How many dialects are there in China at present? Will the different dialects they use lead to different behaviors and concepts?

Mandarin dialect, formerly known as "Northern Dialect" (the term has been abandoned by academic circles), is the basic dialect of modern Chinese common language, represented by Beijing dialect, with strong internal consistency. It is the most widely distributed dialect in Chinese, and its users account for about 73% of the total population of Han nationality. Located in the north-south cultural line (Tongzhou County East-Nantong City East-Yangtze River-Jingjiang City North-Yangtze River-Zhenjiang City East-Danyang County West-Jintan County West-Liyang County West-Lishui County South-Gaochun County North-Guangde County-Langxi County-Xuancheng City-Wuhu County North-Fanchang County-Nanling County East-Tongling County-Tongling City East-Qingyang County Southeast) "-p, -t, -k, -m, -n, -ng, -h" is only "-n, -ng" in ancient Chinese. At the same time, compared with other dialects, northern dialects have fewer tones. This is because the northern dialect only has a flat voice to distinguish yin and yang. Therefore, the northern dialect contains a large number of homophones and corresponding compound words. This is rare in other dialects. Mandarin is generally divided into eight areas: Lanyin Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin (Central Mandarin), Southwest Mandarin, Jianghuai Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Beijing Mandarin and northeastern mandarin. Jiaoliao Mandarin is distributed in Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula, Jilu Mandarin is distributed in Hebei Province, western Shandong Province and Ningcheng County of Inner Mongolia, and Beijing Mandarin is distributed in Beijing, northern Hebei Province, northeastern mandarin City, Chifeng City of Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, northern Liaoning Province and northeastern Inner Mongolia. Lanyin Mandarin is subdivided into eight parts: Yinchuan, Shizuishan-Pingluo-Tao Le-Helan-Yongning-Qingtongxia-Lingwu-Wuzhong-Zhongning-Tongxin-Zhongwei, Yanchi County of Ningxia, Lanzhou-Yuzhong-Minqin, Yongdeng-Gaolan, Gulang-Tianzhu and Hexi Corridor (except Dunhuang and Jingtai). Central Plains Mandarin is distributed in the traditional residential area of ancient Chinese people, which is now the north and south of Longhai Line. Wanping Town, Wujiang County, Suzhou City, some villages east of Xuancheng City, Guangde County, southern Anhui Province, and Changxing County, Zhejiang Province belong to the isolated island of Central Plains Mandarin. The Central Plains Mandarin is subdivided into Henan dialect, Dongfu dialect of Guanzhong dialect, Xifu dialect of Guanzhong dialect, Qinlong dialect, Longzhong dialect and Nanjiang dialect. Southwest Mandarin includes eleven dialects of Liuba-Foping-Ningshan-Zhenping-Gao Lan-Ziyang-Shiquan-Zhenba-Ningqiang in Bikou Town, Wenxian County, Gansu Province. Luzhou-Yibin-Leshan-Xichang, Tongzi-Renhuai-Yanhe-Yinjiang in Guizhou, Daguan-Suijiang-Shuifu in Yunnan, Neijiang-Zigong-Renshou-Fushun in northwest Yunnan, Ya 'an-Shimian, Xiaguan-Jianchuan-Binchuan-Eryuan-Yunlong-Lijiang; Dali-Baoshan-Luxi in western Yunnan; Kunming-Zhaotong-Qujing-Yuxi-Chuxiong-Gejiu-Kaiyuan in eastern and central Yunnan Province, Guiyang-Anshun in Guizhou Province, ningnan county in Sichuan Province; Twenty-seven counties and cities in northern Guizhou Province centered on Zunyi-Liupanshui-Bijie, Weixin-Yiliang-Zhenxiong in Yunnan Province, Xiushan County in Chongqing, Zhijiang-Huaihua-Fenghuang-Xinhuang-Jishou in Hunan Province; Zhenyuan in southeastern Guizhou-Cengong-Liping-Jinping-Taijiang, Jingzhou-Tongdao in Hunan; Kaili-Duyun-Guiding County in southern Guizhou Province; Xiangfan-Shiyan-Danjiangkou-Laohekou-Suizhou in northern Hubei; Wuhan, Linxiang County, Hunan Province; Yongzhou and Chenzhou in southern Hunan; Fifty-six counties and cities in Guangxi province centered on Liuzhou-Guilin-Baise-Hechi; Military dialects spoken in parts of Changjiang County-Dongfang City-Danzhou City-Sanya City, Hainan Province. The dividing line between Southwest Mandarin and Jianghuai Mandarin lies in the southwest of Guangshui County-Anlu County-Yingcheng County-Huangpi City-Ezhou City-Qichun County. During the Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties, Dongting Lake also belonged to the Chu language formed by the fusion of primitive Chinese, Tibetan-Burmese and Miao-Yao languages. After Yongjia Rebellion, 60,000 Qin Yong people (part of Shaanxi, Gansu and Shanxi) moved to Hubei, and the initial prototype of Southwest Mandarin appeared. After the Anshi Rebellion, ten times as many northern immigrants moved into the north of Dongting Lake, impacting, assimilating and eventually replacing the local Chu dialect, which laid the foundation for the Southwest Mandarin. Jianghuai Mandarin is distributed between Huaihe River and the North-South Cultural Line. Chengguan in Nanping, Fujian and Yangyu Village in Changle County are isolated islands of Jianghuai Mandarin. The dividing line between Jianghuai Mandarin and Zhongyuan Mandarin dialect is as follows: Lin Hong Estuary in Lianyungang-Punan Town in Donghai County-Huang Chuan in Donghai-Baitabu in Donghai-Pingming in Donghai-Fangshan in Donghai-Anfeng in Donghai-Heibu in Xinyi-Yin Ping (Toarey Yang) in Shuyang-Yuelai in Shuyang-Suqian Guanmiao-Suqian Dingzui-Siyang Cangji. Beijing Mandarin covers the whole of Beijing, northern Hebei and parts of Inner Mongolia. After Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty moved to Beijing, it gradually replaced Southern Mandarin as the official mainstream language of China. Since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Central Plains moved southward, and Mandarin, as the official language of China, gradually divided into two branches. The Yuan Dynasty unified China with Beijing as its capital, and took Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation of the world's common language. Beijing dialect became the standard pronunciation of China for the first time. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Nanjing Mandarin was used as the standard Chinese. When Beijing was established in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, the population moved from Nanjing to the north by 400,000, exceeding the original population of Beiping. After the Qing Dynasty established Beijing as its capital, a large number of Manchu people entered Beijing, and the old Beiping dialect gradually evolved into Beijing dialect. In the sixth year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, the Andrew Library was established, with Beijing Mandarin as the standard language, which was popularized throughout the country. Later, Beijing Mandarin gradually replaced Nanjing Mandarin as the mainstream standard language in China officialdom, and some people called it Northern Mandarin, which was called Southern Mandarin, corresponding to Nanjing Mandarin. In the late Qing Dynasty, Mandarin was compiled, and in the early Republic of China, the national pronunciation was proposed. After the "Beijing-Guangzhou Debate", a new national pronunciation based on Beijing Mandarin was implemented. Since then, Mandarin based on Northern Mandarin has become the official standard language of China. With the popularization and development of modern education and media, Mandarin, that is, contemporary Beijing Mandarin, has a tendency to penetrate into various dialects in the Chinese circle.

Edit this China Wu dialect.

It is distributed in Shanghai, Jiangsu Province, east of Zhenjiang and south of the Yangtze River (excluding Zhenjiang), a small part of Nantong and most parts of Zhejiang. Suzhou dialect is a typical representative of Wu dialect. The number of users accounts for about 8.4% of the total population and 7.2% of the total population of Han nationality. Wu dialect is divided into Taihu dialect (northern Wu dialect, including southern Jiangsu, Shanghai and Zhejiang Huzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing and Ningbo, represented by Shanghai dialect or Suzhou dialect), Taizhou dialect (Zhejiang Taizhou area), Wuzhou dialect (Zhejiang Jinhua area), Chuqu dialect (Zhejiang Quzhou and Lishui area), Oujiang dialect (Zhejiang Wenzhou area) and Xuanzhou dialect. Among them, southwestern Anhui and western Zhejiang are influenced by Gan dialect, while southern Zhejiang retains many features of ancient Baiyue dialect, so that Taihu Wu dialect cannot be regarded as a typical Wu dialect. Its main features are: 1. The three points of the initial consonants in ancient Chinese, namely total voiced, sub-voiced and total voiced, are retained, and the initial consonants with total voiced are generally pronounced as voiced, such as /t/, /th/ and /d/ in most places. In most places, three ancient nasal vowels are combined into one (generally-ng); In order to meet the need of fast speech speed in Wu dialect, three entering vowels are also merged into one glottal sound. 2. Wu dialect is a dialect with single vowel as the main body. In Putonghua, ai, ei, ao and ou are all diphthongs, and they are pronounced with a long voice and a loose mouth, but in Wu dialect, the opposite is true. Generally speaking, what are the corresponding sounds of ai, ei, ao and ou in Mandarin? /? ，e，？ , o, are all single vowels, and the mouth is tight when pronounced. Many nasal rhymes become nasal vowels, even without nasalization. 3. Tones are divided into two groups according to the clarity, usually seven to eight, and only six in Shanghai. 4. Wu dialect has a unique tone sandhi system in Chinese. Figuratively speaking, when speaking Wu dialect, only the first word of a sentence or phrase keeps its original tone, and the following words change their tone and direction according to the tone of the first word (even the tone of the first word has changed in many cases) and the meaning that the speaker wants to express. This is called tone sandhi. This kind of tone sandhi is common, that is, tone sandhi may exist outside the phonetic units such as sentences, phrases or vocabulary, so it is called continuous tone sandhi. At the same time, this kind of tone sandhi is tendentious, that is, it turns the original uneven tone sandhi into a flat tone, and at the same time, it takes words and phrases as units to strengthen the connection between words in words or phrases and make them look like a whole, so it is informally called tone sandhi.

Edit this China Hakka dialect.

It is widely used by Hakkas in southern China, mainly including Zhaoan in eastern Guangdong, northern Fujian, Pinghe, Nanjing, Xiao Yun and southern Fujian. There are many Hakka villages and towns, with hundreds of thousands of Hakkas. Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan and other provinces also use Hakka dialect. Use Hakka dialect influenced by Zhangzhou dialect. Meixian dialect is represented by southern Jiangxi, southeastern Guangxi, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Jinsu, Sichuan, Zhejiang and other places in Taiwan Province Province. Hakkas migrated from the Central Plains to the South. Although living in scattered places, Hakka dialect still has its own system, and the internal differences are not too great. Although it is a southern dialect, Hakka dialect was formed under the influence of northern immigrants going south, so Hakka dialect retains some characteristics of medieval Zhongyuan dialect. Hakka dialect is not only used by Hakkas of Han nationality, but also widely used by She nationality. The population using Hakka dialect accounts for about 4% of the total population and 3.6% of the total population of Han nationality.

Edit this China min dialect.

dialect

Fujian, Taiwan Province Province, Chaoshan area in the east of Guangdong, Leizhou Peninsula in the southwest, Hainan, part of Wenzhou area in the southeast of Guangxi, and some countries in Southeast Asia all use Min dialect. Due to great internal differences, Min dialects are usually divided into northern Fujian dialect (represented by Jian 'ou dialect), eastern Fujian dialect (represented by Fuzhou dialect) and southern Fujian dialect (represented by Xiamen dialect and Taiwan dialect). Putian dialect (Puxian dialect), Minzhong dialect, Chaoshan dialect, Leizhou dialect and Hainan Wenchang all belong to the branches of Fujian language family. Min dialect retains a large number of ancient Chinese, and Min dialect is the only dialect in all dialects that does not completely correspond to the medieval phonology book. Minnan dialect is the most influential one in Fujian dialect, with "-p, -t, -k,-? ，-n，-m，-ng”。 The main phonetic features of Min dialect include: the initial consonants of ancient voiced sounds are often pronounced in unvoiced tones; The initial "Zhi" group and "Duan" group have the same pronunciation; Some "box" vowels are pronounced with "group" vowels; There is no difference between lips (no initials such as f- and v-); Tone sandhi is relatively developed, and there are other tone sandhi phenomena in some areas; Literary reading is very rich, and there are systematic differences between literary reading and white reading. In different periods in history, Min dialect has repeatedly overlapped with ancient Chinese phonology. Among them, Min dialect is regarded by academic circles as the modern Chinese dialect closest to ancient Chinese. The total population of China who speaks Min dialect is 55.07 million.

Edit this China Cantonese dialect.

dialect

Cantonese is traditionally called "Guangfu dialect", generally called "Cantonese", also called "vernacular" by locals and "Cantonese" by foreigners. Represented by Guangzhou dialect, it is mainly used by some Chinese in central and southwestern Guangdong Province, parts of Hainan Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hong Kong, Macao and overseas. Cantonese tones are very complicated, and Guangzhou dialect has nine tones. At the same time, it is also one of the dialects that retains the characteristics of Middle Chinese, including the endings of six consonants: P, T, K, M, N and ng. There is little difference within Cantonese. The population using Cantonese accounts for about 4% of the total population of Han nationality. It is estimated that about 80 million people in the world use Cantonese. Guangdong province, Guangxi province, Guangdong dialect counties and cities, table dialects and representative dialects in passing areas.

Cross-sea tablets

(Guangfu Film) Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhaoqing, Shenzhen, Nanhai, Shunde, Sanshui, Gaoming, Heshan, Huaiji, Guangning, Sihui, Gaoyao and Yunfu

Fengkai, Yunan, Deqing, Luoding, Yangshan, Qingyuan, Fogang, Zengcheng, Conghua, Lianxian, Lianshan, Huizhou, Shaoguan and Boluo.

Huiyang, Huidong, Haifeng, Renhua, Lechang, Yingde, Hong Kong and Macao Cantonese

In Siyi, Taishan, Enping, Kaiping, Xinhui, Doumen, Jiangmen and Heshan, the platform mountain dialect is spoken.

Shiqi dialect in Zhongshan and Zhuhai (except Doumen) in Xiangshan film

Guan Bao speaks Guancheng dialect in Dongguan, Baoan District of Shenzhen and parts of the New Territories of Hong Kong.

Gao Lei films Zhanjiang, Maoming, Yangjiang, Yangchun, Gaozhou, Xinyi, Huazhou, Wuzhou, Dianbai, Suixi, Lianjiang, Leizhou and Xuwen are not formed.

Representative dialect

Guinan dialect includes Yongxun Cantonese in Nanning, Nanning dialect, Yongning, Chongzuo, Ningming, Hengxian, Pingnan and parts of Liuzhou.

Wuzhou Dialect of Wuzhou, Daan, Danzhu, Wulin, Guiping, Jintian, Cangwu and Hezhou in Guangxi.

There is no leakage in Yulin, Guigang 13 counties and cities in Guangxi (except Pingnan County and Guiping County).

There are no Qin Lian films in Qinzhou, Hepu, Pubei, Fangcheng, Lingshan and Beihai in Guangxi.

Edit this China Xiang dialect.

Used in Hunan. Distributed in most areas of Hunan Province (out of the northwest corner), it is usually divided into two categories: old and new. The new Xiang dialect is closer to the northern dialect. Hunan dialect is represented by Changsha dialect (new) and Loushao dialect (old), and its users account for about 5% of the total population. The new Xiang dialect spreads around with Changsha dialect as the center, which is characterized by dialect tongue sound and the disappearance of nasal sound, and there is no distinction between ch/q, h/f, sh/x and ong/eng. Including Changsha dialect, Yueyang dialect, Yiyang dialect, Zhuzhou dialect and Xiangtan dialect. Old Xiang dialect includes Hengyang dialect, Xiangxiang dialect and Shaoyang dialect. For example, Xiangxiang dialect is distributed in Xiangxiang, Shuangfeng, Loudi and Lianyuan, and the overall pronunciation is basically the same. New Xiang dialect is popular in big cities such as Changsha and is greatly influenced by northern dialects. The population of Hunan dialect accounts for about 3.2% of the total population of Han nationality.

Edit this China Gan dialect.

dialect

Gan dialect, also known as Gan dialect, was called Lisu in ancient times. It belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family and is mainly used in most areas of Jiangxi, eastern Hunan and southwestern Anhui. The number of users is about 5 1.48 million (see the figure, the previous data of 30 million is not accurate enough), and it is one of the seven major dialect areas in Chinese. More than 60 counties and cities in Jiangxi Province speak Gan dialect. Including Nanchang, Jingdezhen (urban area), Pingxiang, Yichun, Fuzhou and Jinggangshan: Nanchang, Xinjian, Anyi, Jing 'an, Fengxin, Gao 'an, Yifeng, Tonggu (some people think Hakka is popular), Shanggao, Wanzai, Fenyi, Xinyu, Qingjiang, Fengcheng, Jinxian, Dongxiang and Linchuan. Most counties and cities in Shangrao and Jiujiang: Boyang, Yugan, Wannian, yingtan, Guixi, yujiang county County, Yiyang, Hengfeng, Lead Mountain, Leping, Yongxiu, Dean, Xing Zi, Duchang, Pengze, Wuning and Xiushui; There are also towns and villages using Gan dialect in Guangchang, Shicheng, Ningdu, Xingguo, Du Yu, Ruijin and Huichang counties in Ganzhou. In addition, there are 13 counties in the eastern border of Hunan Province: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Youxian, Chaling, Lingxian, Guidong, Rucheng, Changning, Zixing and Anren. Some people think that Yueyang and Yongxing also belong to the Gan dialect area. Four counties and cities in northwest Fujian: Shaowu, Guangze, Jianning, Taining and Jiangle; Eight counties bordering Jiangxi in southeastern Hubei: Tongcheng, Puyin, Chongyang, Tongshan, Yangxin, Xianning, Jiayu and Daye; According to the preliminary understanding, the dialects of Wangjiang, Dongzhi, Susong, Huaining, Taihu Lake, Buried Hill, Yuexi, Tongcheng and other counties in Anqing, southwest Anhui Province are similar to Gan dialect, but their attribution is uncertain at present, and they may also be classified as Gan dialect. Map of Chinese dialects

Edit this passage of other dialects in China.

Whether the following dialects constitute an independent large dialect area is still controversial. Jin language: Jin language is used in most parts of Shanxi, as well as in northern Shaanxi, western Hebei, northwestern Henan and Hetao, Inner Mongolia. Pinghua: It is used in some areas of Guangxi. It is said to be the Shandong dialect spoken by the Southern Army stationed in Guiping in the Song Dynasty. It is a branch of northern dialect. Hui language: also known as Huizhou dialect, or considered to belong to Wu language.

Chinese dialects, commonly known as local dialects, are only used in certain areas. It is not another language independent of the national language, but only the language used in some areas. Most dialects in modern Chinese have gone through a long process of evolution and gradually formed. There are many factors that form Chinese dialects, such as social, historical and geographical factors, such as population migration, mountain and river barriers and so on. There are also factors that belong to the language itself, such as the imbalance of language development and the mutual contact and influence between different languages. Dialect is only in a certain area, but it has a complete system. Dialect has phonetic structure system, lexical structure system and grammatical structure system, which can meet the needs of social communication in this region. Various local dialects of the same nation and the common language of this nation generally always show the linguistic characteristics of "similarities and differences, differences and similarities". In general, the national common language is always developed on the basis of a pronunciation. Dialects can be divided into regional dialects and social dialects according to their nature. Regional dialect is a language variety caused by regional differences, a branch of national languages in different regions and a regional reflection of unbalanced language development. Social dialects are different social variants formed by social members in the same area due to social differences in occupation, class, age, gender and cultural upbringing. Among several dialects of modern Chinese in China, the northern dialect can be regarded as the development of ancient Chinese in the vast northern region after thousands of years, and the rest dialects are gradually formed by the continuous southward migration of northern residents in history. The early Jiangnan area, mainly inhabited by the Guyue nationality, used Guyue language, which was far from ancient Chinese and could not speak. Later, the Han people in the north went south several times on a large scale, bringing ancient northern Chinese in different periods, which spread to various regions in the south of the Yangtze River and gradually formed six dialects that were obviously different from each other. There are three reasons for the differences in dialects: first, before the contact between northern Chinese and southern ancient Vietnamese, there were their own regional dialects; Second, China people in the north go south at different times, and naturally China people go south at different times. Third, the southern dialect developed in a certain unique environment. In the development of Han society, there have been different degrees of differentiation and unification, which gradually led to the emergence of Chinese dialects. There are various dialects in modern Chinese, which are widely distributed. The differences between modern Chinese dialects are manifested in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, especially in pronunciation. Some scholars in China believe that most dialects and common languages have certain corresponding laws in pronunciation and many similarities in vocabulary and grammar, so they are not independent languages. Foreign scholars believe that people in different dialect areas can't talk to each other, so they are independent languages, especially the dialects in Min dialect. According to the characteristics of dialects, the history of their formation and development, and the results of the current dialect survey, dialects of modern Chinese can be divided. At present, Chinese linguists have different opinions on the division of modern Chinese dialects. Most people think that there are seven dialects in modern Chinese. Our country has a large population and complicated situation, and the dialects that can't be spoken are divided into regions. According to the modern popular distribution, modern Chinese dialects can be divided into seven dialect areas. Namely Northern Dialect (Mandarin), Wu Dialect, Xiang Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Min Dialect and Yue Dialect. At the same time, in complex dialect areas, some dialects can be further divided into several dialects (sub-dialects), and even can be divided into "dialects". These dialects are dialects that know every place (a certain thing, a certain county, a certain town, a certain village), so they are called local dialects. For example, Guangzhou dialect and Changsha dialect.