The development of ancient poetry

There were two-character poems, four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems in the pre-Qin period, and the representative works were The Book of Songs and Songs of the South in the late Warring States period. The representative poems of Han Yuefu in Han Dynasty are Nineteen Ancient Poems and Peacock Flying Southeast. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, a group of people under the Ye Dynasty were formed centering on "Three Caos" and "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an" such as RoyceWong, and were praised as "Jian 'an Style" by later generations. There are also "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". The representative works include 82 love poems by Ruan Ji, and the pastoral poems by Tao Yuanming in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, which have a direct influence on the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the representative poets in the South were Xie Lingyun and Bao Zhao. Folk songs in the Southern Dynasties are graceful and euphemistic, and the masterpiece is Xizhou Song. The folk songs of the Northern Dynasties are rough and bold, and the masterpiece is Mulan Poetry. The Tang Dynasty was the golden age in the history of China's poetry. "Four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty", two schools of poetry first appeared in the prosperous Tang Dynasty: one was the school of pastoral poetry represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, which expressed leisure and carefree feelings and had a fresh and natural style; Second, frontier poets, represented by Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling, wrote more about frontier scenery and military life, either generously and tragically or magnificently. So Li Bai and Du Fu were born, known as the "Gemini" in the history of China's poetry. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang poetry experienced a short transition, and the second prosperity appeared in the middle Tang Dynasty. Represented by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen, the New Yuefu Movement was launched. They advocated that "articles should keep pace with the times, and poetry should keep pace with the times", and created allegorical poems such as New Yuefu and Qin Zhongyin, criticizing the disadvantages of the times. Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel are famous ancient poems. Han Meng, represented by Han Yu and Meng Jiao, advocates adventure and grotesque, and creates prose poems. In addition, there are poets with artistic personality, such as Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan. At the turn of the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Li He, the "Shi Gui", and Leng Yan were deep, fantastic and romantic. In the late Tang Dynasty, the poetic style tends to be light and sentimental, but Du Mu and Li Shangyin, known as "Little Du Li", made the highest achievements. Du Mu is good at the Seven Musts, reciting history and remembering the past, and lyrically writing scenery, all of which are fresh and elegant and charming. Li Shangyin's Seven Rhythms are affectionate and graceful in style, especially the untitled poems, which are meaningful, inspiring, profound, beautiful and unique.

The overall achievement of the Song Dynasty is not as good as that of the Tang Dynasty. Poets such as Yang Yi and Qian in the early Song Dynasty all learned from Li Shangyin, whose style is. Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei, Mei and Ouyang Xiu advocated the poetry innovation movement and restored the tradition of paying attention to reality. Su Huang was the most influential poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi and Su Shi, the outstanding representatives of poets in the Southern Song Dynasty, are "four great poets in Zhongxing" (Lu You, You Mao, Yang Wanli and Fan Chengda). By the end of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang and Wang Yuanliang appeared. The most outstanding poet in the Jin Dynasty was Yuan Haowen.

Sanqu appeared in the Yuan Dynasty. The early representative writers were Guan Hanqing and Ma Zhiyuan, and the later representative writers were Zhang Kejiu and George. Ma Zhiyuan's poem "Tianjingsha Qiu Si" and Sui's divertimento "General Tune, Whispering and the Return of Gaozu" are both representative works.

In the early Ming Dynasty, the poems of Gao Qi, Liu Ji and others were more realistic, but then the "Taige Style" poetry school headed by the imperial court assistant Bi rose, praising and vague. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the "first seven scholars" led by Li Mengyang and He Jingming and the "last seven scholars" led by Li Panlong and Wang Shizhen successively launched the retro movement, arguing that "literature must be in the Qin and Han Dynasties and poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty", but they blindly respected the ancients and blindly imitated them, which was criticized by people of insight. First, the "Tang and Song School" represented by Gui Youguang began to correct it, and then the "Public Security School" represented by Yuan Hongdao advocated "expressing one's own spirit and not sticking to one pattern", which greatly impacted the retro thoughts of the former and the latter seven sons. Zhong Xing and Tan, the later "Jingling School", advocated similarity with the "Gongan School", but pursued a deep and lonely poetic style. The poems of adherents of the early Qing Dynasty, such as Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi, have strong national feelings and patriotic thoughts. Qian, Wu and others had a great influence in the early Qing Dynasty. Wang Shizhen advocated "verve theory" and became a leading figure in poetry at that time. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the wind of textual research was very strong, which influenced the poetry circle and appeared the style of being far away from reality, attaching importance to form and taking learning as poetry. Only Zheng Xie's works that reflect people's feelings, Yuan Mei's works that express temperament directly and Huang Jingren's works that express her mind alone are more distinctive. During the reign of Daoguang Xianfeng, internal and external troubles became increasingly serious. Gong Zizhen used poetry as a weapon to expose social darkness and express his ambition to serve the country. He became the first great poet in the history of modern poetry and won the reputation of "first-class in 300 years".

Ci is a new poetic style sung with Yan music, which originated from the folk, and Dunhuang Quzi Ci is the earliest existing folk ci. After the middle Tang Dynasty, more and more literati wrote lyrics, and Zhang, Wei, Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi all wrote lyrics in their spare time. The late Tang Dynasty was the first person to write ci in the history of literature. He established the standard of ci style and created the style of Huajian Ci, which is called "the originator of Huajian Ci". In the Five Dynasties, Western Shu and Southern Tang became the creative centers of ci, and the first collection of literati ci, Huajian Collection, came out. Wei Zhuang, a famous poet in Western Shu, is a hundred flowers blossom, and his words are as famous as his writings, and he is also called "Wen Wei". Feng Yansi in the Southern Tang Dynasty paid attention to depicting the inner world of the characters and expressing his personal feelings about life, "starting the Northern Song Dynasty" (Wang Guowei's language). Among the five pronouns, Li Yu, the queen of Southern Tang Dynasty, achieved the highest achievement. He wrote his life experience and true temperament in words, and wrote about his yearning for the motherland and the pain of national subjugation. He doesn't care about the carver, but acts by feeling, and his language is simple, natural and fluent. Wang Guowei commented: "When kindness arrived, my eyes began to widen and my feelings deepened, which became the word of a local medical master."

Ci reached its peak in the Song Dynasty and became the main symbol of a generation of literature. Poets in the early Song Dynasty, such as Yan Shu and Ouyang Xiu, mainly followed the style of pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty, and wrote personal thoughts of parting. Some of Fan Zhongyan's ci poems began to show an ethereal and desolate style, which injected new vitality into the ci circles in the early Song Dynasty. At the same time, Liu Yong made his first innovation in Song Ci, creating and writing a large number of slow ci, and was good at writing acacia and wandering sorrow, using descriptive words and line drawing. The language is vulgar and full of civilian color, which has a wide influence of "you can sing Liu Ci when you have well water to drink". Ci changed from Su Shi to Su Shi. Su Shi broke the boundaries of poetry, expanded the theme of ci, improved the artistic conception of ci, enriched the expressive techniques of ci, and created a bold school, which made ci get rid of the bondage of melody and become an independent lyric poem. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the mainstream of Ci returned to grace, represented by Qin Guan, He Zhu and Zhou Bangyan. Qin Ci is considered to be an authentic graceful school because of its softness, profound feelings and many words. Also known as "Chyi Chin Yellow Rice Wine" with Huang Tingjian. Congratulatory style is changeable, combining rigidity with softness. Ci changed again in Zhou Bangyan, which reflected the deepening and maturity of Song Ci. Zhou Bangyan is proficient in temperament, good at writing slow words, winning by thinking, and his poetic style is elegant and exquisite, which has a great influence on poets in the Southern Song Dynasty. Li Qingzhao, the most outstanding poetess in ancient China, created a kind of "Yi 'an Style" with concise words at the turn of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties. She is good at refining words and meanings, painting and making slow and even works. Most of the early poems were about love and acacia, which were beautiful and delicate. The later poems express the feelings of life experience and the thoughts of home and country, which are desolate and depressed. In the early Southern Song Dynasty, poets such as Zhang, Zhang, Zhang and Zhang experienced the change of Jingkang, expressing their patriotic feelings with ci as a weapon, inheriting Su Shi and enlightening Xin School. Xin Qiji was the greatest patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. He inherited Su Shi and inspired Su Shi, which made the ideological realm and spiritual outlook of Song Ci reach a brilliant height and made a new breakthrough and development in the artistic expression of Ci. The styles of Xin Ci are varied, either rigid or aggressive, or touching and sad, or fresh and lively, especially the combination of rigidity and softness. Under the influence of Xin Qiji, Chen Liang, Liu Guo and later Liu Kezhuang and others, a new group of patriotic poets with a strong lineup was formed.

In the late Southern Song Dynasty, Song and Jin confronted each other, and the political situation was relatively stable. The metrical ci school represented by Jiang Kui, Shi Dazu, Zhang Yan and Wang appeared. Among them, Jiang Kui and Wu Wenying are the most prominent. They are all Zhou Bangyan who prefer boys to girls, but Jiang Ci is elegant and smart, and Wu Ci is dense and well-organized.

Ci declined from Yuan Dynasty to Ming Dynasty and flourished in Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, following the example of Su and Xin, he started the "Yang Xian Ci School"; Zhu Yizun praised Jiang and Zhang's ethereal spirit and started the "Zhexi Ci School"; Na Lanxing is good at making small orders, sketching and winning with affection. His style is similar to that of the late ruler Li Yu. After the middle of Qing Dynasty, Changzhou Ci School, represented by Zhang Huiyan and Zhou Ji, corrected the bias of Zhejiang School, emphasized the social function of Ci, and its influence reached modern times.

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