Fertility custom of Han nationality in late Qing Dynasty

In the late Qing Dynasty, due to the social and economic changes, the infiltration of western ideology and culture, especially the Reform Movement of 1898 and the revolutionary party's propaganda and criticism of the feudal system and feudal ethics in the late Qing Dynasty, the life interest system and norms of the Qing Dynasty were greatly impacted, which determined the life etiquette and customs of the Han society in the late Qing Dynasty, and inevitably appeared the era style of alternating old and new. In particular, many changes have taken place in the wedding and funeral customs of the lower classes in the Han Dynasty, such as civilized weddings in marriage and memorial ceremonies in funeral ceremonies. While inheriting the tradition, they absorbed and melted the factors of western culture, showing a trend of keeping pace with the times and gradually seeking new ones. Birthday custom 1 Pray for children and pregnancy In the late Qing Dynasty, there were many customs of praying for children at weddings. For example, when the bride enters the door, she spreads the floor with a cloth bag, changes it around, tells her to step on it, and calls it a bag to win the color of generations. In Hunan folk, there is also a relatively primitive ceremony to send Kirin. According to Hu Pu 'an's Records of China Ethnic Customs, this custom existed in Changsha, Hunan Province in the Qing Dynasty. Generally speaking, whenever a dragon lantern player comes to the host's house to give a gift, people dance dragons around infertile women, and then ride the shortened body of the dragon on the children and walk in front of the hall for a week, even if a unicorn comes to see them off. There is a poem in the Qing dynasty that women can be surrounded by dragons, and they are infatuated. Dragons are not as good as paper dragons. Children can be unicorns. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, in order to get children, the people did not hesitate to whip the bride. This custom is called Paixi in Minhou, Fujian. That is, on the night of the Lantern Festival, relatives and neighbors found a bride who was not pregnant with bamboo poles and beat her up. This is the so-called nobility. This custom is aimed at female infertility because there are evil things on her body, thinking that only flogging evil things can make her pregnant and have children, which reflects the ignorance and backwardness of Han social customs in Qing Dynasty. There is also a popular custom called reincarnation. The main method is to make pregnant women wear something or perform some magic, thus changing the sex of the fetus. For example, the custom in Huang Du Town, Qingpu, Jiangsu Province: When a wife is pregnant, if she wears realgar beside her, Yunneng can turn a woman into a man; His wife was less than three months pregnant. Old Fair Dan wore strange clothes and turned left three times around the well to see a detailed movie. Don, don, she will give birth to a man. Juan: China Folk Customs, Volume III, Jiangsu, Shanghai Bookstore, 1986, pp.16-117. In addition, there are simpler and more convenient embryo transfer methods. For example, if you want to have a boy, let pregnant women look at more portraits of male dolls, have more contact with boys, and eat more meat from cocks and male animals. Pregnant women also have a series of taboos in various places. For example, when Anhui women give birth, it is forbidden to throw sewage into the basin at will for fear of pollution, which will bring disaster to the girls who give birth. When a baby is born, its placenta should be treated with a mud bowl, covered with fat mud, and then planted with a bunch of onions, called longevity onions, to show longevity and wisdom. Zhou: dongyang customs journal 1984 printed version. There are rituals and customs of washing clothes in northern and southern China. Juan: Three days after the baby is born, it will be called Xisan. On that day, we will invite our biological mother home and give her a discount on food. Then our family presented the imperial edict paper with the images of the bed owner and the bed mother, and took five sets of raw stoves as offerings. Midwives burn incense and paper. Then pour the fire or boiled Sophora japonica water into the basin, and reserve a bowl and two dishes of cold water: one dish of pancreas, one dish of alkali, cochineal, rice flour, tea, sugar, green cloth, white cloth, scale, scissors, lock, mirror, etc. A plate of chicken, peanuts, chestnuts, dates, cinnamon, etc. In front of all relatives and friends.

A plate of pancreas, alkali, rouge, pink, flowers, tea sugar, green cloth, white cloth, rose bucket, lock weight, hammer, comb, grate mirror, gold and silver, and a plate of red eggs, peanuts, chestnuts, dates, longan, lychee, watermelon, onion and ginger. At this time, all relatives and friends gathered in front of the bed, and the mother-in-law picked up the child and asked everyone to add several pots of cold water. She said, smart, long-flowing dried fruit, she said, dates and chestnuts will give birth to your son. One longan, three yuan in the middle, plus gold and silver. She said: A box full of gold and a box full of silver will win the championship next year. Then she stirred with a mallet until the water temperature was right. While stirring, she said. One stir, two stir and three stir. Each of them ran with his brother, opened the bag and put the child in the basin five times. Children cry. This is a good sign. Grandma never stops: wash your hair first and be a prince; After washing the waist, each generation is taller than the next; Wash eggs and be a magistrate; Wash the ditch and know the state; Brush your teeth, rinse your mouth and talk to others to avoid losing face; Comb two strings with three combs, put on a red top when you grow up, burn the child's brain and forehead with moxa balls, coat the umbilical cord with burnt alum powder, beat the child with swaddling clothes, hit the child with green onions three times and throw it on the roof: one clever, three clever and three evil. Hold the lock three times: head tight, feet tight, hands tight. And weight ratio: weight 1000 kg. Look in the mirror: have a look, the excrement during the day is black and clean. Put the child on the tea tray: gold on the left and silver on the right, so that, unexpectedly, the servant can get a reward. Arrange flowers in the kitchen: peach, apricot, rose, tuberose, gardenia, jasmine, flower scar, bean rash, sparse. All the food and silverware in the basin belong to grandma. She completely restrained herself. Finally, she burned down her mother's yard. She wants to say: My mother's surname is Li, and I gave it to you as a child. Send more children and less girls. I sent the bed god, washed it three times and grandma asked for money. Li Ling: Chronology of Ethnic Customs in China, Renmin University of China Press, 1990, p. 13- 14. In the late Qing Dynasty, there was a shortage of doctors and medicines among the people, and the infant mortality rate was high. Therefore, people are afraid of raising children, so there is a custom of naming gods and buddhas. Xu Zhao said: I'm afraid my child will die. Some are called godmothers in the name of Guanyin, Wenchang Emperor, Chenghuang Emperor and other ghosts or monks and nuns. In Jiangnan district, this relationship ended on the wedding day when the children grew up. The ceremony is to retrieve the posting bag left in the temple when posting, commonly known as pulling the bag. After these ceremonies, the relationship between names came to an end. In the Qing dynasty, it was also popular among Han people to let children know their relatives. According to Zhong Yulong's life and death? Diet? According to the analysis of men and women, there are three main reasons for the popularity of the custom of recognizing parents: first, because the two families have deep friendship and are entrusted by their children, as godparents, they have more kinship; Because the child's horoscope can live forever, it should be given to Xiao, so it can be avoided; Because of their children's horoscope, they have to send a long way. It "these are all the words of fortune tellers, and what are the two most common words for the receiver?" Zhong Yulong: Clearing money? Customs, Zhejiang American Press, 1983, p. 492. In the south, the sender's parents, accompanied by the queen mother's birthday girl and ten bowls of vegetarian dishes, went to the sender's home to fast, led by Japanese parents, plus cakes, peaches, candles, noodles, shoes and socks, shoes and so on. Sacrifice their parents; Prepare banquets, incense, etc. Worship the ancestors of the godfather godmother. For children sent by their parents, one is to take their names and let them be included in the ranking of children from their surnames; Second, give gifts; 3. For the purpose of locking the gold and silver pieces, put them on the paper named and send them out, which is called pressing the post; Fourth, clothes, hats, shoes, socks and so on. In which t

Other biscuits, soju, incense sticks and silver ingots are all used for burning. The monk named the temple after him, and wrote Fu Bao's name on a piece of red paper and posted it outside the gate. So every July, their parents took their children to visit Grandpa Hu until they were sixteen. About bar mitzvah and birthday. The baby is one year old. There is a custom of one week. Children in Jiangnan should fast for the birthday of the Queen Mother, put on hundreds of locks and give gifts to relatives and friends. Neighbor Zhong Yulong said Hangzhou? Speaking of customs: The Zhouyi custom in Hangzhou in the late Qing Dynasty said that the mother should be born at the age of one, and the children should wear shoes and socks. One hundred people who are locked up beg for hundreds of dollars and then make money. Among them, the five surnames of Lao, Gu, Wan, Nian and Chen are the most important, which means stronger than the city of all ages. If you have to take a bamboo car, you must buy a candy cake under the car, which means that you can persist and you will be able to sit still in the future. Friends and relatives, a pair of shoes and socks, and two plates of weekly cakes made of powder. Grandma has more dresses, jackets and pants. Cash delivery is called the respect of quenching plate. , page 49 1-492. When children grow up, they have the custom of giving gifts. In Tongzhi County, Sichuan Province, for ten years, he ordered Hangzhou to invite people to give lectures and sent three gifts to his son in the mansion. Once restored, the audience was blocked and the bridge was broken. Guangxu said Hangzhou. Shanxi said that Hangzhou also recorded the detailed rules of the coronation ceremony. The author's intention is obvious: the ceremony should not be abolished accidentally, so he should make up his mind to tell people in the world who are interested in retro. Guangxu said Hangzhou. In some areas, a simple coronation ceremony is held, such as Shenzhou in Zhili, where1families of scholars aged 5 to 20 choose to wear hats, and their immersion banquet has long been abandoned. Guangxu ceremony. It can be seen that although the complicated coronation ceremony has been abolished in the past, its heritage is still popular among the people as a traditional custom. However, more commonly, most areas of the Han nationality combine coronation ceremony with wedding. It is usually held three days or one day before the wedding. Entertain guests, write numbers and numbers for the crowned people and write them on the wall. From then on, the man can use words and numbers to enter his ancestral temple and do what adults should do. For example, ordinary families in Zunhua area of Zhili wear wheat hats in summer and felt hats in winter, but they don't wear tassels easily. They only use it on the wedding day, or they want to get married before the coronation. Guangxu xuzengle county annals. Men in Dingxian get married, dress and learn manners, while boys behave like adults. Records of Yushe County in Guangxu Period. In some areas, American gifts for women have been replaced by the opening ceremony before the wedding. Even if an elderly woman twists her hair on the face of someone who wants to wash her face with silk thread, the opening ceremony means that the woman has grown up. The pre-wedding hairpin ceremony popular in Sichuan is also an example of the wedding coronation ceremony. The day before the wedding, the folks in Chengdu got married. The father ordered his son to be present, put on the crown and teach him how to be an adult. After ancestor worship, relatives and friends dyed their hair red and drank wine to congratulate them. Yushe county annals of tongzhi county. On the day before the wedding in Jiangxi and Nanxi counties, the host held a gathering of relatives and friends, and invited an outstanding rural person as the guest of honor, and invited four bridesmaids to sit in the crown seats in the east corner and the west corner. First, they told their ancestors by toasting that the guests were invited to perform three ceremonies. The guest of honor wishes the crown and teaches by example. After the ceremony, a ceremony will be held. Each of his relatives and friends congratulated him with a bonus and a bottle of bad wine. Worship parents first, always worship elders, hold banquets and drink luxurious wine. In the late Qing Dynasty, the folk custom of celebrating birthdays was quite popular. Especially for old people's birthdays, it is very ostentatious and luxurious. This book records how Ye Ting, the Shanghai magistrate, celebrated his mother's birthday during the Tongzhi period. Two days before my birthday, the yamen was crowded with people.