The development course of China's space industry

1February, 956, Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist, proposed to the Central Committee the idea of establishing China's national defense aviation industry.

1956 in March, the State Council formulated the 1956- 1967 Long-term Planning Outline for Science and Technology Development (Draft), and proposed that China's jet and rocket technology should embark on the road of independent development within 12 years.

1956 In April, People's Republic of China (PRC) Aviation Industry Committee was established to lead the aviation and rocket industries in China. Nie is the director, and Huang Kecheng and Zhao Erlu are deputy directors.

1May, 956 10, Vice Premier Nie put forward "Preliminary Opinions on Establishing China's Missile Research Work" to the Central Committee. On May 26th, Premier Zhou Enlai presided over a meeting of the Central Military Commission to discuss and agree, and instructed the Aviation Commission to be responsible for organizing missile management institutions and research institutions.

1956 10/5, Vice Premier Nie reported the development of China's missile industry to the Central Committee, and put forward the policy of "self-reliance, striving for foreign aid and utilizing foreign scientific achievements" in missile research. 17, the central Committee approved the report.

1958 1 month, the Ministry of national defense formulated the outline of the ten-year development plan for jet and rocket technology (1958- 1967).

After the launch of the first artificial earth satellite in the Soviet Union, some famous scientists in China proposed to carry out satellite engineering research in China. Some colleges and universities have also begun to carry out related academic activities. Scientists such as Qian Xuesen and Zhao Jiuzhang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences are responsible for drawing up a draft plan for the development of artificial satellites, which is code-named "May 1 Task". The "May 1st Group" was established and three design compounds were agreed upon. In August, the first design institute was established. 1 1 month moved to Shanghai and changed its name to Shanghai electromechanical design institute of China academy of sciences.

1958 In April, the construction of the first launch site for launch vehicles in China began.

1May 1958 17, President Mao Zedong pointed out at the Second Session of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China: "We also want to build satellites."

1February, 960 19, the experimental liquid fuel sounding rocket designed and manufactured by China was successfully launched for the first time. In September, the sounding rocket was successfully launched.

1960 1 1 On May 5th, the first launch test of the Soviet "P-2" missile copied by China was successful.

1March 2, 9621day, the launch test of the first short-range rocket independently developed by China failed. 1963 1 month, China academy of sciences set up the interstellar navigation Committee, led by Zhu Kezhen, Pei, Qian Xuesen, Zhao Jiuzhang, etc., to study and formulate long-term plans for interstellar navigation.

1964 On April 29th, the Science and Technology Commission for National Defense reported to the Central Committee that it envisaged to launch China's first artificial satellite in 1970 or 197 1 year.

1On June 29th, 964, the short-range rocket developed by China was successfully launched again.

1July, 964 19, the first biological rocket was successfully launched.

1965, the Central Special Committee approved the development plan of 1965- 1972 launch vehicle formulated by the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry.

The Central Special Committee instructed China Academy of Sciences to formulate the development plan of satellite series.

1965 10, China academy of sciences held the first demonstration meeting of artificial satellite scheme, entrusted by the national defense science and technology commission.

1On June 30th, 966, Premier Zhou Enlai inspected Jiuquan launch base, watched the short and medium-range rocket launch test, and congratulated on the successful launch.

19661October 27th, the missile nuclear weapon launch test was successful. The warhead hit the target accurately and achieved a nuclear explosion.

1966 1 1 month, the development of the Long March-1 launch vehicle and Dongfanghong-1 satellite began.

19661February 26th, the first flight test of a medium-range rocket developed by China was basically successful.

1967, "Heping II" solid fuel meteorological rocket was successfully tested.

1968 On February 20th, the Institute of Space Technology was established.

1970 1 30/month, the flight test of medium and long-range rockets was successful for the first time.

1On April 24th, 970, Dongfanghong-1 satellite was successfully launched. This is the first artificial satellite launched by China. On May 1, President Mao Zedong and other leaders met with representatives of satellite and launch vehicle developers at Tiananmen Gate.

197 1 On March 3rd, China launched the scientific experimental satellite "Practice 1". The satellite has been in orbit for eight years.

197 1 September 10, the first flight test of the intercontinental rocket was basically successful.

1975 1 1 On 26th, China launched a recoverable satellite. The satellite returned to the ground as scheduled on the 29th.

1979 1 7, a new launch mode was successfully tested by a long-range rocket.

1May 1980 18, China successfully launched a long-range launch vehicle into the scheduled waters of the Pacific Ocean. Congratulations from the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission. On June 10, the celebration meeting was held in the Great Hall of the People, attended by leaders such as Deng Xiaoping, Hu Yaobang, Li Xiannian, Chen Yun, Peng Zhen and Xu, and Hu Yaobang made an important speech.

198 1 On September 20th, China launched three scientific experimental satellites with a carrier rocket.

19821October 12, the submarine successfully launched the launch vehicle underwater, and the recovery cabin splashed down in the scheduled sea area accurately. The Central Military Commission sent a congratulatory message.

1On April 8th, 984, China's first geostationary orbit test communication satellite was successfully launched. On 16, the satellite was successfully fixed over the equator at 125 degrees east longitude. Congratulations from the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission. On the 30th, the celebration meeting was held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.

1On April 8th, 984, China's first geostationary orbit test communication satellite was successfully launched. On 16, the satellite was successfully fixed over the equator at 125 degrees east longitude. Congratulations from the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission. On the 30th, the celebration meeting was held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.

1 February, 19861day, China launched a practical communication and broadcasting satellite. On the 20th, the satellite was successfully fixed. This indicates that China has completely mastered the launch vehicle technology, and satellite communication has entered the practical stage from the experimental stage.

1on September 7th, 988, China launched an experimental meteorological satellite "Fengyun-1". This is the first polar-orbiting meteorological satellite developed and launched by China.

19881On February 25th, China Academy of Sciences successfully launched a "Weaver Girl 1" rocket from Hainan sounding rocket launch site. So far, the first rocket sounding test in low latitudes in China has been successfully concluded. This two-week test * * * launched four rockets.

1 On April 7, 1990, the Long March III carrier rocket developed by China put the American-made Asian communication satellite1into the predetermined orbit in xichang satellite launch center, and it was a complete success to launch the satellite for foreign users for the first time.

1July, 1990 16 At 9: 40, a new type of high-thrust launch vehicle developed by China, the Long March II bundled launch vehicle, was successfully launched in xichang satellite launch center, sending the simulated satellite into the scheduled orbit. The rocket was launched from a large space launch facility newly built in China, and a small scientific experimental satellite was also launched for Pakistan.

199 1 year 1 on the afternoon of 22nd 18: 23, China's first sounding rocket with an altitude of120km and a low latitude was successfully launched at the Hainan sounding launch site of Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1February 22, 994, China's first maritime satellite ground station passed the acceptance test. Its completion fills a gap in China's high technology.

1On May 2, 1998, the improved Chang-II-C carrier rocket developed and produced by China was successfully launched at Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center. This indicates that China has the competitiveness to participate in the international commercial launch market in low and medium orbit.

Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center has created nine firsts in China's space history.

The first of these nine items includes:

1960 In September, China successfully launched its first short-range missile.

1960 1 1 month, China successfully launched its first medium-range missile.

1966 10 In October, China successfully launched its first missile with a nuclear warhead.

1in April, 970, China's first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong-1" was successfully launched.

19751month, China's first recoverable satellite was successfully launched.

1980 in may, China successfully launched its first intercontinental missile.

198 1 In September, China successfully launched three satellites with a launch vehicle for the first time.

1In August, 987, China provided satellite carrying service for foreign satellites for the first time at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.

1999 1 1 month, China's manned spaceflight project conducted its first flight test here, and successfully launched China's first experimental spacecraft Shenzhou-1.

China's manned spaceflight project was launched in 1992. In just four years, Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center was built into the first modern manned space launch site in China. The center is located on the bank of weak water, which originates from Qilian Mountain, with an average elevation of 1 100 meters. The terrain is flat and mostly belongs to Gobi and desert. The natural environment is harsh: it is hot in Leng Xia in winter, with an annual minimum temperature of minus 34 degrees Celsius and a maximum temperature of 42.8 degrees Celsius.

Development and Prospect of Space Technology in China

Zhang Daoheng (Suburban Middle School, Fuyang City, Anhui Province)

I. Rapid development of launch vehicle technology in China

1956 10 10 On 8 October, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, the first rocket and missile research institution in China, was formally established, which marked the beginning of China's space industry. 1 On April 24th, 1970, China Long March 1 carrier rocket successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong1"at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Gansu Province, which took the first step for China to develop space technology, symbolized that China officially entered the space age, and made China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch satellites. 198 1 On September 20th, 2000, China launched three satellites into orbit at the same time by a storm 1 carrier rocket, making China the third country in the world to realize multi-satellite technology with one arrow. 1On April 8th, 984, China launched the Dongfanghong-2 experimental communication satellite into the geostationary orbit over the equator for the first time with the newly developed Long March-3 rocket, thus making China the third country in the world to master the hydrogen-oxygen engine technology and the fifth country to launch the geostationary orbit satellite independently. 1On September 7, 1988, China's Long March 4A carrier rocket successfully launched China's first Fengyun 1A meteorological satellite, marking China becoming the fourth country in the world to master the technology of launching sun-synchronous orbit and the third country with polar-orbiting meteorological satellite. 1 On April 7, 990, cz-3, China successfully launched the American-made Asian communication satellite1,making China the third country in the world to enter the international satellite launch service market. 1 999 On May 10, the Long March 4 B rocket was successfully launched for the first time, putting Fengyun1meteorological satellite C and Shi Jian No.5 scientific experimental satellite into orbit. This is also the 65th flight of the Long March series rockets, with a total of 80 satellites launched, including 5/KLOC-0 in China and 29 in foreign countries.

China's launch vehicle bundling technology, hydrogen-oxygen engine technology, multi-satellite technology with one arrow and secondary ignition technology in vacuum state of the engine have increased the carrying capacity of geosynchronous orbit from 1.5 tons to 5 tons, and the carrying capacity of near-earth orbit from 2.5 tons to 9.2 tons. At the same time, EPKM solid motor for perigee orbit transfer and satellite distributor for launching iridium satellites have been successfully developed. The maximum carrying capacity and launching accuracy of the Long March rocket are equivalent to those of the United States, Russia and ESA. At present, the technology of China Long March series launch vehicles has reached the international advanced level.

Second, the rapid development of satellite technology in China.

Since the establishment of China Academy of Space Technology on February 20th, 1968, China's satellite technology has also made rapid development. We have successfully developed experimental satellites, recoverable remote sensing satellites, geostationary orbit communication satellites and meteorological satellites, sun-synchronous orbit meteorological satellites and earth resources satellites. , which has been used in satellite return, multiple satellites with one arrow, satellite communication, satellite remote sensing, satellite attitude control, satellite thermal control, microgravity test and ground simulation test of space environment.

1On April 8th, 984, China experimental communication satellite was successfully launched, which opened a new era of satellite communication in China. At present, China has successfully launched five Dongfanghong-2 series communication satellites, and has undertaken the transmission tasks of foreign broadcasts, CCTV- 1, CCTV-2 programs and 8,000 satellite phones from 30% to 83%-84%. 1May 1997 12, a medium-capacity communication satellite "Dongfanghong 3" with 24 C-band transponders was successfully put into orbit. It can transmit 6 color TVs and nearly 8,000 two-way telephones at the same time, which is equivalent to 6 Dongfanghong 2A satellites, and can meet the requirements of satellite communication in 2000 or even longer.

1988, 1990 and 1999, China launched three polar-orbiting meteorological satellites, and 1997 launched the first FY-2 geostationary-orbiting meteorological satellite, which not only made China the third country in the world with two kinds of meteorological satellites at the same time, but also greatly accelerated the development of meteorological satellites in China. 199 1 from July to August, the Yangtze river basin suffered a major flood. Whether to divert flood is a major decision-making issue. According to the cloud image data of meteorological satellites, meteorological departments timely and accurately judge the weather change trend, help the government make a decision not to divert floods, and prevent 400,000 people from leaving their homes and 40,000 hectares of fertile land from being flooded. This alone reduced the loss by more than 6 million yuan.

1975165438+1October 26th to1996 65438+1October 20th, China * * * launched 17 recoverable satellites, of which/. The recovery success rate was 94%. These recoverable satellites are all remote sensing technology satellites, and the satellite images obtained by them have the characteristics of large scale, clear image, high gray level, wide field of vision, high speed and high ground resolution. Therefore, it is widely used in land and resources survey, geological exploration, water conservancy construction, mapping, environmental monitoring, railway route selection, cultural relics archaeology, urban planning and other fields. For example, when the Daqin Railway was built, it was initially thought that the Sanggan River was an impassable section, and the railway needed to bypass 40 kilometers, occupying thousands of acres of fertile land. Later, the satellite photos of returning remote sensing satellites were studied, and it was found that the geological conditions of Sanggan River allowed the railway to pass, saving the country more than 400 million yuan in investment.

1988 On August 22nd, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) and Brazilian Institute of Space Research (INPE) signed an agreement on the joint development of China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite, and the first Earth Resources Satellite jointly developed by China and Pakistan was successfully launched into the scheduled orbit from cz-4 on June 199+04. Earth resources satellite is a kind of remote sensing satellite which uses spaceborne remote sensor to obtain image data of the earth's surface to investigate the earth's natural resources and monitor the ecological environment. It has the characteristics of high viewpoint, wide field of vision, fast data acquisition, repeated coverage and continuous observation, and can play a great role in the fields of land improvement, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, geology and mineral resources, surveying and mapping, ocean and environment. Its successful development marks a breakthrough in the development of transmission remote sensing satellites in China, filling the gap that China has no independent remote sensing satellites for land and resources.

3. China has the basic conditions for manned space flight.

/KOOC-0/96/KOOC-0/April/KOOC-0/2, Soviet astronaut Gagarin went into space in the "Oriental/KOOC-0/"spacecraft, which pioneered manned space flight. Manned space flight is a round-trip flight activity in which human beings drive and ride manned spacecraft to engage in various explorations, research, experiments, production and military applications in space. Its purpose is to break through the earth's atmospheric barrier, overcome the gravity of the earth, expand the range of human activities from land, sea and atmosphere to space, and understand the whole universe more widely and deeply. And make full use of the special environment of space and manned spacecraft, carry out various research and experimental activities, and develop extremely rich space resources.

By the end of 1998, there were 2 16 manned space flights in the world, including 24 in the United States and 92 in the Soviet Union (Russia), which sent 795 people into the sky and carried out unprecedented space experiments.

Over the past 40 years, generations of astronauts in China have created miracles with the spirit of "two bombs and one satellite", and now they have entered the world's advanced ranks in launch vehicles, measurement and control, launch sites and recoverable spacecraft. All these have laid a solid foundation for the development of manned space flight in China.

First of all, China now has the means to launch manned spacecraft. The weight of the first generation manned spacecraft in the former Soviet Union and the United States, Dongfang and Mercury, was 4.73 tons and 1.8 tons respectively. The second-generation spacecraft Soyuz and Gemini weigh 6.9 tons and 3.8 tons respectively, and China's existing Long March II E carrier rocket has the launching capability to send 9.2 tons of payload into low-earth orbit, which can put the above-mentioned manned spacecraft of the Soviet Union (Russia) and the United States into orbit.

Secondly, China has been studying the life support system of spacecraft for more than 20 years. As early as 1964, the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences conducted experimental research on space biology and medicine. 1990 5438+00 In June, China's first scientific experimental satellite carrying higher animals returned to the ground safely after eight days in space, carrying mice, fruit flies, silkworm eggs and plant seeds. The test shows that the design of China spacecraft life support system is successful and reliable.

Thirdly, China successfully carried out the launch test of unmanned spacecraft. 1999165438+1At 6: 30 on October 20th, China's first unmanned experimental spacecraft, Shenzhou, was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center by a new Long March carrier rocket and landed successfully in central Inner Mongolia at 3: 041on October 20th. The successful launch and recovery of Shenzhou experimental spacecraft marks another major breakthrough in China's manned space technology.