Greek civilization

Greece is the birthplace of western civilization. Crete civilization existed from 3000 BC to 1400 BC. Slavery countries appeared in 800 BC, which peaked in the first 5 centuries. Since 338 AD, it has been occupied by Macedonia, Rome and Byzantium. 1460 was ruled by the Ottoman Empire. 1821On March 25th, Greece broke out a war of independence against the Turkish invaders and declared its independence at the same time. 1829 On September 24th, all Turkish troops withdrew from Greece. World War II was occupied by German and Italian troops. 1944 national liberation and restoration of independence. 1946 king reset. 1In April 1967, the military launched a coup and established a military dictatorship. 1June, 973, the king was abolished and the * * * system was established. The military government collapsed in July1974; 1 1 Parliamentary elections were held in June, and the New Democracy Party won the election. In February, 65438, a referendum was held, and the system of state government was established.

1829 Greece moved from the Ottoman Empire to independence. /kloc-From the second half of the 0/9th century to the first half of the 20th century, Greek territory gradually expanded outward, and Greek gradually spread to the surrounding islands. Greece joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952, and then * * * fought against Japan in 1949. The military dictatorship in Greece from 65438 to 0967 suspended many political freedoms and forced the king to flee the country seven years later. 1974, democratic election, parliament and government were produced by referendum, and the monarchy was abolished at the same time; Greece joined the European Common Market on 198 1 (EC, 1992 was renamed as the European Union).

Studying in Greece, you can get a world-class higher education-American or British certificate. Diploma with high gold content, pure American English teaching or pure British English teaching. In the last year, you have the opportunity to choose to study directly in your motherland-the United States or Britain, and finally complete your degree. Compared with other European countries, the cost of studying in Greece has great advantages. After landing in Greece, you only need to spend 1/3. After being converted into a student residence permit visa, you can work legally, and the minimum standard is 6- 10 euros per hour. Greece is a Schengen visa and can freely enter and leave European countries. At the same time, she is a country ruled by law, with stable and safe society and friendly people, and it is easy for international students to integrate into it. The 2004 Olympic Games will be held in Athens, which will provide more employment opportunities. At the same time, you can apply for a work visa to obtain permanent residency in Greece. Parents can apply for a visit visa after their children successfully apply for studying in Greece. Up to now, there are 65,438+000 students studying in China, which ensures the language environment.

Greek architectural features:

According to the heritage of Greek architecture, we can sum up several characteristics of ancient Greek architecture.

The first feature is a rectangle with a plane structure of 1: 1.6 18 or 1: 2, with a hall in the middle and columns around it, which can be collectively called a ring-column building. This modeling structure makes the ancient Greek architecture more artistic. Because under the irradiation of sunlight, various buildings produce rich light and shadow effects and changes in reality and reality, compared with other closed buildings, sunlight eliminates the dull feeling of closed walls and strengthens the characteristics of Greek architectural carving art.

The second feature is the rigidity of columns. * * * There are four kinds of columns: 1. Doric column, 2. Love Onek column, 3. Corinthian column, 4. Maiden statue column. These four columns are gradually formed in people's exploration, and the latter column is always linked with the former column, which has certain progressive significance. What runs through the four pillars is the eternal harmony between human beauty and numbers. The development of columns played a decisive role in the structure of ancient Greek architecture, and also had a great influence on the architectural style of ancient Rome and later Europe.

The third feature is that the double-sided sloping roof of the building forms a specific method of gable decoration before and after the building. In ancient Greek architecture, there were decorative techniques such as round carving, high relief and shallow relief, which created a unique decorative art.

The fourth feature is: advocating the harmony between human beauty and numbers is produced by the progressive artistic interest of civilians. The ancient Greeks advocated the beauty of the human body. Whether sculpture or architecture, they all think that the proportion of the human body is the most perfect. The great architect Vitruwe explained the ancient Greek theory: "Architecture ... must be strictly proportional to the styles of all parts of the human body." Therefore, the proportion and norms of ancient Greek architecture are completely consistent with the style of its cylindrical external form, which is based on the scale and beauty of the human body. Their shapes can be said to be the artistic expression of the beauty of human manners, shapes, faces and manners, and their proportions and norms can be said to be the image embodiment of human proportions and structural laws. Therefore, these pillars all have a noble beauty full of vitality, because they show the pride and nobility of people as the spirit of all things.

The fifth feature is that buildings and decorations are carved. Greek architecture and Greek sculpture are closely combined. It can be said that Greek architecture is a work of art carved from stone. From the vortex on the stigma of Ionek, the flower basket composed of honeysuckle leaves on the Corinthian stigma, to the girl with free expression on the stigma of the girl statue, the relief on the cornice of the gable of the temple is a fine carving art. It can be seen that sculpture is an important part of ancient Greek architecture, which created a perfect art of ancient Greek architecture. It is precisely because of sculpture that Greek architecture is more mysterious, noble, perfect and harmonious.

Characteristics of Greek culture: Ancient Greek culture mainly includes ancient Greek war, ancient Greek art and ancient Greek mythology.

As a representative of classical culture, ancient Greek culture occupies an extremely important position in the west and even the world. Although Aegean civilization was later than ancient Egyptian civilization, ancient Babylonian civilization, ancient Hebrew civilization and ancient Indian civilization, it had greater influence. In other words, the above-mentioned civilizations have been eliminated in the long river of history, while the cultural spirit of ancient Greece has not been lost. Its brilliant influence and long-term vitality seem to be comparable only to Chinese civilization.

In the 5th century BC, Athens produced three great comic poets: Clattinus, Orpolis and aristophanes. Only aristophanes handed down some complete works, known as the Greek "father of comedy". It is said that aristophanes Yi * * has 44 works, only 1 1 works, including Akanai Man, Birds and Peace.

Euripides, Aeschylus and Sophocles, who were active in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, were called the three great Greek tragedies. They all live in Athens. Aeschylus wrote 90 tragedies and comedies, but only 7 of them, Agamemnon, the masterpiece, told a tragic story of family revenge. Sophocles wrote 123 plays in his life, but only seven of them survived completely. King Oedipus is his masterpiece, which shows a typical Greek tragic conflict-the conflict between man and fate. Euripides created more than 90 works in his life, of which 65,438+08 have been preserved to this day, completely shifting his attention from God to man. The protagonist is mainly a nobody, not a reverence for ancient heroes. Representative works include Elacrate and trojan women.

Characteristics of Greek clothing:

Ancient Greek clothing is famous for its elegance and nobility. Light yarn, satin fabric and chiffon can all reflect the unique drape of Greek clothing.

The image of the Greek goddess is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and white has become the representative color of Greek clothing. In fact, purple, green and gray were the most common clothes in ancient Greece. Ancient Greek costumes generally feel comfortable and lazy, highlighting the upper body and not paying attention to the waist. Most of them are straight lines below the chest line. The loose design with folds, pendants and three-dimensional white flowers has almost become a classic collocation of Greek clothing.

Belt: Ancient Greek women knew how to use belts to make clothes three-dimensional and changeable. The ancient Greek costumes were usually wrapped around the body with several pieces of cloth, and then fastened with brooches or buckles. The form was simple.

In ancient Greece, clothes were mostly rectangular cloth without cutting and sewing. By hanging on the human body, winding, nailing, tying and other basic ways, an "invisible" special clothing style has been formed. Its styles mainly include Dorian stone turtle, Ionian stone turtle, chlamydia and pepper. Among them, it can be divided into two basic types: "wearing" and "winding", the former is represented by "flag-belt shirt"; The latter is a typical "Himashin". With the help of pins and ropes, the shawl fixes the rectangular cloth on the key structural parts of the human body, such as shoulders, chest and waist. , make the wide fabric shrink and form natural drooping folds. The human body is looming in natural clothing, giving clothing a vivid appearance. Not only that, the number of ropes used, the position and way of tying on clothes and the distribution of wrinkles on human body can be freely adjusted and changed with the aesthetic will of the wearer and different wearing needs, so that it presents a smart personality. Wrapped clothing mainly relies on the fabric to wrap the human body, forming a continuous and free-flowing fold line. Different wrapping methods lead to different styles. Similarly, randomness, naturalness and diversity are also important features of this kind of clothing.

Entering 2 1 century, human beings pay more attention to ecological environment protection, which has become the main theme of development in the new century. The costume style of ancient Greece exudes infinite vitality under this theme. The pursuit of nature, beauty and harmony has become a lofty symbol beyond history. Its relaxed, stretched and casual modeling style is condensed into a classic style that spans the long river of time; Its clever pleats, changeable styles, wonderful ties, pins and decorative details have become typical symbols of crossing just visiting and important notes for people to create wonderful music in the new century. They constantly shuttle through the designer's fingertips; In the new century, the theme of eco-environmental protection is to play happily, combining high technology, other clothing cultures, contemporary lifestyles and the rhythm of nature. They can continue to extend and sublimate in the constant compound, and glow with exuberant vitality in the extension and sublimation. As Chanel, a famous French fashion designer, said, "Fashion will die with time, but style will last forever."

Greek folklore:

There are two types here.

One is that the famous Greeks stipulated in 776 BC that a sports meeting should be held in Olympia every four years. During the sports meeting, all Greek athletes and nearby citizens gathered in Olympia, a scenic town in southern Greece.

Of course, the myth well is not history. In fact, the appearance of the ancient Olympic Games in ancient Greece is an objective historical phenomenon cast by geographical environment, economic life style, cultural customs, religious beliefs, values, aesthetics and other historical and cultural factors. Most historians believe that since 776 BC, competitive performances have appeared in the form of competitions, so people usually regard this as the beginning of the ancient Olympic Games.

First of all, the natural environment of ancient Greece and the formation of competitive sports customs.

The superior geographical location made ancient Greece a meeting point of various cultures, accelerated the process of social development, made outstanding contributions to mankind in various fields such as science, culture, art and sports, and became the birthplace of western civilization. Competitive sports is an important part of Greek life.

Second, the events of the early Olympic Games also reflected the development relationship between the war and the ancient Olympic Games. In the 500 years since 776 AD, the Olympic events have gradually expanded, from a single competition to wrestling, mixed martial arts, boxing, four-horse chariots, horse racing, wrestling, horse racing and pentathlon. Most of these events are related to military skills, which reflects the role of war in promoting the development of Olympic events. Although the events of the ancient Olympic Games had obvious military brand, the Olympic Games itself was a grand event of the whole Greek nation. Although there are frequent conflicts between the city-states, they are also closely related. Especially since the 8th century BC, with the rise of the ancient Greek colonial movement, a Greek civilization circle has been formed in the Mediterranean region.

Third, the religious customs of ancient Greece and the formation of the Olympic model.

The ancient Olympic Games is a pan-Greek religious celebration, which has the following three characteristics: first, the worship of the gods of Olympus; Second, there is a unique sacrificial system; Third, there are rich religious myths and legends.

The second is: 1. For business visits, you should wear a conservative thin summer suit.

2. Only when visiting government agencies or factories, you need to make an appointment in advance.

Greek businessmen have a good sense of humor and like to make jokes. When talking about business, the host first asks the guests to choose strong Greek coffee or Greek spirits. If you refuse rashly, it will be regarded as humiliation by the other party.

The Greeks are deeply proud of the rich and colorful history, historic sites, philosophy, art and politics in ancient times, so they have deep feelings for the people of China who also have a long history. However, the topic of conversation should avoid talking about Greece's current domestic politics and the relationship between Greece and Cyprus, so as not to get yourself into the dilemma of gaffes.

Kejira Island 5. September to May is the best time to visit, but two weeks before and after Christmas, one week before and after Easter of the Greek Orthodox Church and July and August of each year are not suitable for business visits due to holiday reasons.

In some villages in Greece, every New Year's Day, they will take a big stone as a gift to visit relatives and friends, and put it on the floor to wish their host: "I wish your family had a piece of gold as big as this stone!" " "

6. Greeks don't have to wave and wave, which is considered an insult. The closer the hand is to the other person's face, the more insulting it is.

Characteristics of Greek (European) painting: I want to talk about it here. Some painters have different styles and can't decide one by one. I also study art design, so I like Greece very much. Most of the characteristics of Greek painting are

Times, nationality and the artist's personal style. So I won't comment.

But these two points are the reasons for seeking concessions:

Classical and anti-classical are the two main streams of western traditional painting art. Classical interest emphasizes rationality, and its formal characteristics are especially manifested in attaching importance to sketch and ignoring color. Anti-classicism is keen on emotion. Unlike classicism, it does not pursue the classical meaning of solemnity, quietness, simplicity and harmony, but emphasizes the spirit of free indulgence and the spirit of richness, grandeur and agitation, which is vividly manifested in baroque and romantic art. The former shows the reaction to the classical interest of the Renaissance, while the latter shows the incompatibility with neoclassicism. In addition, I like abstract painting, which has a certain position in the field of European painting.

Greek gods:

The last one is my favorite. To tell the truth, I have collected many pictures of Greek gods, all of which are history. I try to have some pictures and introductions. If you like them, please contact me. I sent you all the pictures in the computer, all of which were beautiful pictures I found. Most gods have foreheads.

Photo title: Ares, God of War and Army?

Photo title: Hermes, the God of Trade?

Caption: Rome is called Mercury, and the star of the core monument of life is Mercury. He is the son of Zeus and the goddess Maya. He was the messenger and translator of Zeus and the gods on Olympus. He is agile, energetic and versatile. ?

Photo title: Vulcan Hejunstos?

Caption: The Roman Vulcan, the ugliest and lame god, married the most beautiful goddess Aphrodite. He is the blacksmith of Vulcan and the gods. He is skilled and has made many famous weapons. ?

Photo title: Eris, the goddess of controversy?

In Roman mythology, Elis, the goddess of conflict, was also called the goddess of vengeance or flame. She is the goddess of the underworld, in charge of all causal revenge and controlling the evil emotions in people's hearts. She is a very cruel and cold goddess?

Caption: Athena, Sivir?

Photo caption: The Roman name Minerva. Athena is a goddess with strength and wisdom, and Zeus's favorite daughter. Athena is a Greek, the most admired Athenian goddess and the patron saint of law and order.

Photo title: Apollo, the sun god?

Caption: Apollo is also called Phobos, which means "bright" or "brilliant". Apollo is god of light. He never lies. He is aboveboard and versatile. He is the most beautiful and handsome god and a typical male beauty. ?

Photo title: Posafuni after the Ghost?

Caption: Persephone Persephone, the queen of the underworld in Greek mythology, is the daughter of Demeter and Zeus. She was kidnapped by Hades, married to Hadders of the underworld and became an afterlife. ?

Photo title: Artemis, the goddess of the moon?

Caption: Diana, a Roman name, was born by Zeus and Leto, the goddess of darkness, and was the twin sister of Apollo. Al Simis is in charge of the moon. Besides Chang 'e, she likes hunting very much, so she is still the goddess of hunting. ?

Photo title: Hera Tianhou?

Photo caption: Beautiful Queen. The Roman name is Juno. She is Zeus' sister and became Zeus' wife after Zeus came to power. Hera is the goddess in charge of marriage and the protector of fertility and marriage. She represents the virtue and dignity of women. ?

Aphrodite, the goddess of love?

Caption: The Roman name Venus symbolizes love and the beauty of women. She has the most perfect figure and appearance in ancient Greece and has always been the highest symbol of female physical beauty. She fell in love with Ares, married him and gave birth to little love god errol. ?

Photo name: Zeus, the Emperor of Heaven?

Photo description: Son of Cronus and Rhea; In charge of heaven, he is the king of the gods. Zeus' Roman name is Jupiter. He can punish God and mankind with terrible lightning. He knows everything about God and man and can predict the future. ?

Photo title: Poseidon.

Caption: Zeus's brother, his Roman name is Neptune, Neptune, the star of the core monument of life. He is in charge of the ocean, the trident dominates the waters and has supreme authority on the water. He can summon or calm the storm and easily crush any ship. ?

Photo name:. Hades. ?

Caption: Hades is the elder brother of Zeus, who is in charge of the underworld and becomes the guardian of Hades. The name of Rome is Pluto, the core monument of life. He is the ruler of hell and the dead, judging the dead and punishing them. His wife is Persephone?