whole territory under the jurisdiction of Ali area today. At the beginning of the tenth century, Nima, a descendant of the Tubo royal family, fled from slaves, rebelled against Xiang Xiong, and occupied his land as a branch of the Tubo royal family belonging to the people, so it was renamed Ali (meaning belonging to the people). In the book Talking about Ancient Tibetan, it is said that the word "Xianggong" means Pengdi in Xiangxiong language, that is, the land of Dapeng birds. Tibetan calls Pengniao "Jiaqiong", which is completely different from Xiangxiong. According to the totem of ancient elephant males, the above explanation is completely credible.

Modern Tibetan scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research on Xiang Xiong's history, among which the research on Xiang Xiong's language and writing is more prominent. As far as Xiangxiong's names and place names are concerned, many princes' names and 60 place names in Xiangxiong before the tenth century were all in Xiangxiong language, and it is difficult for modern people to understand their meanings no matter how high their Tibetan level is. Ali area still uses the place names of the ancient Xiangxiong era. If you want to know their meaning, it is difficult to know without knowing Xiang Xiong. After the tenth century, the descendants of the Tubo royal family ruled Xiangxiong, spread Buddhism, used Tibetan as a common language, and gradually assimilated Xiangxiong. At the beginning of the 7th century AD, before the Tibetan language was created by Songzan Gambu, the Tubo king, Xiang Xiong's teachers wrote this religious scripture in Xiang Xiong's language and preached in the Tubo Wang Tianqi era (around AD). As far as the era of Songtsan Gampo is concerned, before the Tibetan language came into being, Songtsan Gampo sent people to propose marriage to Nepal and the Tang Dynasty by letter, probably written in Xiangxiong language at that time.

Some foreign modern Tibetan scholars believe that Tibetan is reformed on the basis of Xiang Xiongwen, drawing lessons from Kashmir and India. This assumption is not unreasonable. According to records, some Tibetan scholars showed seals and some elephant characters collected at the same time as Songzan Gambu, which further proved that there were elephant characters. Xiang Xiong, called "Toarey Yang" by Han scholars in the later period of history, is also written as "Xiang Xiong", which is a Chinese character based on the transliteration of Tibetan "Xiang Xiong". Before the 7th century, all astronomers, educators, translators, doctors, teachers, fortune tellers, geomancers and all literate scholars in Xiangxiong, Tibet were honored as "Benbo". At that time, all the cultures and religious beliefs on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau could be called "this religion". Buddhism of ancient elephants and heroes not only involves religion, but also covers folk customs, astronomy, calendars, Tibetan medicine, philosophy, hermeneutics (logic), debate, art, dance, music and so on. It is an important spiritual belief of people in Tibet and its surrounding areas, and it still plays an indispensable role in the spiritual and cultural life of people in Xizang.

Due to the widespread spread of this religious culture in Tibet and the long-term exchanges and integration between the two ancient ethnic groups, Xiangxiong civilization has exerted a wide and far-reaching influence on Tibetan culture.

1. The influence of this religion on Tibetan Buddhism. In the long history, Xiangxiong Buddhism and Indian Buddhism infiltrated each other and learned from each other, while maintaining their respective beliefs and characteristics. For more than 65,438+0,000 years, Tibetan Buddhism has been in a dominant position in the vast Tibetan areas, but some religious rituals, teachings and gods of this religion have remained primitive and have been passed down to this day. For example, in areas where this religion is practiced, ancient gods such as Nian, Zan, Ba Se, Dura and Ma Ju can still be seen everywhere. And some religious ceremonies of this religion have been integrated and accepted by Buddhism. For example, the ceremonies of "praying for blessings", "praying for arrows" and "obo" seen in the vast Buddhist areas today are all passed down from this ancient religious ceremony. Some gods originally believed by Yongzhong Benjiao have also been worshipped by Indian Buddhism.

2. The influence of this religion on Tibetan culture. In the splendid and rich Tibetan cultural heritage, this religious culture originated from Xiangxiong and developed with the spread of this religion as the main line. Because this religion came into being early and spread widely, it had an important influence on the formation and development of Tibetan culture. Xiangxiong, as a nation, has disappeared in the long river of history, but Xiangxiong culture has infiltrated and integrated into the rich and colorful Tibetan culture with the passage of time, becoming a valuable spiritual wealth of the Tibetan people.

3. The influence of this religion on Tibetan language. In terms of language, after a long period of historical evolution and social progress and development, it is a very arduous and meticulous job to distinguish which modern Tibetan words come from Buddhism, which are foreign language loanwords, which are elephant languages and which are primitive Tibetan languages. Nevertheless, we can still find some words that originally belonged to Xiang Xiong language in our daily life. For example, in Amdo Tibetan, the fire kang is called hirtshe, and the guest room is called yushang, which still maintains its original appearance. Laufer, a German-American, lists 34 Persian loanwords in his book Tibetan Loanwords, and demonstrates the original origin, evolution and historical process of these loanwords entering Tibetan from a linguistic point of view. Some of them entered Tibetan through elephant characters. This shows that Tibetan contains not only words from Xiangxiong, but also words from ancient Persian borrowed from Xiangxiong.

4. The influence of this religion on Tibetan ancient medicine and astrology. The four commandments of auspicious circumcision: Xia Xin, Lang Xin, Xin Xin and Si Xin, all have complicated contents. For example, Amoi includes five aspects: divination, occupation, divination, astrology and medicine. Among them, several stars are the first astronomy on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Medicine also has an influence on Tibetan medicine, such as acupuncture, which is generally considered to be unique to Chinese medicine in Han areas. The remains of acupuncture in Tibetan medicine unearthed in Dunhuang contains acupuncture contents different from those in traditional Chinese medicine, such as brain acupuncture points, indications and techniques, which are different from those in traditional Chinese medicine and unique. There is a record in the last paragraph of the Incomplete Volume of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in Tibetan Medicine: "The above literature on mechanical therapy is not even available in Wang Ku, but is written by integrating various therapies and absorbing Xiang Xiong's esoteric therapy." It can be seen that Xiangxiong medicine has long been integrated into Tibetan medicine, but it is difficult to distinguish because of its long history and lack of detailed historical materials. Other theories, such as divination, divination, divination, etc. This is discussed in detail in Xiang Tou, a famous scholar of later generations.