Tianlong Babu, 92 Zoroastrianism, wants to be a single brush pet, and the automatic skills require high earthquake resistance, high counterattack, high adaptability, high strength and high agility.

The occurrence of religious plans in the Yangtze River is mostly due to rumors, which are nothing more than the church's infatuation and stealing glances at young children. In fact, these are just rumors deliberately created and spread by society. The purpose of premeditated religious plans is to rob property. The above-mentioned two religious cases are the largest and most representative religious cases along the Yangtze River in the late Qing Dynasty, and the reasons for the incidents are rumors. The scale and scope of lesson plans are rare, covering almost all major cities along the Yangtze River. These lesson plans generally spread from west to east to Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou. But after it spread to Suzhou, it rarely spread to Shanghai, and even if it did, its scale and influence were very small. It stands to reason that Shanghai belongs to the Yangtze River valley, and the traffic and news between Shanghai and other coastal cities such as Suzhou, Changzhou and Zhenjiang are quite convenient. Since these religious plans can spread to Changzhou and Suzhou on a large scale, it is impossible for Shanghai not to be greatly affected, but why not?

In June 1873 (Lunar New Year), there was such a news "Blood on the Wall" in Shenbao:

There is a tiger stove in Houjiabang, the old north gate, and several baths are used for bathing. Yesterday, two people went into the bathroom. While undressing and taking a bath, they suddenly saw red water on the wall, which spilled all over the floor and was as red as blood. I was shocked that the wall at the joint was bleeding and the ground was covered with blood pools. Pedestrians heard about it and looked around. There is no doubt that it is on the wall. The bathroom suggested tearing down this wall to make it different. Bricks and stones, only plaster, no blood, everyone was amazed. Its owner, He Jiyun, recorded in history books that there was a change of rain and blood, and there was a change of blood gushing from the ground. Today's blood spurted from the wall is also a kind of blood spurted from the ground. If the cloud master has any good or bad luck, please be proficient in inspection.

Then the next day, on the front page of "Shen Bao", an article entitled "Rumors about blood being punished on the wall" was published:

The story of blood on the wall reported in yesterday's newspaper is now detailed, so I repeat it and see that this rumor is unbelievable. On the evening of the previous day 13, Lishui people in Houjiabang, North Gate opened a Tiger Kitchen Teahouse for many years, so they set up a soup basin for guests to bathe in. A guest was taking a bath when he suddenly shouted that there was a lot of blood on the brick wall of the bathtub. People who ran out of the bath to have tea were frightened. They went to watch and spread it to their neighbors. They gathered more and more and tore down the brick wall without a trace. The shopkeeper was greatly humiliated by Europe and the tiger stove was destroyed. From far and near, there are people of all ages, and it is very lively. How about the master's ignorance. Ye Yi respects rural ignorance. If he follows the rules, it will be too heavy to follow the law. He only shows the cangue number of the person who initiated the false statement, and puts the rest home. ..... I have this feeling. If all the functions of ministers and counties in western Guangdong in the last years of Daoguang were like Ye Gong's intentions and diligence and sensitivity, what would happen when Hong Xiuquan's fortune-telling rumors misled the public? Officials can visit and arrest, but it takes more than a dozen police officers to get it done. After jintian uprising, only a few hundred people gathered, and if the ministers of Xinjiang could fly into the imperial court, they could only send a thousand soldiers, so it was impossible for a thief to settle down before. ..... Don't you think what happened in western Guangdong is a warning? What's more, Shanghai is a mixed area in the west and the focus of attention of all countries. How can we make nonsense and demagogues succeed? If it is not handled quickly and strictly, the effect will be different, that is, it will not spread to other places. ..... such as Ye Gong's quick punishment, which made others dare not follow suit, not only saved the life of today's rumor mongers, but also saved the life of future rumors. I hope Ye will not take out the list of charges of spreading lies and misleading people contained in the laws and regulations, so that those who are ignorant and have different preferences will know the warning when they see it, so that they will not be imitated by the latter, and they will not turn small into big and small into nothing. Do those ignorant people think so?

The first article is about the bleeding on a bathroom wall, which should belong to the phenomenon of underground bleeding. The article completely stands in an objective position and narrates a fact that has happened.

The next day's article was completely different. The title of the article is "On the Rumors of Blood Splashing on the Wall to Punish Things", which not only describes the whole incident and results, but also discusses the rumors of blood splashing on the wall. The author first describes the origin and process of bleeding on the wall, and then points out that Ye Yizun, an adult magistrate, went to investigate and found that it was a rumor, and describes how the adult magistrate punished the rumor. Then the author began to assume: "Yun Ruo Ye Yi is a respected person who cares about the people, pays attention everywhere and works diligently." Why should he care when he hears rumors? " Once this idea is saved, it will not be investigated soon. Rumors are circulating everywhere and I don't know how much to add. The words are shocking. "The author's hypothesis has two meanings: first, rumors are no trivial matters, and second, if rumors are considered trivial matters, if they are left unchecked, they will lead to catastrophe. The author points out the key point of this article. "Since Shanghai is a mixed area in the west and the focus of attention of all countries, how can people who spread rumors and mislead people succeed?" "If it is not handled quickly and strictly, the effect will be different, that is, it will not spread to other places. What's more, people's hearts are different, just things are regarded as the past, and weird things are like novelty. Walker said they could follow suit, preachers might as well spread it in makeup, so as not to cause great disaster, but the crime of killing is inevitable. " Finally, the author points out the way to stop rumors and solve problems, that is, "take the list of misleading charges contained in laws and regulations as the thoroughfare, so that people who are ignorant and like different will know the warning when they see it, so that they will not be imitated by the latter and will not go up in smoke."

In my opinion, Shanghai's position is particularly important and special. Shanghai is a mixed area, where many foreigners live, as well as institutions and churches from all over the world. A little carelessness may lead to international disputes and lead to national disaster. How can rumors mislead people into success in such an important and sensitive city?

The author's attitude is probably the attitude of the Qing government and the Shanghai local government. Every international dispute since the Opium War, no matter where it is, always suffers from the government and people of China. Pay attention to a series of religious plans in the late Qing Dynasty. Whether it was because of rumors or not, the Qing government was finally compensated, such as the Qingpu religious case in Shanghai and the Tianjin religious case. Restraint or "restraint" is the guiding principle of the Qing government in dealing with foreign relations. However, the implementation of this "detention" policy varies from place to place, which is not unrelated to the local social and cultural environment and the concepts of local officials.

The above news about the rumor of "blood on the wall" actually directly reflects the whole process of dispelling rumors in modern Shanghai. First, there are rumors that attract people's attention, people with different opinions, or people circulating in the street. Then newspapers in Shanghai, especially influential newspapers such as Shenbao, will objectively publish the ins and outs of this rumor, and then newspapers will follow up and publish commentary articles related to this rumor and the results of government judgment. Because the fact that rumors spread objectively can be fully announced, it will naturally lead to people's own judgments; Subsequent comments will inspire people and guide people to judge and guess the truth of rumors; In the end, the authoritative result judged by the government will lead to the denial of the truth of rumors by the whole society, thus realizing the elimination of rumors.

Shanghai has the largest concession in China, and the biggest feature of this city is that there are many foreign countries and foreigners. Shanghai was not only the most developed and open city in China at that time, but also the window of cultural exchange between China and the West. The western lifestyle, advanced urban management system and advanced technology have all been displayed in this tempting city. From the west wind to the east, electric lights, telephones, trams, trains, cars, gas lamps, self-ignition and other new means of transportation and daily necessities almost all first appeared in Shanghai. After decades of interaction between China and the West, Shanghainese gradually adapted to and accepted western civilization and its lifestyle, and gradually began to pursue western culture. For example, since the British brought horse racing to Shanghai, Shanghainese have gradually taken an active part in it. The entry of western religions has not been rejected by Shanghainese like some inland provinces.

1842 After Christianity was banned, Catholicism developed greatly in Shanghai. In the late Qing Dynasty, many Catholic missions (including women's missions) and foreign missions sent missionaries to Shanghai and established their own missions in Shanghai. Shanghai is not only the center of Jiangnan missionary area, but also the missionary center of Catholicism in China. In addition, Christianity also developed very rapidly in the late Qing Dynasty. In addition to establishing churches and developing parishioners, they also set up church schools and medical institutions in Shanghai. In a word, Catholicism and Christianity have developed quite successfully in Shanghai. More and more people have become parishioners, and their influence is growing, and people know more about them.

In the process of preaching in Shanghai, western missionaries will inevitably have conflicts with local people, such as Qingpu religious case and Xujiahui religious case. But on the whole, there were no other major religious plans in Shanghai in the 70 years of the late Qing Dynasty except these two serious religious plans. However, both of the above religious plans occurred in the early stage of the ban. At that time, because the missionary activities of western missionaries in Shanghai had just been banned, their missionary activities in Shanghai were not on the right track, and it was inevitable that they either did not fully understand the feelings and laws of local people, or used the privileges brought by unequal treaties to rub against local people. However, with the development of western missionaries' missionary work in Shanghai and their missionary mode of combining missionary work with localization, their friction with local people is decreasing day by day.

There has never been a major religious plan caused by rumors in Shanghai for many reasons. On the one hand, there is no soil for rumors to trigger religious plans in Shanghai. On the other hand, Shanghainese, especially government officials, have more or less reached an understanding of the guiding ideology of analyzing and judging the truth of rumors and preventing international disputes. For example, when the anti-Westernization activities carried out by the Boxer Rebellion in North China were in full swing in 1899, Shanghai was very calm. 1900 When Beijing declared war on the Eight Powers, the Boxer Rebellion, the Qing Army and Eight-Nation Alliance were fighting in Tianjin and Beijing, while the governors in the southeast plotted to disobey the imperial edict in Shanghai and "protect each other in the southeast" with foreigners. In fact, the formation of "mutual protection in the southeast" was closely related to the governor's deeper understanding of the situation in the west at that time and the huge objective differences between China and the West. The conflict between China and the West for more than half a century has made Shanghai local officials and local gentry at the forefront of contact with the West realize that only by trying their best to avoid conflicts with western powers can Shanghai live in a peaceful environment. Undoubtedly, the guiding ideology of Shanghai local government and gentry towards westernization also influenced Shanghainese. 1873 February 13 Shen Bao published an article entitled "stealing children's eyes":

There was Su Xin yesterday. It is understood that on the eighth day of February, there were four people in a small family named Li in Dashi Gu Xiang, a couple, a mother and a sister-in-law. Li did some small business and didn't come back. His wife just gave birth to a baby last winter, four and a half months old. She slept with her arms around her when she was nursing. Because I wanted a little inheritance, I slept in a basket and covered it with a handkerchief, and temporarily went into the back room. Living in this street-facing city, I entered two rooms and left the door open when I entered. After the funeral, the son was bleeding and crying, and the pearl in the child's eye had been dug out with a knife. The police called the neighbors to gather spectators, but most people were shocked and didn't know why. Even if the letter about the son's life and death didn't say it was a run! Because I read these stories a few years ago, I don't want to be poisoned now. In the special report, I hope readers will widely advise parents of street children everywhere to be cautious from now on, and don't let their children sleep alone in the outside and fall into the hands of bandits.

This article published in Shenbao describes the whole process of the incident and warns residents to take precautions against such incidents. We know that there are many rumors among the people that stealing children's eyes is done by foreign religions, especially in Hubei, Anhui and Sichuan. Many important religious plans in the late Qing Dynasty were related to such rumors. This groundless rumor, in the context of the spread of foreign religions at that time, is likely to cause unnecessary controversy. After Shen Bao published such an article, people should speculate that if it is used by people with ulterior motives, it is likely to lead to religious plans. If so, Shen Bao, who published such articles without any investigation, can't escape the blame. Perhaps in order to avoid getting into trouble, perhaps to calm people's speculation, perhaps the publication of such an article conflicts with the local government's policy of trying to avoid conflicts between China and foreign countries, and other reasons, Shenbao published another article on March 13 entitled "Distinguish between stealing eyes and not referring to western personnel":

On February 13, an incident of stealing children's eyes happened in this newspaper, which was described by a friend in Suzhou. According to our library, it was published in the newspaper. Today, I read that the Hong Kong West Word Daily translated this matter into western language, and I suspected that the previous newspaper had hidden the meaning of westerners. Our museum was surprised. It was found that the Tianjin incident the year before last was fabricated by bandits, which caused great disaster! The official constitution found out that the initial understanding was rumors, no evidence, and so on. But many people breathe a sigh of relief because they know westerners, but they know that they belong to a child, and the interpretation of the official constitution is clear. What happened recently in Suzhou won the hearts of the people, and the local customs were not unreasonable. Everyone was sympathetic. Is it willing to do such an ugly move? I'm afraid He Qiyu is stupid? Is there anything fascinating and confusing about what westerners call understanding? For teaching practice, it is also good to think that the self-centered view of Chinese is not only self-centered, but also depends on its intention. I deeply hope that the people who learn it have the same faith and come to China from thousands of miles away. Their aspirations are good and bitter! In the past, Tianjin people were not interested in other religions, and they were puzzled by rumors and unfounded things. Up to now, China people have spread to China for thousands of years, namely Buddhism and Taoism. Knowledgeable people still think they are wrong, so it is natural to be dissatisfied with Catholicism. However, there is nothing wrong with its teaching, so readers should not doubt it with such things, and West Renye Fang should not doubt itself!

The article first shows the attitude of the newspaper, saying that the newspaper only published according to what friends said, and was very surprised that some people suspected that the newspaper implied that the matter was done by westerners, that is, clarifying that the newspaper did not imply westerners. Then, take Tianjin as an example. The article said that Tianjin was rumored by bandits, which almost caused great disaster. Finally, the government found out that the truth really had nothing to do with westerners, and pointed out that no one should do such a sneaky thing, that is, it might be misinformation. Then the article goes on to clarify its own point of view that foreign religions come from afar with good intentions and foreigners do not preach with ulterior motives. In this case, some people framed foreign religions without any factual basis, and the newspaper was very puzzled. At the end of the article, it is also said that people's dissatisfaction with Catholicism is understandable, but the teachings of foreign religions are also worth learning. In particular, newspaper readers are reminded not to suspect that such things are done by foreigners, and I hope westerners will not take it amiss.

After analysis, this article has good intentions. We should not only clarify our position, but also point out that it is normal for some people to speculate wildly. We should also ask China people and westerners to look at this matter objectively. The two articles published in Shenbao convey at least the following information:

(1) Rumors like stealing children's eyes are really circulating. It is a fact that many religious plans in the late Qing Dynasty were caused by rumors. It is always the so-called rumors of picking, cutting and selling women that cause religious plans. Shanghai people have complicated thoughts, and it is normal for such rumors to circulate.

(2) Some people reject foreign religions, and it is normal to speculate on foreign religions. China has been believing in Buddhism and Taoism for thousands of years, but people of insight still think this is wrong, so it is reasonable for some people to be dissatisfied with foreign religions.

(3) The doctrines of foreign religions are not without merit. Not far from Wan Li, the foreign priest came to China to preach, and his ambition is commendable. On the other hand, his intentions are not bad.

(4) Some rumors have been investigated by the government and are indeed false.

(5) Advise China people not to suspect that the rumor is made by westerners on the basis of no factual basis, and hope that westerners can understand the doubts of China people.

In fact, this attitude of the newspaper is completely consistent with that of the local government in Shanghai. The local government in Shanghai is really trying to avoid religious cases caused by rumors. The attitude of the government to punish those who create rumors and spread rumors is positive, just as the blood on the wall above punishes the perpetrators. From this, we can sum up the basic process of dispelling rumors in modern Shanghai: the manufacture or dissemination of rumors (both in local and foreign cities)-information publication (such as newspaper publication)-active discussion (such as comments from newspapers or other information media)-final characterization (such as official punishment of rumors and rumors, or official authoritative judgment)-rumors have been dispelled.

Surplus theory

Shanghai is full of rumors, but in the 70 years of the late Qing Dynasty, no religious plan in Shanghai was caused by rumors or seriously affected by rumors from other places. This is not an accidental phenomenon, but the objective conditions and subjective recognition of Shanghai, that is, Shanghai has a strong ability to refute rumors.

For example, when religious plans are triggered by rumors from time to time in other cities or provinces, and when religious plans are triggered by rumors in cities around Shanghai, Shanghai is always very calm, objective and true. Shanghai newspapers may publish some so-called "truths" from other places, but they will never fan the flames and cause trouble; Shanghainese may hear rumors from other places, but they will never attack churches or kill parishioners or missionaries. It may be difficult for the local government in Shanghai to determine the truth or falsehood of rumors for a while, but it is definitely not as laissez-faire as some local governments, and even acquiesces or implies that people attack churches.

There is no doubt that Shanghai is the first city to open its atmosphere. Western lifestyles, concepts, science and technology, and democratic politics were introduced into China, and Shanghai was the first to bear the brunt. The advanced western civilization has brought great shock to Shanghai as a whole. The powerful western civilization influenced Shanghai, the largest concession, and Shanghai accepted and pursued western civilization much faster than other cities. Shanghai became the largest city in China in just a few decades after opening to the outside world. It has been far ahead of other cities in China in terms of urban economic modernization, transportation modernization, information modernization and urban management modernization, and has become the leader of China's modernization.

Shanghai is also ahead of other cities in newspaper industry, new book publishing industry, new education, and literary and artistic development, which greatly strengthens the ability of Shanghainese to accept information and improves their quality and knowledge structure to a certain extent. In addition, Shanghai also has the largest concession in China, and it is also the concession that western powers deliberately operate the most in China. The municipal facilities and management mode in the concession have become the most intuitive and vivid education for Shanghainese to fully contact with Western learning. For these Shanghainese, they have experienced the process of "first surprised, then different, then envious, then effective". Envy, recognition, imitation and imitation have become Shanghainese's ideological understanding and concrete action response to the modernization of western cities.

Under the influence of the rapid development of Shanghai's modernization and the demonstration effect of concession, the concept, lifestyle, knowledge structure and way of thinking of Shanghai people are changing, the political concept and vision of Shanghai local government are also changing, and everything in Shanghai is changing rapidly. All this has increased Shanghai's discrimination against rumors and fully dispelled many rumors.